This document provides an annotated bibliography for Cynthia Lewis on topics related to development theory, world economy, consumerism, and trade. It lists 14 academic sources that Cynthia found useful for her research interests, which stem from her background in anthropology with a focus on cultural backgrounds and interests in development theory, economics, business law, and gender differences in business and finance globally. For each source, a brief summary is provided on how the source relates to Cynthia's research areas.
This document summarizes a research paper about using tourism as an alternative means of economic growth compared to policies put forth by the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. The paper examines the history and requirements of these international organizations. It provides examples of their policies hurting Mexico's economy and compares this to how community-based tourism helped revive the economy of a town in South Africa. The conclusion discusses how countries can apply small-scale tourism models to promote local economic development as a better alternative or supplement to loans from international monetary organizations.
This document discusses the complex relationship between business and poverty in the context of economic globalization. It explores different perspectives on whether and how business can address poverty, from seeing the poor as a business opportunity to arguments that business exploits poverty. The key points are:
1) There are differing views on whether companies should simply operate according to laws and markets or consciously address poverty, and business interacts with poverty in multiple ways as both a potential cause and victim of poverty.
2) Poverty has economic, social, political and other dimensions, so it cannot be defined or addressed solely in monetary terms.
3) While some argue free markets will eliminate poverty over time, others see ongoing issues of inequality and the need
Globalization Essay: The Role of State, The University of Cambridge, Mphil in...Milena Milicevic
This document provides a 3154 word summary of a student paper on whether developing countries need a strong and effective state to take advantage of opportunities in global markets. It begins by outlining the key factors that contribute to an effective state, including strong performance by various public and private actors working together. It then discusses how developing countries often need to improve governance to become more competitive globally. While an effective state is important, the role of the state declines in neo-liberal capitalism. The document examines the historical use of protectionism by now-developed countries and challenges for developing countries in globalization. It concludes by noting various policy challenges for developing country governments, such as gradual liberalization and managing monetary issues.
The developmental state: the nature of statal policy and institutional reformCosty Costantinos
1. The document discusses the concept of developmental states and their applicability in Africa. It analyzes the experiences of developmental states in Asia and their differences compared to African states.
2. It examines Ethiopia's potential to establish a developmental state through policy and institutional reforms. Key recommendations include enhancing the state's role in economic transformation through disciplined planning, building democratic developmental states, and ensuring state interventions avoid rent-seeking.
3. The author argues that for Ethiopia to nurture a developmental state, it needs political will and capacity for policies derived through consultation, a competent bureaucracy based on merit, and a developmentalist coalition between leadership, private sector, and civil society.
The document is about the roles and responsibilities of world citizens. It discusses the history and mission of Georgia Close Up, a non-profit organization dedicated to civic education. Georgia Close Up has conducted over 75 local programs on topics like state legislation, public health, and the environment over the past 30 years. It has brought notable speakers like former President Jimmy Carter to conferences. Each year it holds legislative conferences for middle and high school students at the Georgia State Capital to educate them about the legislative process and encourage civic participation.
This document discusses different aspects of globalization and how they relate to international relations. It begins by defining globalization and cultural, social, economic, and political globalization. For each type of globalization, it provides examples and discusses both the positive and negative impacts. Specifically, it examines how globalization has influenced families, religion, and education through social globalization. It also analyzes the effects of economic globalization on developing countries. Finally, it discusses the rise of political globalization through international organizations and nongovernmental groups, and how this impacts governance on local, regional, and global levels.
This document announces an international conference on "Migration Management" and international organizations in the 20th century. It will explore the emergence of concepts of migration management, the underlying policies and practices, and the role of international organizations in regulating economic and forced migration during the 20th century. Researchers are invited to submit proposals by September 15, 2014 on topics such as the development of migration management frameworks, the work of international bodies like the IOM, and the intersection of migration issues with politics, economics, and human rights.
This document discusses globalization and its impact on developing countries. It notes that globalization has led to both positive and negative consequences for developing nations. While it has increased international trade and access to foreign culture, it has also resulted in job losses in developed countries as companies move production overseas. The document examines why some countries are rich and others poor, looking at factors like natural resources, government policies, competition, and geography. It also provides examples of countries that have successfully developed, like China, which lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty through market reforms. The challenges of globalization, like rising inequality and an interconnected global economy, are also summarized.
This document summarizes a research paper about using tourism as an alternative means of economic growth compared to policies put forth by the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. The paper examines the history and requirements of these international organizations. It provides examples of their policies hurting Mexico's economy and compares this to how community-based tourism helped revive the economy of a town in South Africa. The conclusion discusses how countries can apply small-scale tourism models to promote local economic development as a better alternative or supplement to loans from international monetary organizations.
This document discusses the complex relationship between business and poverty in the context of economic globalization. It explores different perspectives on whether and how business can address poverty, from seeing the poor as a business opportunity to arguments that business exploits poverty. The key points are:
1) There are differing views on whether companies should simply operate according to laws and markets or consciously address poverty, and business interacts with poverty in multiple ways as both a potential cause and victim of poverty.
2) Poverty has economic, social, political and other dimensions, so it cannot be defined or addressed solely in monetary terms.
3) While some argue free markets will eliminate poverty over time, others see ongoing issues of inequality and the need
Globalization Essay: The Role of State, The University of Cambridge, Mphil in...Milena Milicevic
This document provides a 3154 word summary of a student paper on whether developing countries need a strong and effective state to take advantage of opportunities in global markets. It begins by outlining the key factors that contribute to an effective state, including strong performance by various public and private actors working together. It then discusses how developing countries often need to improve governance to become more competitive globally. While an effective state is important, the role of the state declines in neo-liberal capitalism. The document examines the historical use of protectionism by now-developed countries and challenges for developing countries in globalization. It concludes by noting various policy challenges for developing country governments, such as gradual liberalization and managing monetary issues.
The developmental state: the nature of statal policy and institutional reformCosty Costantinos
1. The document discusses the concept of developmental states and their applicability in Africa. It analyzes the experiences of developmental states in Asia and their differences compared to African states.
2. It examines Ethiopia's potential to establish a developmental state through policy and institutional reforms. Key recommendations include enhancing the state's role in economic transformation through disciplined planning, building democratic developmental states, and ensuring state interventions avoid rent-seeking.
3. The author argues that for Ethiopia to nurture a developmental state, it needs political will and capacity for policies derived through consultation, a competent bureaucracy based on merit, and a developmentalist coalition between leadership, private sector, and civil society.
The document is about the roles and responsibilities of world citizens. It discusses the history and mission of Georgia Close Up, a non-profit organization dedicated to civic education. Georgia Close Up has conducted over 75 local programs on topics like state legislation, public health, and the environment over the past 30 years. It has brought notable speakers like former President Jimmy Carter to conferences. Each year it holds legislative conferences for middle and high school students at the Georgia State Capital to educate them about the legislative process and encourage civic participation.
This document discusses different aspects of globalization and how they relate to international relations. It begins by defining globalization and cultural, social, economic, and political globalization. For each type of globalization, it provides examples and discusses both the positive and negative impacts. Specifically, it examines how globalization has influenced families, religion, and education through social globalization. It also analyzes the effects of economic globalization on developing countries. Finally, it discusses the rise of political globalization through international organizations and nongovernmental groups, and how this impacts governance on local, regional, and global levels.
This document announces an international conference on "Migration Management" and international organizations in the 20th century. It will explore the emergence of concepts of migration management, the underlying policies and practices, and the role of international organizations in regulating economic and forced migration during the 20th century. Researchers are invited to submit proposals by September 15, 2014 on topics such as the development of migration management frameworks, the work of international bodies like the IOM, and the intersection of migration issues with politics, economics, and human rights.
This document discusses globalization and its impact on developing countries. It notes that globalization has led to both positive and negative consequences for developing nations. While it has increased international trade and access to foreign culture, it has also resulted in job losses in developed countries as companies move production overseas. The document examines why some countries are rich and others poor, looking at factors like natural resources, government policies, competition, and geography. It also provides examples of countries that have successfully developed, like China, which lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty through market reforms. The challenges of globalization, like rising inequality and an interconnected global economy, are also summarized.
International political economy (IPE) analyzes the interplay between politics and economics in world affairs. IPE provides benefits in understanding issues that cannot be analyzed solely through international politics or economics, such as international trade, finance, development issues, and the role of multinational corporations. However, IPE also encounters problems, as states and markets approach issues differently using different frameworks. The rise of IPE in international relations was driven by increasing economic interdependence and issues between states in the postwar period.
This document defines neoliberalism and outlines its history and critical analysis. Neoliberalism promotes free market capitalism and limited government intervention. Key institutions like the IMF, World Bank and WTO were established post-WWII to promote neoliberal policies and open markets. However, critics argue these institutions primarily serve developed countries' interests and impose conditions that spread neoliberal ideology rather than balance global economic power. The WTO in particular maintains inequalities despite a democratic structure.
This document discusses the relationship between economics and international relations through the lens of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE attempts to connect political actions and the global economy. The document outlines three main theoretical approaches in IPE - realism, liberalism, and constructivism. It then discusses the history leading to the current international political economy system, from mercantilism to modern institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. The document focuses on the realist perspective, which prioritizes state power and sees the global system as anarchic. Realists are skeptical of free trade and intergovernmental organizations that open borders.
Knowledge Society and Innovation. Strategies towards Knowledge Society.
Jumping the s-curve? Knowledge as critical production factor. Is capatalism over? Capability to be decisive for growth and development.
This document summarizes Kent Wilkinson's lecture on social scientific and interpretive traditions in international communication research. It discusses two main traditions - effects research that focuses on how messages elicit responses, and political economy/interpretation research prevalent in Europe. It also outlines three paradigms in development communication - modernization, dependency, and alternative approaches emphasizing local participation. The document contrasts social scientific and humanistic approaches to theory and research.
The document discusses different perspectives on the concept of globalization. It begins by explaining mainstream economic views of globalization as increasing international trade and integration of markets. It also discusses emerging views that see globalization's impacts as reaching beyond economics to transform political, social and cultural institutions as well. Globalization is described as occurring through various dimensions including changes in firms and production processes, the rise of global governance systems, and social and environmental movements. The challenges it poses for government policymaking are noted. Overall, the summary captures that the document presents a wide-ranging overview of concepts and debates surrounding the multidimensional nature and impacts of globalization.
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND INITIATION OF TRADE UNION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE ...Keshav Prasad Bhattarai
This document summarizes the impact of globalization and trade union initiation in Nepal. It discusses how globalization has integrated economies through increased trade, investment, and movement of people, technology, and ideas. While globalization has created opportunities for some, it has marginalized many countries and communities. In Nepal, the decade-long armed insurgency disrupted economic development and global integration, costing the country billions and driving many youth to migrate for work. Though poverty has declined in Nepal, rural poverty remains high and the economy still has not fully benefited from globalization due to lack of infrastructure and opportunity.
The document discusses different frameworks for understanding uneven geographical development within capitalism. It summarizes four main approaches:
1) Historicist/diffusionist interpretations see development spreading gradually from advanced to less developed areas.
2) Constructivist arguments focus on how exploitation and imperial/colonial practices have underdeveloped certain regions to benefit the powerful.
3) Environmental determinist explanations attribute development patterns to environmental factors.
4) Geopolitical perspectives view development through the lens of nation states pursuing their own self-interest in the global arena through alliances, trade policies, etc.
The document explores these frameworks to provide context for analyzing uneven development and its implications for Bangladesh in particular.
The document discusses several concepts related to globalization theory, including McDonaldization, Americanization, and theories of cultural, economic, and political globalization. It summarizes the work of theorists like George Ritzer, Roland Robertson, and Joseph Nye who argue that while American culture has global influence, globalization is a complex phenomenon and not synonymous with Americanization. The spread of ideas and business models is a two-way process that also transforms American society through global connections.
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness between societies and economies around the world through cross-border trade, investment and cultural exchange. While globalization has been ongoing for centuries, it has accelerated in recent decades due to advances in technology and transportation. Supporters argue that globalization increases economic growth and benefits all participants, while critics argue it exacerbates inequality and undermines local cultures and economies. There is ongoing debate around how to ensure the benefits of globalization are distributed equitably and its impacts are properly managed.
This document discusses neuroeconomics and the need for a new economic culture and civilization. It argues that the current economic model focuses on unlimited growth and profit at the expense of environmental sustainability. A global initiative is needed to establish international consensus and cooperation on revising economic variables to prioritize environmental equilibrium and human well-being over unchecked consumerism.
This document discusses the concept of immigrant transnationalism, which refers to immigrants regularly engaging in economic, political, and socio-cultural activities that span national borders as part of their daily lives. Advances in transportation and communication have enabled more durable and frequent participation by immigrants in their home countries. The document examines drivers of transnationalism like globalization and how contexts of exit and integration shape transnational activities. It finds that transnationalism takes many forms like business investments, remittances, and cultural exchanges. Transnationalism challenges theories that assume immigrants fully integrate into host societies and severs ties with home countries.
This paper analyses the role of remittances in poverty reduction in developing world in particular Kenya. Due to globalization there has been great movement of persons from one country to another in search of green pastures. The opening up of the economies leads to increase of immigrants who leave their home countries and stay in the host countries. Kenya has experienced large movement of its residents to developing countries to look for greener pastures. These immigrants have led to the increase of remittances to their home countries. It is on this foundation this paper sought to establish the relationship remittances and poverty reduction in developing economies in particular Kenya. In this paper data from Africa development indicators from World Bank and central bank of Kenya for a period of ten years are considered for graphical analysis to study the trend and annual pattern of behavior which supports the hypothesis of the paper that remittances growth is important in achieving the goals. It is expected that this study will benefit the government and the parties concern to ensure that the millennium goals are achieved and more so the improving of living standards of Kenyans and academicians in filling the knowledge gap and lay foundation for further research. The study provides insights into the role of diaspora remittances in poverty reduction in Kenya. It provides evidence that attracting diaspora remittances for emerging economies could as well help in mobilizing the much-needed loanable funds for private investment.
This document discusses globalization and its impact on social-ecological systems using the case of the rhino horn trade. Globalization has increased connectedness between actors involved in the rhino horn trade across international borders. While globalization has led to increased poaching threatening rhino populations, it has also strengthened collaboration between anti-poaching efforts. Social-ecological systems theory views the environment and human systems as coupled. The potential legalization of rhino horn trade in South Africa is discussed as an example of adaptive governance seeking to reduce poaching incentives while generating funds for conservation.
Creating a Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation 2 Introduction On December 1, 2011, the final day of the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (HLF4) in Busan, Korea, 160 nations, civil society and the private sector endorsed an 11-page statement calling for the creation of a “global partnership for effective development cooperation.”3 In addition, a series of “building blocks” related to specific development issues were agreed by coalitions of governments, civil society, parliamentarians, local officials and the private sector.4 What did it all mean? One pundit wrote: “It will take weeks, months and ultimately years before the impact of…the Busan forum on aid effectiveness will be known…” It may well take years to determine the full impact of the Busan forum, but few doubt that it represented an important turning point in the history of development cooperation. While important implementation issues remain, it seems clear now that the relationships among the many stakeholders—donors, developing countries, South-South cooperation providers , civil society and the private sector—will change dramatically in ways that are not completely predictable. Busan also definitively shifted the discussion from “aid” to “development,” a shift that has the potential to engage policymaking institutions that had previously considered development issues to be marginal. Perhaps most importantly, the Busan forum created a new model for international development summits, informed by evidence, deep engagement of non-governmental actors and the participation of some of the world’s leading personalities. While three previous DAC-sponsored forums on aid effectiveness5 had built a strong constituency, the global financial crisis of 2008-2012 transformed the debate. In this difficult period characterized by credit freezes, slowdowns in foreign direct investment and rising food prices, growing concerns for climate change, food shortages and security charged the atmosphere.
Volunteering has a long history but is now changing the landscape of international development in several ways. With an estimated 10 million travelers volunteering abroad each year, voluntourism has become a major industry. However, there is no standard for measuring its impact on communities or volunteers. While voluntourism provides benefits, it is important to understand how it may be shifting paradigms and relationships in development and address issues like sustainability and collaboration between organizations. The growth of voluntourism is occurring alongside debates around the effectiveness of international aid and new approaches like Do-It-Yourself foreign aid.
Globalization and Its Impact on Poverty in Pakistan(A Background Paper for t...idspak
This study looks at Pakistan’s experience in the light of the international experience and suggests key strategic steps that are necessary for Pakistan to maximize its growth and poverty reduction benefits from globalization.
The document discusses rising global economic inequality based on several studies and reports. It finds that the wealthiest 1% own over half of the world's wealth, while the bottom half own less than 1%. The richest 85 people own as much as the poorest 3.5 billion. Factors contributing to rising inequality include globalization, privatization, technological changes, tax policies, and corruption in the form of tax evasion, trade mispricing, money laundering, and bribery. Developing countries lose an estimated $1-2 trillion annually due to these issues. Reducing corruption and recovering these losses could help prevent millions of deaths from lack of healthcare and investment in developing nations.
Political economy of the media and regulationCarolina Matos
This document outlines key concepts from the critical political economy tradition for analyzing media and communications. It discusses concerns with ownership concentration, constraints on media messages, and the tension between private interests and public ideals of the media. The critical political economy perspective examines how economic forces shape cultural production and representations in ways that can perpetuate inequality in society. It is interested in the appropriate roles of the state, market, and public sphere in media and communications.
This document summarizes an article from the African Human Mobility Review about upholding refugee rights in the context of the cessation clause. The key points are:
1. The cessation clause in the 1951 Refugee Convention allows for refugee status to be revoked if the circumstances causing a person to flee their home country no longer exist. However, applying this clause risks infringing on refugees' human rights.
2. Examining the controversial application of the cessation clause to Rwandan refugees shows how it led to rights violations by forcing repatriation. It also highlights the problem of prioritizing institutional perspectives over refugees' own knowledge and experiences.
3. There are debates around how to interpret
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Chapter 1 Global Issues Challenges of GlobalizationA GROWING .docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 1 Global Issues: Challenges of Globalization
A GROWING WORLDWIDE CONNECTEDNESS IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION HAS GIVEN CITIZENS MORE OF A VOICE TO EXPRESS THEIR DISSATISFACTION. In Brazil, Protestors calling for a wide range of reforms marched toward the soccer stadium where a match would be played between Brazil and Uruguay.
Learning Objectives
1. 1.1Identify important terms in international relations
2. 1.2Report the need to adopt an interdisciplinary approach in understanding the impact of new world events
3. 1.3Examine the formation of the modern states with respect to the thirty years’ war in 1618
4. 1.4Recall the challenges to the four types of sovereignty
5. 1.5Report that the European Union was created by redefining the sovereignty of its nations for lasting peace and security
6. 1.6Recall the influence exerted by the Catholic church, transnational companies, and other NGOs in dictating world events
7. 1.7Examine how globalization has brought about greater interdependence between states
8. 1.8Record the major causes of globalization
9. 1.9Review the most important forms of globalization
10. 1.10Recount the five waves of globalization
11. 1.11Recognize reasons as to why France and the US resist globalization
12. 1.12Examine the three dominant views of the extent to which globalization exists
Revolutions in technology, finance, transportation, and communications and different ways of thinking that characterize interdependence and globalization have eroded the power and significance of nation-states and profoundly altered international relations. Countries share power with nonstate actors that have proliferated as states have failed to deal effectively with major global problems.
Many governments have subcontracted several traditional responsibilities to private companies and have created public-private partnerships in some areas. This is exemplified by the hundreds of special economic zones in China, Dubai, and elsewhere. Contracting out traditional functions of government, combined with the centralization of massive amounts of data, facilitated Edward Snowden’s ability to leak what seems to be an almost unlimited amount of information on America’s spying activities.
The connections between states and citizens, a cornerstone of international relations, have been weakened partly by global communications and migration. Social media enable people around the world to challenge governments and to participate in global governance. The prevalence of mass protests globally demonstrates growing frustration with governments’ inability to meet the demands of the people, especially the global middle class.
The growth of multiple national identities, citizenships, and passports challenges traditional international relations. States that played dominant roles in international affairs must now deal with their declining power as global power is more diffused with the rise of China, India, Brazil, and other emerging market countries. States are i.
International political economy (IPE) analyzes the interplay between politics and economics in world affairs. IPE provides benefits in understanding issues that cannot be analyzed solely through international politics or economics, such as international trade, finance, development issues, and the role of multinational corporations. However, IPE also encounters problems, as states and markets approach issues differently using different frameworks. The rise of IPE in international relations was driven by increasing economic interdependence and issues between states in the postwar period.
This document defines neoliberalism and outlines its history and critical analysis. Neoliberalism promotes free market capitalism and limited government intervention. Key institutions like the IMF, World Bank and WTO were established post-WWII to promote neoliberal policies and open markets. However, critics argue these institutions primarily serve developed countries' interests and impose conditions that spread neoliberal ideology rather than balance global economic power. The WTO in particular maintains inequalities despite a democratic structure.
This document discusses the relationship between economics and international relations through the lens of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE attempts to connect political actions and the global economy. The document outlines three main theoretical approaches in IPE - realism, liberalism, and constructivism. It then discusses the history leading to the current international political economy system, from mercantilism to modern institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. The document focuses on the realist perspective, which prioritizes state power and sees the global system as anarchic. Realists are skeptical of free trade and intergovernmental organizations that open borders.
Knowledge Society and Innovation. Strategies towards Knowledge Society.
Jumping the s-curve? Knowledge as critical production factor. Is capatalism over? Capability to be decisive for growth and development.
This document summarizes Kent Wilkinson's lecture on social scientific and interpretive traditions in international communication research. It discusses two main traditions - effects research that focuses on how messages elicit responses, and political economy/interpretation research prevalent in Europe. It also outlines three paradigms in development communication - modernization, dependency, and alternative approaches emphasizing local participation. The document contrasts social scientific and humanistic approaches to theory and research.
The document discusses different perspectives on the concept of globalization. It begins by explaining mainstream economic views of globalization as increasing international trade and integration of markets. It also discusses emerging views that see globalization's impacts as reaching beyond economics to transform political, social and cultural institutions as well. Globalization is described as occurring through various dimensions including changes in firms and production processes, the rise of global governance systems, and social and environmental movements. The challenges it poses for government policymaking are noted. Overall, the summary captures that the document presents a wide-ranging overview of concepts and debates surrounding the multidimensional nature and impacts of globalization.
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND INITIATION OF TRADE UNION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE ...Keshav Prasad Bhattarai
This document summarizes the impact of globalization and trade union initiation in Nepal. It discusses how globalization has integrated economies through increased trade, investment, and movement of people, technology, and ideas. While globalization has created opportunities for some, it has marginalized many countries and communities. In Nepal, the decade-long armed insurgency disrupted economic development and global integration, costing the country billions and driving many youth to migrate for work. Though poverty has declined in Nepal, rural poverty remains high and the economy still has not fully benefited from globalization due to lack of infrastructure and opportunity.
The document discusses different frameworks for understanding uneven geographical development within capitalism. It summarizes four main approaches:
1) Historicist/diffusionist interpretations see development spreading gradually from advanced to less developed areas.
2) Constructivist arguments focus on how exploitation and imperial/colonial practices have underdeveloped certain regions to benefit the powerful.
3) Environmental determinist explanations attribute development patterns to environmental factors.
4) Geopolitical perspectives view development through the lens of nation states pursuing their own self-interest in the global arena through alliances, trade policies, etc.
The document explores these frameworks to provide context for analyzing uneven development and its implications for Bangladesh in particular.
The document discusses several concepts related to globalization theory, including McDonaldization, Americanization, and theories of cultural, economic, and political globalization. It summarizes the work of theorists like George Ritzer, Roland Robertson, and Joseph Nye who argue that while American culture has global influence, globalization is a complex phenomenon and not synonymous with Americanization. The spread of ideas and business models is a two-way process that also transforms American society through global connections.
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness between societies and economies around the world through cross-border trade, investment and cultural exchange. While globalization has been ongoing for centuries, it has accelerated in recent decades due to advances in technology and transportation. Supporters argue that globalization increases economic growth and benefits all participants, while critics argue it exacerbates inequality and undermines local cultures and economies. There is ongoing debate around how to ensure the benefits of globalization are distributed equitably and its impacts are properly managed.
This document discusses neuroeconomics and the need for a new economic culture and civilization. It argues that the current economic model focuses on unlimited growth and profit at the expense of environmental sustainability. A global initiative is needed to establish international consensus and cooperation on revising economic variables to prioritize environmental equilibrium and human well-being over unchecked consumerism.
This document discusses the concept of immigrant transnationalism, which refers to immigrants regularly engaging in economic, political, and socio-cultural activities that span national borders as part of their daily lives. Advances in transportation and communication have enabled more durable and frequent participation by immigrants in their home countries. The document examines drivers of transnationalism like globalization and how contexts of exit and integration shape transnational activities. It finds that transnationalism takes many forms like business investments, remittances, and cultural exchanges. Transnationalism challenges theories that assume immigrants fully integrate into host societies and severs ties with home countries.
This paper analyses the role of remittances in poverty reduction in developing world in particular Kenya. Due to globalization there has been great movement of persons from one country to another in search of green pastures. The opening up of the economies leads to increase of immigrants who leave their home countries and stay in the host countries. Kenya has experienced large movement of its residents to developing countries to look for greener pastures. These immigrants have led to the increase of remittances to their home countries. It is on this foundation this paper sought to establish the relationship remittances and poverty reduction in developing economies in particular Kenya. In this paper data from Africa development indicators from World Bank and central bank of Kenya for a period of ten years are considered for graphical analysis to study the trend and annual pattern of behavior which supports the hypothesis of the paper that remittances growth is important in achieving the goals. It is expected that this study will benefit the government and the parties concern to ensure that the millennium goals are achieved and more so the improving of living standards of Kenyans and academicians in filling the knowledge gap and lay foundation for further research. The study provides insights into the role of diaspora remittances in poverty reduction in Kenya. It provides evidence that attracting diaspora remittances for emerging economies could as well help in mobilizing the much-needed loanable funds for private investment.
This document discusses globalization and its impact on social-ecological systems using the case of the rhino horn trade. Globalization has increased connectedness between actors involved in the rhino horn trade across international borders. While globalization has led to increased poaching threatening rhino populations, it has also strengthened collaboration between anti-poaching efforts. Social-ecological systems theory views the environment and human systems as coupled. The potential legalization of rhino horn trade in South Africa is discussed as an example of adaptive governance seeking to reduce poaching incentives while generating funds for conservation.
Creating a Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation 2 Introduction On December 1, 2011, the final day of the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (HLF4) in Busan, Korea, 160 nations, civil society and the private sector endorsed an 11-page statement calling for the creation of a “global partnership for effective development cooperation.”3 In addition, a series of “building blocks” related to specific development issues were agreed by coalitions of governments, civil society, parliamentarians, local officials and the private sector.4 What did it all mean? One pundit wrote: “It will take weeks, months and ultimately years before the impact of…the Busan forum on aid effectiveness will be known…” It may well take years to determine the full impact of the Busan forum, but few doubt that it represented an important turning point in the history of development cooperation. While important implementation issues remain, it seems clear now that the relationships among the many stakeholders—donors, developing countries, South-South cooperation providers , civil society and the private sector—will change dramatically in ways that are not completely predictable. Busan also definitively shifted the discussion from “aid” to “development,” a shift that has the potential to engage policymaking institutions that had previously considered development issues to be marginal. Perhaps most importantly, the Busan forum created a new model for international development summits, informed by evidence, deep engagement of non-governmental actors and the participation of some of the world’s leading personalities. While three previous DAC-sponsored forums on aid effectiveness5 had built a strong constituency, the global financial crisis of 2008-2012 transformed the debate. In this difficult period characterized by credit freezes, slowdowns in foreign direct investment and rising food prices, growing concerns for climate change, food shortages and security charged the atmosphere.
Volunteering has a long history but is now changing the landscape of international development in several ways. With an estimated 10 million travelers volunteering abroad each year, voluntourism has become a major industry. However, there is no standard for measuring its impact on communities or volunteers. While voluntourism provides benefits, it is important to understand how it may be shifting paradigms and relationships in development and address issues like sustainability and collaboration between organizations. The growth of voluntourism is occurring alongside debates around the effectiveness of international aid and new approaches like Do-It-Yourself foreign aid.
Globalization and Its Impact on Poverty in Pakistan(A Background Paper for t...idspak
This study looks at Pakistan’s experience in the light of the international experience and suggests key strategic steps that are necessary for Pakistan to maximize its growth and poverty reduction benefits from globalization.
The document discusses rising global economic inequality based on several studies and reports. It finds that the wealthiest 1% own over half of the world's wealth, while the bottom half own less than 1%. The richest 85 people own as much as the poorest 3.5 billion. Factors contributing to rising inequality include globalization, privatization, technological changes, tax policies, and corruption in the form of tax evasion, trade mispricing, money laundering, and bribery. Developing countries lose an estimated $1-2 trillion annually due to these issues. Reducing corruption and recovering these losses could help prevent millions of deaths from lack of healthcare and investment in developing nations.
Political economy of the media and regulationCarolina Matos
This document outlines key concepts from the critical political economy tradition for analyzing media and communications. It discusses concerns with ownership concentration, constraints on media messages, and the tension between private interests and public ideals of the media. The critical political economy perspective examines how economic forces shape cultural production and representations in ways that can perpetuate inequality in society. It is interested in the appropriate roles of the state, market, and public sphere in media and communications.
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1. The cessation clause in the 1951 Refugee Convention allows for refugee status to be revoked if the circumstances causing a person to flee their home country no longer exist. However, applying this clause risks infringing on refugees' human rights.
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3. There are debates around how to interpret
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Chapter 1 Global Issues Challenges of GlobalizationA GROWING .docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 1 Global Issues: Challenges of Globalization
A GROWING WORLDWIDE CONNECTEDNESS IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION HAS GIVEN CITIZENS MORE OF A VOICE TO EXPRESS THEIR DISSATISFACTION. In Brazil, Protestors calling for a wide range of reforms marched toward the soccer stadium where a match would be played between Brazil and Uruguay.
Learning Objectives
1. 1.1Identify important terms in international relations
2. 1.2Report the need to adopt an interdisciplinary approach in understanding the impact of new world events
3. 1.3Examine the formation of the modern states with respect to the thirty years’ war in 1618
4. 1.4Recall the challenges to the four types of sovereignty
5. 1.5Report that the European Union was created by redefining the sovereignty of its nations for lasting peace and security
6. 1.6Recall the influence exerted by the Catholic church, transnational companies, and other NGOs in dictating world events
7. 1.7Examine how globalization has brought about greater interdependence between states
8. 1.8Record the major causes of globalization
9. 1.9Review the most important forms of globalization
10. 1.10Recount the five waves of globalization
11. 1.11Recognize reasons as to why France and the US resist globalization
12. 1.12Examine the three dominant views of the extent to which globalization exists
Revolutions in technology, finance, transportation, and communications and different ways of thinking that characterize interdependence and globalization have eroded the power and significance of nation-states and profoundly altered international relations. Countries share power with nonstate actors that have proliferated as states have failed to deal effectively with major global problems.
Many governments have subcontracted several traditional responsibilities to private companies and have created public-private partnerships in some areas. This is exemplified by the hundreds of special economic zones in China, Dubai, and elsewhere. Contracting out traditional functions of government, combined with the centralization of massive amounts of data, facilitated Edward Snowden’s ability to leak what seems to be an almost unlimited amount of information on America’s spying activities.
The connections between states and citizens, a cornerstone of international relations, have been weakened partly by global communications and migration. Social media enable people around the world to challenge governments and to participate in global governance. The prevalence of mass protests globally demonstrates growing frustration with governments’ inability to meet the demands of the people, especially the global middle class.
The growth of multiple national identities, citizenships, and passports challenges traditional international relations. States that played dominant roles in international affairs must now deal with their declining power as global power is more diffused with the rise of China, India, Brazil, and other emerging market countries. States are i.
The document discusses the author's reading of the book "Globalization: A Way Short Introduction" and what they learned from it. The author found the book to be one of the best reads and that it helped them better understand the effects and consequences of globalization. They particularly liked the section discussing how globalization is a contested concept and how views on it have changed over time.
The document discusses sustainability and profiles three people working in sustainability across different disciplines. It discusses Hernando de Soto, an economist working to provide legal identity and property rights to the world's poorest populations to allow them access to the global economy. De Soto estimates that $9.3 trillion in real estate is held informally by the poor internationally, constituting "dead capital" that could be leveraged to stimulate economic growth if formalized. The document also briefly profiles two academics working in sustainability from Parsons School of Design.
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Anth 410 annotated biblio cjl77
1. Cynthia Lewis
ANTH 410
15 Feb 2013
Annotated Bibliography
Every small child has big dreams. Mine were bigger than most--they were global. I would
often stop by the local library and pick up National Geographic magazines for a dime and my
treasures would fall open to expose their lovely crisp pages, with the glossy pictures of worldly
places and articles on exotic people, whose lives seemed so greatly different form my own. I tore
out the fold-up maps and taped them onto my bedroom walls until my room became a world of
its own. These images were the last things I saw before I fell asleep and my first waking memory
in the morning. I decided at a young age that my goal in life would be to learn everything I could
about the other cultures with whom I shared my spot in the universe.
As I advanced through higher education, my interests narrowed into more specific
realms; instead of everything, I began to focus on the evidence of consumption and consumerism
that permeated every part of my day. When I started to pay my own bills and manage a bank
account I grew more and more invested in finance, the transaction of money and goods, and
international trade, which quickly led me to the global economy and eventually to world
development theory. Being an educated female, I was fascinated with gender differences,
especially when it came to the regulations of business and finance between men and women in
many of the world’s cultures. These traditional roles and limitations were more noticeable in
partially-developed and developing countries, like those in Africa, the Middle East, and Southern
Asia. While my major throughout college has been anthropology with a focus in cultural
backgrounds, I managed to take classes on development theory, economics and trade systems,
and business law. Meshing these various interests together has created quite an interesting
reading
2. list.
University experiences have also exposed me to a broader spectrum of cultures. The
summer of 2012 was spent in the Belizean jungle as I worked on an archaeological project,
uncovering ancient Mayan ruins. A class on women’s microcredit loans in Bangladesh
introduced me to non-governmental organizations like the Grameen Bank and the roles that
foreign aid plays in altering the economies of developing nations. I was also recently introduced
to the very sad reality of child mortality that plagues much of Africa, and my most
comprehensive paper to date is on the solutions that communities, businesses, and the national
government can employ to decrease the rising rate of mortality in Uganda. While this is a
specific region, the business methods that I researched have proven to be successful all
throughout the developing world.
With knowledge in these disparate focuses, my higher education goals have morphed to
include the possibility of pursuing an accelerated Masters of Business Administration program
followed by law school. This summer will be spent obtaining a legal secretary certification and I
hope to enter an internship in a local law office in the fall. Anthropology has helped me to
understand the driving principles behind international business practices and has given me a
greater appreciation for the varying values, beliefs, traditions, etc. that affect the ways in which
people conduct transactions. This has become a crucial focal point in the globalized era, and my
education will serve to provide me with a position in which I can affect some measure of change
on international policy and regulation.
Development Theory and World Economy
Bordo, Michael, and Barry Eichengreen. A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons
for International Monetary Reform. London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993. Web.
This book covers the political origins of the Bretton Woods Conference, the different monetary
regimes involved, and the legacy that still affects the global economy today. The information was
3. extremely helpful in understanding the foundations of adjustments, inflation, exchange rates, and
interest differentials, and their potential for influencing financial fluctuation.
Buckley, Peter, and Niron Hashai. "Formalizing Internationalization in the Eclectic Paradigm."
Journal of International Business Studies. Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan 2009): pp 58-70.
The authors provide a model for global equilibrium developed from classic economic literature,
which aims to counter the "eclectic paradigm" of competetive advantages: location, ownership,
and internalization. The study examines the factors required in international licensing, the
domestic production of exports, and the intake of foreign imports, covering much of the practices
involved in global business.
Gimenez, Martha E. “Connecting Marx and Feminism in the Era of Globalization: A Preliminary
Investigation.” Socialism and Democracy. Vol. 18, No. 1 (June 2004): p 85.
Gimenez challenges the largely-accepted assumption that the success of the advanced capitalist
economies can be replicated through modernization theory, claiming that every country follows a
different path to economic development. She traces the correlation between the advancement of
women’s political statuses and the evolution of the management of resources in nations, drawing
upon Marxist theories of economic classes and labor division. This paper was a boon as it forced
me to rethink the popular blueprints of economic progress.
Hartungi, Rusdy. “Could Developing Countries take the Benefit of Globalization?” International
Journal of Social Economics. Vol. 33, No. 11 (2006): pp 728-743.
This paper is a philosophical approach to the problem of whether or not many developing
countries actually benefit from the rise in the global exchange of views, information, products,
ideas, etc. It is a great thinking point for me as I examine the actual impact of global flows on
other cultures, and it addresses the fact of integration from an international finance point of view.
Kim, Pan Suk. “Building Trust by Improving Governance: Searching for a Feasible Way for
Developing Countries.” Public Administration Quaterly. Vol. 34, No. 3 (Fall 2010): pp 271-299.
Kim argues that each so-called “developing” country should have ownership of its identity while
accepting aid from donors to assist in physical development such as infrastructure. Many
anthropologists need to understand the main point of this paper: that governance should come
from within a country and should be built up autonomously without the overwhelming influence
of developed nations. Kim cautions that developing governments should work hardest to earn the
trust of their people instead of wasting resources in pursuit of the most idealistic solutions, which
are not always feasible.
Moyo, Dambisa. Dead Aid. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2009. Print.
Moyo uses quantitative evidence from African countries to show that aid is not only
unbeneficial, it is downright malignant to the continent’s developing economies. Billions of
dollars in aid relief is poured into these countries every year, and she clearly connects this influx
of money to the spread of corrupt government, the hindering of growth in domestic markets, and
the cessation of government liability both to repay mounting loans and to the people as it is no
longer held accountable to protect civilian needs (since the money funding these governments is
coming duty-free from other countries instead of through taxation). This book forces both myself
and the philanthropic majority to rethink the financial burden of international aid as it proves to
4. be more trouble than it’s worth.
Rapley, John. Understanding Development: Theory and Practice in the Third World. London:
Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc, 2007. Print.
As a political economist, Rapley focuses on the role of the state in an economy and development
practices such as neoliberalization, modernization, statism, post-development, structural
adjustments, trade liberalization, privatization, fiscaul austerity, currency devaluation, infant-
industry models, etc, that are aimed at constructing developing economies. He presents several
examples of the successes and failures of each practice, laying out the foundations for
anthropologists and scholars to understand the methods of economic growth used by
governments and domestic/international markets.
Ricardo, David. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation: Chapter VII, On Foreign
Trade. 3rd ed. John Murray, London. 1817. Web.
Ricardo’s work details the importance of comparative advantage and the mutual benefits
received from international trade, as well as the labor theory of value and views on wages and
profit margins. As an advocate for protectionism of national economies, Ricardo calls for tariffs,
quotas, and government regulations to encourage fair competition between imports and domestic
goods. His writing was beneficial when analyzing the subsequent costs of production in all
sectors, both apparent and implied, and for understanding the foundational turning points of the
cycle of global economy.
Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. London: Strahan
and Cadell, 1776. Web.
Smith’s work has been a jewel for economy theorists since the birth of this country, and contains
knowledge that is still very applicable in today’s global economy. The segments of his work are
most helpful for a finance-based anthropologist as they detail division of labor, commodities,
free markets, the rise of trade centers, the influence of colonialism, commercial systems and
importation, and the revenue of the commonwealth. His writings have been monumentally
influential in the evolution of political economy discourse, and so I use the theories he developed
as a starting ground for my research.
Consumerism and Trade
Douglas, Mary, and Baron Isherwood. The World of Goods: Towards an Anthropology of
Consumption. New York: Routledge, 1996. Web.
This book is an overview of the use of goods as an information system, the implications of
consumerism on social policy, and the circulation of the world economy. The theories in this
book are largely influenced by the well-known economists Keynes, Weber, and Friedman, and
help to put their writings into perspective; this clarification of consumerism theory is
advantageous to me as a bourgeoning anthropological scholar in this ever-increasingly
consumer-driven nation.
Gledhill, John. “Resisting the Global Slum: Politics, Religion, and Consumption in the
Remaking of Life Worlds in the Twenty-First Century.” Bulletin of Latin American Research,
Vol. 25, No. 3 (2006): pp 322-339.
5. This paper analyzes the perceived “neoliberalization” of everyday life in Latin America and the
de-politicalization of the Chilean public. Gledhill argues that the Chilean military has encouraged
the people to be consumers rather than citizens in an attempt to “mediatize” political elections.
Collective values that would benefit the whole are quickly being replaced by consumerist trends
in a growing public indifference to political regimes; this paper eerily echoes the trends of many
Western societies and can be used anthropologically as a basis to understanding this common
scenario.
Jayashankar, Priyanka, and Goedegebuure, Robert V. “Marketing Strategies in the Microfinance
Sector: A Case Study on Hand in Hand Microfinance.” IUP Journal of Marketing Management.
Vol 11, No. 3, Aug 2012: pp 64-78.
This qualitative study appraises the success of the marketing techniques used by NGOs and
microfinance institutions in India in the face of the recent microfinance crisis in Pradesh. Instead
of replicating the Bangladeshi Grameen Bank, Hand in Hand NGOs have devised ways to
disburse loans at lower interest rates with lengthier repaying periods and state government
support. As a finance anthropologist, this study was helpful in analyzing the various tactics of
lending institutions and the ways in which the public can benefit from non-governmental
organizations during times of financial trouble.
*Mullins, Paul R. “The Archaeology of Consumption.” Annual Review of Anthropology. Oct
2011, Vol 40, p133-144.
This article examines the ways in which archaeology can be used to provide evidence of
everyday material use in societies, helping anthropologists to reflect on the ways that consumers
use goods to define themselves, and also how people negotiate or resist the demands of material
meanings. Mullins uses the material evidence uncovered through archaeological practices to
trace consumption patterns throughout the evolution of cultures. The paper argues for
anthropologists such as myselft to adopt consumption as an applied conceptual framework when
engaged in academic archaeology.
Scott, James. “Developing Countries in the ITO and GATT Negotiations.” Journal of
International Trade Law and Policy. Vol. 9, No. 1 (2010): pp 5-24.
Scott’s paper is geared towards clarifying the motives of underdeveloped countries in their
negative attitudes to post-WWII trade discussions. The paper examines the historical accounts of
the negotiations, drawing from GATT documents and the legacy of colonialism. These findings
are important to me as an anthropologist if I intend to study international trade agreements at any
period in the last seventy years.
Swagler, Roger. “Evolution and Applications of the Term Consumerism: Theme and Variations.”
The Journal of Consumer Affairs. Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter 1994): pp 347.
This paper documents the history of the term “consumerism” through its various meanings over
the last few decades, and the negative connotations it has recently gained. Swagler attempts to
make concise the evolution of the broad opinion of the consumer from the producer’s view in the
business world to the general public’s media-saturated understanding. The doctrine of
consumerism (going by Swagler’s semantics) is one of the most guiding principles in modern
business today, and as a business-minded anthropologist I am reminded that I cannot discredit
the term and all it represents to various people.
6. Trentmann, Frank. “Beyond Consumerism: New Historical Perspectives on Consumption.”
Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 39, No. 3 (July 2004): pp 373-401.
This article views consumption as the driving force behind modern capitalism and social
structure, using the constructs of consumerism as the unit of enquiry for historical research.
Trentmann traces the birth of the modern-day consumer society to discover how developed
economies have entered into the ever-expanding system of goods, needs, and desires. This work
helped me to understand the acquired demand for commodities and novelties within the
evolution of cultural civilization.
Whitman, James Q. “Consumerism Versus Producerism: A Study in Comparative Law.” The Yale
Law Journal. Vol. 117, No. 3 (Dec 2007): pp 340-406.
This paper contrives to revive the once-common distinction between consumerism and
producerism in order to understand the persistent differences between American consumption
and that of most continental European countries with which we have commerce. Whitman
describes the increase in “consumer welfare law” and its political implications. This is a critical
component of our economy and I find that understanding the power play between producers and
consumers is of crucial importance.
Finance and Non-Governmental Organizations
Bennett, Lynn, and Carlos Cuevas. "Sustainable Banking with the Poor." Journal of
International Development. Vol. 8, No. 2 (1996): pp 145-152.
This paper is part of a collection from the Conference on Finance against Poverty held in 1996,
stressing ways to build sustainable financial systems for poor classes, recognizing the limitations
placed on developing countries by foreign policy and regulation. Importance is placed on
building up efficient financial institutions that lend to low-income families. This is a lesson that I
take to heart and believe should be applied to all policy making since those in poverty often get
disregarded in monetary matters, and yet make up a majority of the world's population.
Cali, B. Human Rights Discourse and Domestic Rights NGOs. Uuniversity College London
Eprints, 2007. Web.
Cali portrays the highly politicized history of the committment that the Republic of Turkey has
made to human rights since the 1920s, driven by the European Convention on Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms. The book recounts the many struggles that NGOs have encountered on
the road to establishing equality--such as military regime, authoritarian governments, economic
crises, and the merging of international politics with globalization. This recounting may serve as
a guide for the policies of other developing countries facing similar struggles in the global push
for human equality.
Handy, Femida, et al. "To Profit or Not to Profit: Women Entrepreneurs in India." Nonprofit
Management and Leadership. Vol. 17, No. 4 (2007): pp 383-401.
The authors analyze the recent challenge in traditional gender roles by women in India as more
females enter into the small business sector. This study looks at the motivating factors of profit
and non-profit organizations in community work, and the public's views on the increasing
activity of women in these areas. The results of the study show that family background and
7. support play a large role in the success of women entrepreneurs, which can contribute greatly to
an anthropological perspective of modern Indian business practices.
Islam, Naznin, and Nahid Sultana. "NGOs in Bangladesh: Are They Successful in Increasing
Awareness Among Vulnerable Women?" Indian Journal of Gender Studies. Vol. 16, No. 1 (Jan
2009): pp 77-98.
As microcredit loans have become mores accessible to women in Bangladesh with the turn of the
twenty-first century, more women are falling into serious debt and financial traps. Centuries of
gender-based oppression in monetary matters have left the majority of women largely
unprepared for autonomous financial responsibilities, and some banks and NGOs have taken
advantage of this while others strive to educate rural women as they extend loans. As a
financially-independent woman, this article raises concerns for me to critically analyze the
influence of NGOs as I empathized with the women of Bangladesh in their bid for financial
freedom.
Karim, Lamia. Microfinance and Its Discontents: Women in Debt in Bangladesh. Minneapolis:
University of Minneapolis Press, 2011. Print.
This ethnography of women in Bangladesh is comprehensive, showing all sides of the battle
surrounding gender and microfinance in this region of the world. The author thoroughly
examines the roles of NGOs such as the Grameen Bank in the lives of the villages and the culture
of shame that permeates the process of loan extension to females. This book presents a very in-
depth picture of the reality of microfinance and gender differences in traditional societies, using
several testimonies and personal interviews as evidence for her thesis that the people should take
control over their financial future instead of living under the weighty influence of oppressive
NGO strictures.
Morais, Neavis, and Makbul Ahmad. "NGO-led Microfinance: Potentials and Challenges in
Conflict Areas." Journal of International Development. Vol. 23, No. 5 (July 2011): pp 629-640.
The authors explore how microfinance institutions led by NGOs affect community management
strategies, looking at hierarchical power structures in Sri Lanka. The paper argues for more
emphasis to be placed on factors of government and community organization levels that
negatively affect finance initiatives in the less stable conflict-prone areas. This argument brings
to focus the fact that finance is easily impacted by external variants such as political unrest.
Sarkar, Debnarayan. "Indian Microfinance: Lessons from Bangladesh." Economic and Political
Weekly. Vol. 43, No. 1 (Jan 2008): pp 18-20.
The article documents the trends of microcredit loans since 2004, tracing the differences between
traditional Indian microfinance institutions and vast growth of the Grameen Bank, and its
widening (and not always beneficial) influence. The author describes how self-help group banks
are being shut off from additional funding each year and the pressure on individuals to repay
installments has sky-rocketed, providing further insight for me by contradicting the public media
image of the Grameen Bank outreach.
Child Health in Rural Africa
Bbaale, Edward, and Faisal Buyinza. "Micro-analysis of Mother's Education and Child
8. Mortality:
Evidence from Uganda." Journal of International Development, Vol. 24 (Jan 2011): pp.138-158.
Mothers who are well-educated are more apt to know and appreciate the importance of healthy
practices in child-rearing. The authors use a persuasive argument to convince legislators to
strengthen the floundering government program in Uganda that provides free secondary
education. The paper also touches on the institutional and economic reforms that have occurred
over the past twenty years, aided by ongoing Uganda Demographic and Health Survey Reports.
"Community-based Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition." World Health Organization,
United Nations Committee on Nutrition, United Nations Children's Fund, World Food
Programme. May 2007.
This is a collaborative effort from the four organizations, presenting a model for relieving the
problems of malnutrition in children. The organizations provide detailed steps of targeting and
treating life-threatening signs of malnutrition, including national policies that may be
implemented to enhance community management of child mortality. These policies can be useful
guidelines for management of malnutrition are very broad in scope and can be applied in any
country suffering from high child mortality rates.
Hosseinpoor, Ahmad, et. al. "Towards Universal Health Coverage: The Role of Within-Country
Wealth-Related Inequality in Twenty-Eight Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa." Bulletin of the
World Health Organization. Vol. 89, No. 2 (Dec 2011): pp 881-890.
This quantitative study measures the difference by country of wealth-related factors that
contribute the quality of health care in rural areas. It provides factual statistics and evidence of
the coverage gap between the governments' regulatory policies, and shows that inequality in the
types of medical care received by different socioeconomic classes is most apparent in antenatal
care and skilled midwife assistance. This provides a focal point for research regarding the role of
wealth in obtaining necessary medical services.
Katende, Charles. "The Impact of Access to Health Services on Infant and Child Mortality in
Rural Uganda." African Population Studies. Bioline International. Vol. 9 (April 1994).
Katende's research focuses on rural access to health facilities and how this, combined with an
alarming lack of socioeconomic and biotechnological privileges, has aided alarmingly to the
increase of infant death rates. The study also identifies maternal risk factors (age, education,
location), environmental contamination, nutritional status, injury, and personal illness control.
"Successful Leadership: Country Actions for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health." World
Health Organization. The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health. 2008.
This document details the successful health policies that third-world countries have utilized and
the positive results that have been an outcome. All of the projected programs are designed to
fulfill the Millennium Goals 4 and 5: to reduce the mortality rate of mothers and children under
five, and to achieve universal access to reproductive health care. Many anthropologists such as
myself feel a responsibility to help reduce the ever-increasing crisis of child mortality, and the
PMNCH organization provides evidence of effective alternative political methods.
Vella, V, et. al. "Determinants of Child Nutrition and Mortality in North-West Uganda." World
Health Organization, Vol. 70 No. 5 (1992): pp. 637-643.
9. This article examines the well-known determinants of high child mortality rates and goes into
detail on the impacts of the internal and external factors of a childhood in rural, poverty-stricken
areas. The authors reflect on the ways in which the determinants such as child-rearing practices
and illness prevention could be shaped to become a positive factor in these childrens' early lives.