Aot praga 2011
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This document appears to be notes from a clinical case discussion involving several trauma patients. It lists brief details about 6 patients, including their ages, medical histories, circumstances of injury, diagnoses, and in some cases questions about their treatment. The patients sustained injuries from falls from bikes, falls at home or on the street, and in one case a severe polytrauma from a head injury. Some had fractures, dislocations or other orthopedic injuries while one had a subdural hematoma and visceral ruptures. Treatment plans or next steps are unclear for some.
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Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
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MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
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Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
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Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
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25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
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1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
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3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
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4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
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Aot praga 2011
- 2. 1 60 y Fall off a bike Dxt?
- 3. 1
- 5. 49 y. AP: Cholecystectomy EA: Fall casual, functional disability and pain + shoulder wrist deformity. 3
- 6. Proc? 3
- 7. 36 y. AP : Adenoidectomy. EA :Polytrauma. Severe head injury . Glasgow 13. Subdural hematoma. Visceral rupture, treated in emergency 5 d UCI TAC 4
- 8. + 32 d. After serious complication No sepsis AB. 10 º / 0 º / 0 º Sensitivity Circumflex + Continuing pain 4
- 9. RM , 49 y. Proc. ? 4
- 12. 52 y. AP : No EA : Fall on streeet 6
- 13. RX postop. 52 y. What shall we do? 6
- 15. 13 Second fall in 10 d. open fracture What shall we do?