This document contains answers to questions from exercises in Units 11-15 of a chemistry textbook. In Unit 11, the answers include IUPAC names of organic compounds and equations for reactions. Unit 12 focuses on carbonyl compounds, including IUPAC names, reactions, and properties. Unit 13 discusses amines, including their IUPAC names and relative basicities. Unit 15 defines key terms related to polymers such as monomer and polymerization and provides examples of natural and synthetic polymers.
Nucleoside analogues synthesis using natural phosphate doped with i2 (npi2) i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on the synthesis of nucleoside analogues using natural phosphate doped with iodine (NP/I2) as a catalyst. Several D-ribonucleosides were prepared from 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranoside and silylated nucleobases under mild conditions using NP/I2. Yields of the desired nucleosides ranged from 35-62% depending on the nucleobase and amount of iodine used. NP/I2 was shown to be a more effective solid catalyst than silica or alumina doped with iodine. The reaction is proposed to
Dear Students/Parents
We at 'Apex Institute' are committed to provide our students best quality education with ethics. Moving in this direction, we have decided that unlike other expensive and 5star facility type institutes who are huge investors and advertisers, we shall not invest huge amount of money in advertisements. It shall rather be invested on the betterment, enhancement of quality and resources at our center.
We are just looking forward to have 'word-of-mouth' publicity instead. Because, there is only a satisfied student and his/her parents can judge an institute's quality and it's faculty members coaching.
Those coaching institutes, who are investing highly on advertisements, are actually, wasting their money on it, in a sense. Rather, the money should be invested on highly experienced faculty members and on teaching gears.
We all at 'Apex' are taking this initiative to improve the quality of education along-with each student's development and growth.
Committed to excellence...
With best wishes.
S . Iqbal
( Motivator & Mentor)
This document summarizes the preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activities of mixed ligand complexes of Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) with a Schiff base ligand derived from cephalexin drug and 4(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde combined with nicotinamide. The ligand and complexes were characterized using various analytical techniques. The complexes were found to be non-electrolytes with octahedral geometry. Antimicrobial testing showed the complexes had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Preparation , characterization and antimicrobial activities of mixed ligand c...Alexander Decker
This document describes the preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activities of mixed ligand complexes of Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) with a Schiff base ligand derived from cephalexin drug and 4(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde combined with nicotinamide. The ligand and complexes were characterized using techniques such as NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis, elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, and magnetic susceptibility. The complexes showed octahedral geometry and were found to be non-electrolytes. The complexes and free ligand were screened for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
This PDF presentation describes briefly my research experiences in synthetic organic. The time period of these research projects range from 1999 to 10/2005. Projects of later positions were also included but not all. Time period, place of work and position were mentioned at the beginning of each project. To noted that all the experimental synthesis, separation/purification, characterization and spectral interpretation were performed independently by me.
This document contains an organic chemistry homework assignment on alcohols and organic acids. It includes structured and free response questions testing knowledge of properties and reactions of alcohols, carboxylic acids, and their derivatives. Key concepts covered include physical properties of alcohols, combustion reactions, acid-base reactions of carboxylic acids, and organic synthesis reactions such as fermentation.
The document is a report submitted by Koh Ming Hooi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Chemical Engineering in June 2016. It investigates the effect of process parameters on the physicochemical characteristics of ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15. The report acknowledges the assistance provided by various parties in conducting the research and characterization. It contains tables of contents, acknowledgements and abstract sections.
Nucleoside analogues synthesis using natural phosphate doped with i2 (npi2) i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on the synthesis of nucleoside analogues using natural phosphate doped with iodine (NP/I2) as a catalyst. Several D-ribonucleosides were prepared from 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranoside and silylated nucleobases under mild conditions using NP/I2. Yields of the desired nucleosides ranged from 35-62% depending on the nucleobase and amount of iodine used. NP/I2 was shown to be a more effective solid catalyst than silica or alumina doped with iodine. The reaction is proposed to
Dear Students/Parents
We at 'Apex Institute' are committed to provide our students best quality education with ethics. Moving in this direction, we have decided that unlike other expensive and 5star facility type institutes who are huge investors and advertisers, we shall not invest huge amount of money in advertisements. It shall rather be invested on the betterment, enhancement of quality and resources at our center.
We are just looking forward to have 'word-of-mouth' publicity instead. Because, there is only a satisfied student and his/her parents can judge an institute's quality and it's faculty members coaching.
Those coaching institutes, who are investing highly on advertisements, are actually, wasting their money on it, in a sense. Rather, the money should be invested on highly experienced faculty members and on teaching gears.
We all at 'Apex' are taking this initiative to improve the quality of education along-with each student's development and growth.
Committed to excellence...
With best wishes.
S . Iqbal
( Motivator & Mentor)
This document summarizes the preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activities of mixed ligand complexes of Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) with a Schiff base ligand derived from cephalexin drug and 4(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde combined with nicotinamide. The ligand and complexes were characterized using various analytical techniques. The complexes were found to be non-electrolytes with octahedral geometry. Antimicrobial testing showed the complexes had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Preparation , characterization and antimicrobial activities of mixed ligand c...Alexander Decker
This document describes the preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activities of mixed ligand complexes of Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) with a Schiff base ligand derived from cephalexin drug and 4(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde combined with nicotinamide. The ligand and complexes were characterized using techniques such as NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis, elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, and magnetic susceptibility. The complexes showed octahedral geometry and were found to be non-electrolytes. The complexes and free ligand were screened for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
This PDF presentation describes briefly my research experiences in synthetic organic. The time period of these research projects range from 1999 to 10/2005. Projects of later positions were also included but not all. Time period, place of work and position were mentioned at the beginning of each project. To noted that all the experimental synthesis, separation/purification, characterization and spectral interpretation were performed independently by me.
This document contains an organic chemistry homework assignment on alcohols and organic acids. It includes structured and free response questions testing knowledge of properties and reactions of alcohols, carboxylic acids, and their derivatives. Key concepts covered include physical properties of alcohols, combustion reactions, acid-base reactions of carboxylic acids, and organic synthesis reactions such as fermentation.
The document is a report submitted by Koh Ming Hooi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Chemical Engineering in June 2016. It investigates the effect of process parameters on the physicochemical characteristics of ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15. The report acknowledges the assistance provided by various parties in conducting the research and characterization. It contains tables of contents, acknowledgements and abstract sections.
This document contains a table of contents for a chemistry textbook. It lists 15 units that cover topics such as haloalkanes and haloarenes, alcohols and ethers, aldehydes and ketones, biomolecules, polymers, and chemistry in everyday life. Each unit provides classifications, nomenclature, properties, reactions and other information about the substances covered in that section. The document also references answers to exercises and an index at the end.
This document discusses the importance of chemistry in everyday life and how it relates to areas like medicines, food, and cleansing agents. It aims to explain how various types of drugs function in the body. Specifically, it will discuss how drugs can be classified based on their pharmacological effect, action, chemical structure, and molecular targets. It will also explain drug-target interaction, focusing on how drugs interact with enzymes and receptors in the body. Drugs usually work by inhibiting the catalytic activity of enzymes or preventing the binding of substrates to the active site of enzymes.
This document provides information about polymers including their classification, important types, and examples. It begins by defining polymers as large molecules formed by the linking of repeating structural units known as monomers.
Polymers can be classified in several ways such as by source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), mode of polymerization (addition, condensation), and intermolecular forces. Important addition polymers formed through chain growth include polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyacrylonitrile. Important condensation polymers formed through step-growth include nylon, polyesters like dacron, phenol-formaldehyde polymers like bakelite, and melamine
The document discusses biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. It begins by defining carbohydrates and classifying them into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on their structure. Glucose and fructose are discussed as examples of monosaccharides that exist in open-chain and cyclic forms. Disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose are formed from glycosidic linkages between two monosaccharides. Sucrose yields glucose and fructose while maltose yields two glucose molecules.
This document discusses aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. It begins by stating the objectives of understanding the nomenclature, structures, properties, reactions and uses of these carbonyl compounds. It then defines aldehydes as containing a carbonyl group bonded to a carbon and hydrogen, ketones as bonded to two carbons, and carboxylic acids as bonded to an oxygen. The document provides examples of common and IUPAC names for some aldehydes and ketones. It notes that carbonyl compounds play important roles in biochemistry, adding flavors and fragrances to nature. They are also used in foods, pharmaceuticals, solvents, and materials like plastics and fabrics.
This document discusses the classification, nomenclature, and preparation of alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It begins by classifying these compounds as mono-, di-, tri-, or polyhydric depending on the number of hydroxyl groups present. It then discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming these compounds systematically. Finally, it describes several methods for preparing alcohols and phenols, including hydration of alkenes, hydroboration-oxidation of alkenes, and substitution reactions of aromatic compounds.
The document discusses the classification, nomenclature, preparation methods, and properties of organohalogen compounds known as haloalkanes and haloarenes. Haloalkanes contain halogen atoms bonded to sp3 or sp2 hybridized carbon atoms, while haloarenes contain halogen atoms bonded to sp2 hybridized carbon atoms of an aryl group. Common preparation methods include the reaction of alcohols, hydrocarbons, alkenes, and aromatic amines with halogen acids, halogens, or diazonium salts.
This document discusses amines, which are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. Amines can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of hydrogen atoms replaced. They have important commercial uses as intermediates in making medicines and fibers. Diazonium salts are also discussed as intermediates used to synthesize aromatic compounds like dyes.
The document discusses the characteristics of solids. It describes how solids have fixed positions and rigid structures, unlike liquids and gases which can flow freely. Solids are classified as either crystalline or amorphous based on the ordering of particles. Crystalline solids have long-range orderly patterns that repeat, while amorphous solids only have short-range order and irregular particle shapes. Properties like melting point and ability to flow differ between the two types of solids based on their particle arrangements.
This document provides information about coordination compounds and Werner's theory of coordination compounds. It begins with an overview of coordination compounds and their importance. It then discusses Werner's theory, including his postulates about primary and secondary valences of metal ions and the coordination number being equal to the number of ligands bound to the metal ion. The document defines key terms related to coordination compounds such as coordination entity, central atom/ion, ligands, coordination number, and isomers. It also discusses nomenclature rules for writing formulas and names of mononuclear coordination compounds. The summary is as follows:
1) The document discusses Werner's pioneering theory of coordination compounds and key postulates about metal ion valences and coordination geometry
1) The d-block elements occupy the central section of the periodic table between the s-block and p-block elements. They are called transition elements because their position is between these blocks.
2) The electronic configurations of transition elements generally follow the pattern (n-1)d1-10ns1-2, with the (n-1)d orbitals being progressively filled. However, there are some exceptions due to small energy differences between orbitals.
3) The d-block elements are divided into series based on the filling of the d-orbitals - 3d, 4d, 5d and the incomplete 6d series. Zn, Cd and Hg are not considered transition metals
The document discusses trends in the properties of group 15 elements of the periodic table, which include nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. It notes that ionization energy decreases and atomic/ionic radii increase down the group as atomic size increases. Nitrogen and phosphorus are nonmetals, arsenic and antimony are metalloids, and bismuth is a metal. The electronic configuration is ns2np3 and oxidation states vary between -3 to +5, with the most common being -3, +3, and +5.
1. The document discusses principles of metallurgy and isolation of elements from ores. It covers topics like occurrence of metals, concentration of ores, extraction of crude metal, and thermodynamic principles.
2. Concentration of ores involves processes like magnetic separation, froth floatation, and leaching to separate the desired metal compound from unwanted gangue materials.
3. Extraction of the crude metal generally involves two steps - conversion of the concentrated ore to an oxide through calcination or roasting, and then reducing the oxide to the pure metal using a reducing agent like carbon at high temperatures.
This document discusses surface chemistry and adsorption. It begins by defining surface chemistry as phenomena that occur at interfaces between different phases, such as solid-gas interfaces. It then defines adsorption as the accumulation of molecules at surfaces rather than in the bulk of a solid or liquid. Adsorption occurs due to unbalanced attractive forces at surfaces. There are two main types of adsorption: physical adsorption due to weak van der Waals forces, and chemical adsorption where chemical bonds form between adsorbate and adsorbent molecules. The mechanism and factors affecting adsorption are also explained.
1. The document discusses chemical kinetics, which is the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms. It defines the average and instantaneous rates of reactions in terms of changes in reactant or product concentrations over time.
2. Reaction rates depend on factors like concentration, temperature, and catalysts. The rate law expresses how the rate of a reaction varies with changes in concentration. Generally, reaction rates increase with higher reactant concentrations and decrease over time as concentrations decrease.
3. For reactions where stoichiometric coefficients are not equal to one, the rates of appearance/disappearance must be divided by the appropriate coefficients to make the rates equal. This allows rates to be expressed consistently in terms of changes in concentrations of
This document discusses solutions and their properties. It defines different types of solutions such as gas-gas, liquid-liquid, and solid-liquid solutions. It also describes various ways to express the concentration of a solution, including mass percentage, volume percentage, parts per million, and mole fraction. Finally, it provides an example calculation for determining the mole fraction of a solution.
This document provides answers to questions from exercises in units 1-9 of a chemistry textbook. It includes:
1) Values for various chemistry calculations including molecular weights, concentrations, and thermodynamic quantities.
2) Descriptions of experimental procedures and results such as products formed from various reactions.
3) Explanations for concepts in inorganic chemistry including oxidation states of transition metals, acid-base theories, and principles of metallurgy.
This document provides a table of contents for a textbook on chemistry. The textbook is divided into 9 units covering topics such as the solid state, solutions, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, and coordination compounds. Each unit is further divided into sections that provide more specific coverage of topics within that unit. The document also includes foreword, preface, and appendices sections.
This document provides information about polymers including their classification, important types, and examples. It begins by defining polymers as large molecules formed by the linking of repeating structural units known as monomers.
Polymers can be classified in several ways such as by source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), mode of polymerization (addition, condensation), and intermolecular forces. Important addition polymers formed through chain growth include polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyacrylonitrile. Important condensation polymers formed through step growth include nylon, polyesters like dacron, phenol-formaldehyde polymers like bakelite, and melamine-
This document discusses the importance of chemistry in everyday life and how it relates to areas like medicines, food, and cleansing agents. It aims to explain how various types of drugs function in the body. Specifically, it will discuss how drugs can be classified based on their pharmacological effect, action, chemical structure, and molecular targets. It will also explain drug-target interaction, focusing on how drugs interact with enzymes and receptors in the body. Drugs usually work by inhibiting the catalytic activity of enzymes or preventing the binding of substrates to the active site of enzymes.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
This document contains a table of contents for a chemistry textbook. It lists 15 units that cover topics such as haloalkanes and haloarenes, alcohols and ethers, aldehydes and ketones, biomolecules, polymers, and chemistry in everyday life. Each unit provides classifications, nomenclature, properties, reactions and other information about the substances covered in that section. The document also references answers to exercises and an index at the end.
This document discusses the importance of chemistry in everyday life and how it relates to areas like medicines, food, and cleansing agents. It aims to explain how various types of drugs function in the body. Specifically, it will discuss how drugs can be classified based on their pharmacological effect, action, chemical structure, and molecular targets. It will also explain drug-target interaction, focusing on how drugs interact with enzymes and receptors in the body. Drugs usually work by inhibiting the catalytic activity of enzymes or preventing the binding of substrates to the active site of enzymes.
This document provides information about polymers including their classification, important types, and examples. It begins by defining polymers as large molecules formed by the linking of repeating structural units known as monomers.
Polymers can be classified in several ways such as by source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), mode of polymerization (addition, condensation), and intermolecular forces. Important addition polymers formed through chain growth include polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyacrylonitrile. Important condensation polymers formed through step-growth include nylon, polyesters like dacron, phenol-formaldehyde polymers like bakelite, and melamine
The document discusses biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. It begins by defining carbohydrates and classifying them into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on their structure. Glucose and fructose are discussed as examples of monosaccharides that exist in open-chain and cyclic forms. Disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose are formed from glycosidic linkages between two monosaccharides. Sucrose yields glucose and fructose while maltose yields two glucose molecules.
This document discusses aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. It begins by stating the objectives of understanding the nomenclature, structures, properties, reactions and uses of these carbonyl compounds. It then defines aldehydes as containing a carbonyl group bonded to a carbon and hydrogen, ketones as bonded to two carbons, and carboxylic acids as bonded to an oxygen. The document provides examples of common and IUPAC names for some aldehydes and ketones. It notes that carbonyl compounds play important roles in biochemistry, adding flavors and fragrances to nature. They are also used in foods, pharmaceuticals, solvents, and materials like plastics and fabrics.
This document discusses the classification, nomenclature, and preparation of alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It begins by classifying these compounds as mono-, di-, tri-, or polyhydric depending on the number of hydroxyl groups present. It then discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming these compounds systematically. Finally, it describes several methods for preparing alcohols and phenols, including hydration of alkenes, hydroboration-oxidation of alkenes, and substitution reactions of aromatic compounds.
The document discusses the classification, nomenclature, preparation methods, and properties of organohalogen compounds known as haloalkanes and haloarenes. Haloalkanes contain halogen atoms bonded to sp3 or sp2 hybridized carbon atoms, while haloarenes contain halogen atoms bonded to sp2 hybridized carbon atoms of an aryl group. Common preparation methods include the reaction of alcohols, hydrocarbons, alkenes, and aromatic amines with halogen acids, halogens, or diazonium salts.
This document discusses amines, which are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. Amines can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of hydrogen atoms replaced. They have important commercial uses as intermediates in making medicines and fibers. Diazonium salts are also discussed as intermediates used to synthesize aromatic compounds like dyes.
The document discusses the characteristics of solids. It describes how solids have fixed positions and rigid structures, unlike liquids and gases which can flow freely. Solids are classified as either crystalline or amorphous based on the ordering of particles. Crystalline solids have long-range orderly patterns that repeat, while amorphous solids only have short-range order and irregular particle shapes. Properties like melting point and ability to flow differ between the two types of solids based on their particle arrangements.
This document provides information about coordination compounds and Werner's theory of coordination compounds. It begins with an overview of coordination compounds and their importance. It then discusses Werner's theory, including his postulates about primary and secondary valences of metal ions and the coordination number being equal to the number of ligands bound to the metal ion. The document defines key terms related to coordination compounds such as coordination entity, central atom/ion, ligands, coordination number, and isomers. It also discusses nomenclature rules for writing formulas and names of mononuclear coordination compounds. The summary is as follows:
1) The document discusses Werner's pioneering theory of coordination compounds and key postulates about metal ion valences and coordination geometry
1) The d-block elements occupy the central section of the periodic table between the s-block and p-block elements. They are called transition elements because their position is between these blocks.
2) The electronic configurations of transition elements generally follow the pattern (n-1)d1-10ns1-2, with the (n-1)d orbitals being progressively filled. However, there are some exceptions due to small energy differences between orbitals.
3) The d-block elements are divided into series based on the filling of the d-orbitals - 3d, 4d, 5d and the incomplete 6d series. Zn, Cd and Hg are not considered transition metals
The document discusses trends in the properties of group 15 elements of the periodic table, which include nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. It notes that ionization energy decreases and atomic/ionic radii increase down the group as atomic size increases. Nitrogen and phosphorus are nonmetals, arsenic and antimony are metalloids, and bismuth is a metal. The electronic configuration is ns2np3 and oxidation states vary between -3 to +5, with the most common being -3, +3, and +5.
1. The document discusses principles of metallurgy and isolation of elements from ores. It covers topics like occurrence of metals, concentration of ores, extraction of crude metal, and thermodynamic principles.
2. Concentration of ores involves processes like magnetic separation, froth floatation, and leaching to separate the desired metal compound from unwanted gangue materials.
3. Extraction of the crude metal generally involves two steps - conversion of the concentrated ore to an oxide through calcination or roasting, and then reducing the oxide to the pure metal using a reducing agent like carbon at high temperatures.
This document discusses surface chemistry and adsorption. It begins by defining surface chemistry as phenomena that occur at interfaces between different phases, such as solid-gas interfaces. It then defines adsorption as the accumulation of molecules at surfaces rather than in the bulk of a solid or liquid. Adsorption occurs due to unbalanced attractive forces at surfaces. There are two main types of adsorption: physical adsorption due to weak van der Waals forces, and chemical adsorption where chemical bonds form between adsorbate and adsorbent molecules. The mechanism and factors affecting adsorption are also explained.
1. The document discusses chemical kinetics, which is the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms. It defines the average and instantaneous rates of reactions in terms of changes in reactant or product concentrations over time.
2. Reaction rates depend on factors like concentration, temperature, and catalysts. The rate law expresses how the rate of a reaction varies with changes in concentration. Generally, reaction rates increase with higher reactant concentrations and decrease over time as concentrations decrease.
3. For reactions where stoichiometric coefficients are not equal to one, the rates of appearance/disappearance must be divided by the appropriate coefficients to make the rates equal. This allows rates to be expressed consistently in terms of changes in concentrations of
This document discusses solutions and their properties. It defines different types of solutions such as gas-gas, liquid-liquid, and solid-liquid solutions. It also describes various ways to express the concentration of a solution, including mass percentage, volume percentage, parts per million, and mole fraction. Finally, it provides an example calculation for determining the mole fraction of a solution.
This document provides answers to questions from exercises in units 1-9 of a chemistry textbook. It includes:
1) Values for various chemistry calculations including molecular weights, concentrations, and thermodynamic quantities.
2) Descriptions of experimental procedures and results such as products formed from various reactions.
3) Explanations for concepts in inorganic chemistry including oxidation states of transition metals, acid-base theories, and principles of metallurgy.
This document provides a table of contents for a textbook on chemistry. The textbook is divided into 9 units covering topics such as the solid state, solutions, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, and coordination compounds. Each unit is further divided into sections that provide more specific coverage of topics within that unit. The document also includes foreword, preface, and appendices sections.
This document provides information about polymers including their classification, important types, and examples. It begins by defining polymers as large molecules formed by the linking of repeating structural units known as monomers.
Polymers can be classified in several ways such as by source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), mode of polymerization (addition, condensation), and intermolecular forces. Important addition polymers formed through chain growth include polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyacrylonitrile. Important condensation polymers formed through step growth include nylon, polyesters like dacron, phenol-formaldehyde polymers like bakelite, and melamine-
This document discusses the importance of chemistry in everyday life and how it relates to areas like medicines, food, and cleansing agents. It aims to explain how various types of drugs function in the body. Specifically, it will discuss how drugs can be classified based on their pharmacological effect, action, chemical structure, and molecular targets. It will also explain drug-target interaction, focusing on how drugs interact with enzymes and receptors in the body. Drugs usually work by inhibiting the catalytic activity of enzymes or preventing the binding of substrates to the active site of enzymes.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
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2. 11.5 Hydrogen bonding between alcohol and water molecules.
11.8 o-Nitrophenol is steam volatile because of intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
11.12 Hint: Carryout sulphonation followed by nucleophilic substitution.
11.13 (i)
(ii)
(iii)
11.14 Reaction with (i) sodium and (ii) sodium hydroxide
11.15 Due to electron withdrawing effect of nitro group and electron releasing effect of methoxy group.
11.20 (i) Hydration of Propene.
(ii) By nucleophilic substitution of –Cl in benzyl chloride using dilute NaOH.
(iii) C 2 H5 MgBr + HCHO → C 2 H5CH 2OMgBr C 2 H5CH2OH
H2 O
→
(iv)
11.23 (i) 1-Ethoxy-2-methylpropane.
(ii) 2-Chloro-1-methoxyethane.
(iii) 4-Nitroanisole.
(iv) 1-Methoxypropane.
(v) 1-Ethoxy-4,4-dimethylcyclohexane.
(vi) Ethoxybenzene.
UNIT 12
12.2 (i) 4-Methylpentanal (ii) 6-Chloro-4-ethylhexan-3-one
(iii) But-2-enal (iv) Pentane-2,4-dione
(v) 3,3,5-Trimethylhexan-2-one (vi) 3,3-Dimethylbutanoic acid
(vii) Benzene –1,4-dicarbaldehyde
12.3 (i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
(v) (vi)
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4. UNIT 13
13.1 (i) 1-methylethanamine (ii) Propan-1-amine
(iii) N-methyl-2-methylethanamine (iv) 2-methylpropan-2-amine
(v) N-methylbenzamine or N-methylaniline (vi) N-Ethyl-N-methylethanamine
(vii) 3-Bromoaniline or 3-Bromobenzenamine
13.4 (i) C6H5NH2 < C6H5NHCH3 < C2H5NH2 < (C2H5)2NH
(ii) C6H5NH2 < C6H5N(CH3)2 < CH3NH2 < (C2H5)2NH
(iii) (a) p-nitroaniline < aniline < p-toluidine
(b) C6H5NH2 < C6H5NHCH3 < C6H5CH2NH2
(iv) (C2H5)3N > (C2H5)2NH > C2H5NH2 > NH3 (v) (CH3)2NH < C2H5NH2 < C2H5OH
(vi) C6H5NH2 < (C2H5)2NH < C2H5NH2
UNIT 15
15.1 Polymer is a high molecular mass macromolecule consisting of repeating structural units derived
from monomers.
Monomer is a simple molecule capable of undergoing polymerisation and leading to the formation
of the corresponding polymer.
15.2 Natural polymers are high molecular mass macromolecules and are found in plants and animals.
The examples are proteins and nucleic acids.
Synthetic polymers are man-made high molecular mass macromolecules. These include synthetic
plastics, fibres and rubbers. The two specific examples are polythene and dacron.
15.4 Functionality is the number of bonding sites in a monomer.
15.5 Polymerisation is a process of formation of a high molecular mass polymer from one or more
monomers by linking together of repeating structural units with covalent bonds.
15.6 Since the unit — NH–CHR–CO— is obtained from a single monomer unit, it is a homopolymer.
( )n
15.7 On the basis of molecular forces present between the chains of various polymers, the classification
of polymers is given as follows.
(a) Elastomers (b) Fibres (c) Thermoplastics and (d) Thermosetting plastics.
15.8 In addition polymerisation, the molecules of the same or different monomers add together to
form a large polymer molecule. Condensation polymerisation is a process in which two or more
bi-functional molecules undergo a series of condensation reactions with the elimination of some
simple molecules and leading to the formation of polymers.
15.9 Copolymerisation is a process in which a mixture of more than one monomeric species is allowed
to polymerise. The copolymer contains multiple units of each monomer in the chain. The examples
are copolymers of 1,3-butadiene and styrene and 1, 3-butadiene and acrylonitrile.
15.10
15.11 A thermoplastic polymer can be repeatedly softened on heating and hardened on cooling, hence
it can be used again and again. The examples are polythene, polypropylene, etc.
A thermosetting polymer is a permanent setting polymer as it gets hardened and sets during
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C:Chemistry-12Answers.pmd 28.02.07
5. moulding process and cannot be softened again. The examples are bakelite and melamine-
formaldehyde polymers.
15.12 (i) The monomer of polyvinyl chloride is CH2=CHCl (vinyl chloride).
(ii) The monomer of teflon is CF2=CF2 (tetrafluoroethylene).
(iii) The monomers involved in the formation of bakelite are HCHO (formaldehyde) and C6H5OH
(phenol).
15.14 From the structural point of view, the natural rubber is a linear cis-1,4- polyisoprene. In this
polymer the double bonds are located between C2 and C3 of isoprene units. This cis-configuration
about double bonds do not allow the chains to come closer for effective attraction due to weak
intermolecular attractions. Hence, the natural rubber has a coiled structure and shows elasticity.
15.16 The monomeric repeat unit of Nylon-6 polymer is:
[NH–(CH2) 5–CO]
The monomeric repeat unit of Nylon-6,6 polymer is derived from the two monomers, hexamethylene
diamine and adipic acid.
[NH–(CH2)6–NH-CO–(CH2)4–CO]
15.17 The names and structures of monomers are:
Polymers Monomer Names Monomer Structures
(i) Buna-S 1,3-Butadiene CH2=CH–CH=CH2
Styrene C6H5CH=CH2
(ii) Buna-N 1,3- Butadiene CH2=CH–CH=CH2
Acrylonitrile CH2=CH CN
(iii) Neoprene Chloroprene
(iv) Dacron Ethylene glycol OHCH2–CH2OH
Terephthalic acid
15.18 The monomers forming the polymer are:
(i) Decanoic acid HOOC – (CH2)8 – COOH and Hexamethylene diamine H2N(CH2)6 NH2
(ii)
15.19 The following are the equations for the formation of Dacron.
Chemistry 460
C:Chemistry-12Answers.pmd 28.02.07