Anatomy related to obstetrics (U G).pptx
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Anatomy of the reproductive system. Mainly related to obstetrics
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CBL Management of labour.pdf
This document provides an overview of the management of normal labor in 3 stages:
1) Preadmission - The patient is not admitted until cervical dilation is at least 4-5cm unless membranes have ruptured. Fetal presentation and vital signs are checked.
2) Admission - IV access is started and monitoring begun. The patient is allowed to move freely and pushing begins in the second stage with an episiotomy if needed.
3) Recovery - The patient is observed for 2 hours for bleeding or preeclampsia before discharge. Proper management of labor focuses on fetal monitoring, cervical checks, amniotomy if needed and analgesia to assist a natural delivery.
The obstetric examination ppt
This document provides information on examining a pregnant patient and summarizing the stages of labor. It begins with guidelines for conducting the abdominal examination, including obtaining consent and maintaining privacy. It then describes assessing the abdomen through inspection, palpation, and auscultation to determine fetal position, presentation, and other details. Finally, it divides labor into three stages - the first stage from onset to full dilation, the second from full dilation to delivery, and the third being delivery of the placenta. Key points on assessing cervical dilation and the definition and typical durations of each stage are also provided.
ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN PREGNANCY.pptx
During pregnancy, there are progressive anatomical changes not only to the reproductive organs but all body systems as part of maternal adaptation to the growing fetus. The uterus enlarges dramatically, increasing in weight, length and volume. The cervix softens, endometrium develops into decidua, and the breasts enlarge in preparation for lactation. Unless the extensive physiological adaptations of normal pregnancy are well understood, they could be misinterpreted as pathological.
Labor, PUERPERIUM, Infant, Прочан_b5e062ae4f105da975e276044c4cea06.pdf
1. The document discusses the physiological processes involved in labor and delivery.
2. It describes how contractions increase in the weeks before birth, initially as irregular Braxton Hicks contractions but becoming more frequent and rhythmic.
3. Labor involves three stages - cervical dilation, fetal expulsion, and placental delivery. Key events in each stage are outlined.
Clinic of the labor obstetric
The document summarizes key aspects of labor and delivery:
1. The myometrium consists of 4 layers of smooth muscle cells that contract during labor, driven by hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins, to expel the fetus.
2. Labor progresses through three stages - early labor involving cervical changes, active labor of rapid cervical dilation, and third stage of delivering the placenta.
3. Multiple signs and assessments are used to monitor labor including cervical exams, fetal monitoring, and assessing contractions.
physiological changes during pregnancy
This document summarizes physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. It discusses changes to the duration of pregnancy, genital organs, ovaries, uterus, cervix, cardiovascular system, breasts, and skin. Key changes include increased blood volume, heart rate, and uterine and breast growth to support the developing fetus. The cervix softens and produces mucus to protect against infection. Pigmentation changes often occur on the face, breasts, and abdomen. Overall, the document outlines the normal anatomical and physiological adaptations involved in sustaining a healthy pregnancy.
7. Normal-Labor-and-Delivery 07.12.14 lecture.ppt
Normal labor usually begins within 2 weeks (before or after) the estimated delivery date. In a first pregnancy, labor usually lasts 12 to 18 hours on average; subsequent labors are often shorter, averaging 6 to 8 hours. Management of complications during labor requires additional measures (eg, induction of labor.
Physiology of labor and pain pathways
The document discusses the physiology of labor and pain pathways. It describes the theories behind the onset of labor, including progesterone withdrawal and estrogen stimulation. It outlines the stages of labor and differences between true and false labor. The passage of the fetus through the birth canal involves changes in position called cardinal movements. Factors that can affect labor include the passenger (fetus), passageway (maternal pelvis), and powers (uterine contractions and maternal efforts). Pain in labor is transmitted via neural pathways and can stimulate various physiological responses.
Recommended
CBL Management of labour.pdf
This document provides an overview of the management of normal labor in 3 stages:
1) Preadmission - The patient is not admitted until cervical dilation is at least 4-5cm unless membranes have ruptured. Fetal presentation and vital signs are checked.
2) Admission - IV access is started and monitoring begun. The patient is allowed to move freely and pushing begins in the second stage with an episiotomy if needed.
3) Recovery - The patient is observed for 2 hours for bleeding or preeclampsia before discharge. Proper management of labor focuses on fetal monitoring, cervical checks, amniotomy if needed and analgesia to assist a natural delivery.
The obstetric examination ppt
This document provides information on examining a pregnant patient and summarizing the stages of labor. It begins with guidelines for conducting the abdominal examination, including obtaining consent and maintaining privacy. It then describes assessing the abdomen through inspection, palpation, and auscultation to determine fetal position, presentation, and other details. Finally, it divides labor into three stages - the first stage from onset to full dilation, the second from full dilation to delivery, and the third being delivery of the placenta. Key points on assessing cervical dilation and the definition and typical durations of each stage are also provided.
ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN PREGNANCY.pptx
During pregnancy, there are progressive anatomical changes not only to the reproductive organs but all body systems as part of maternal adaptation to the growing fetus. The uterus enlarges dramatically, increasing in weight, length and volume. The cervix softens, endometrium develops into decidua, and the breasts enlarge in preparation for lactation. Unless the extensive physiological adaptations of normal pregnancy are well understood, they could be misinterpreted as pathological.
Labor, PUERPERIUM, Infant, Прочан_b5e062ae4f105da975e276044c4cea06.pdf
1. The document discusses the physiological processes involved in labor and delivery.
2. It describes how contractions increase in the weeks before birth, initially as irregular Braxton Hicks contractions but becoming more frequent and rhythmic.
3. Labor involves three stages - cervical dilation, fetal expulsion, and placental delivery. Key events in each stage are outlined.
Clinic of the labor obstetric
The document summarizes key aspects of labor and delivery:
1. The myometrium consists of 4 layers of smooth muscle cells that contract during labor, driven by hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins, to expel the fetus.
2. Labor progresses through three stages - early labor involving cervical changes, active labor of rapid cervical dilation, and third stage of delivering the placenta.
3. Multiple signs and assessments are used to monitor labor including cervical exams, fetal monitoring, and assessing contractions.
physiological changes during pregnancy
This document summarizes physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. It discusses changes to the duration of pregnancy, genital organs, ovaries, uterus, cervix, cardiovascular system, breasts, and skin. Key changes include increased blood volume, heart rate, and uterine and breast growth to support the developing fetus. The cervix softens and produces mucus to protect against infection. Pigmentation changes often occur on the face, breasts, and abdomen. Overall, the document outlines the normal anatomical and physiological adaptations involved in sustaining a healthy pregnancy.
7. Normal-Labor-and-Delivery 07.12.14 lecture.ppt
Normal labor usually begins within 2 weeks (before or after) the estimated delivery date. In a first pregnancy, labor usually lasts 12 to 18 hours on average; subsequent labors are often shorter, averaging 6 to 8 hours. Management of complications during labor requires additional measures (eg, induction of labor.
Physiology of labor and pain pathways
The document discusses the physiology of labor and pain pathways. It describes the theories behind the onset of labor, including progesterone withdrawal and estrogen stimulation. It outlines the stages of labor and differences between true and false labor. The passage of the fetus through the birth canal involves changes in position called cardinal movements. Factors that can affect labor include the passenger (fetus), passageway (maternal pelvis), and powers (uterine contractions and maternal efforts). Pain in labor is transmitted via neural pathways and can stimulate various physiological responses.
Cervical insufficiency
This document discusses cervical insufficiency, including its definition, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Cervical insufficiency is the inability of the cervix to retain a pregnancy due to structural or functional defects in the absence of labor contractions. It can be congenital or acquired due to conditions like cervical trauma. Diagnosis involves history, examination finding an open cervix, and transvaginal ultrasound to measure cervical length. Treatment options include cervical cerclage surgery to provide structural support to the cervix, progesterone to help maintain the cervix, or a pessary. Cerclage is indicated for women with a history suggestive of cervical insufficiency or a short cervix on ultrasound.
Retroverted uterus
Retroversion is the term used when the long axis of the Corpus or body and cervix are inline and the whole organs backwards in relation to the long axis of birth canal.
Retroflexion signifies bending backwards of the Corpus on the cervix at the level of internal OS.
These two conditions are usually present together and are loosely called retroversion or retro displacement.
It is discussed in briefly.
Retro-version of uterus
This presentation of Retro-version of uterus is very interesting topic and easy to understand and learn.
Abnormal uterine action
This document discusses normal and abnormal uterine action during labor. It defines normal labor as having coordinated contractions that gradually increase in frequency and intensity, associated with cervical dilation of at least 1 cm per hour. Abnormal uterine action is any deviation from this pattern and occurs in about 25% of nulliparous and 10% of multiparous women. Types of abnormal action include over-efficient contractions, inefficient contractions like hypotonic and hypertonic inertia, and cervical dystocia. Management involves identifying the type of abnormality and taking appropriate measures like oxytocics to stimulate contractions or cesarean delivery if needed.
Pelvic organ prolapse Dr H.K.Cheema
Pelvic organ prolapse is caused by weakness of the supporting structures of the uterus and vagina, usually due to trauma from childbirth. The uterus and vagina have three tiers of support - the upper tier includes the endopelvic fascia and ligaments, the middle tier includes the peri-cervical ring, and the lower tier includes the pelvic floor muscles. Prolapse can involve the anterior vaginal wall (cystocele/urethrocele), posterior vaginal wall (enterocele/rectocele), uterus, or vaginal vault after hysterectomy. The condition is usually graded based on the degree of descent and is commonly seen in post-menopausal, multiparous
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This document provides information on breech births, including definitions, types, diagnosis, and management. It begins with an introduction defining breech birth as birth where the baby exits the pelvis feet or buttocks first instead of head first. It then describes the different types of breech presentations (complete, incomplete, frank), discusses diagnosis using clinical exams and ultrasound, and outlines the management of breech births including external cephalic version, vaginal delivery or cesarean section depending on the situation. The conclusion states that breech presentations can be effectively managed with early diagnosis and skillful techniques from obstetricians.
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This document discusses transvaginal ultrasound assessment of the female reproductive system for infertility diagnosis and treatment. It covers evaluation of the uterus, including endometrial thickness, uterine anomalies, fibroids, adenomyosis, and other abnormalities. It also discusses ovarian assessment including volume, antral follicle count, polycystic ovary syndrome, cysts, and diminished ovarian reserve. Key diagnostic features of structures like the corpus luteum are also summarized. The document provides guidance on using ultrasound to evaluate infertility and monitor treatment.
Obstetric physical examination-Ramy.ppt
An obstetric examination involves examining the pregnant woman's abdomen and pelvis to determine fetal presentation, position, and station, as well as cervical dilation during labor. Abdominal examination techniques include inspection, palpation using the Leopold maneuvers to determine fetal lie, attitude, and position. Auscultation is used to assess fetal wellbeing. During labor, cervical dilation, effacement, consistency, and position are evaluated along with uterine contractions and whether membranes have ruptured. Scores like the Bishop score are used to determine labor induction likelihood.
RH 2 LECTURE 1.pptx
This document discusses obstetric emergencies including prolapsed umbilical cord and uterine rupture. It defines a prolapsed cord as occurring when the umbilical cord precedes the presenting fetal part. Risk factors include premature rupture of membranes, multiparity, and malpresentation. Immediate management of a prolapsed cord with pulsation includes relieving pressure on the cord by holding the presenting part away from the cord with fingers in the vagina. Uterine rupture is defined as a full thickness tear through the uterus and can occur in scarred or unscarred uteruses. It is a medical emergency requiring prompt cesarean delivery and potential hysterectomy. Complications include hemorrhage, trauma to the fetus, and
Normal labour by Dr shehr bano
The document provides an overview of normal labour, including definitions, criteria, components, anatomy, onset, stages, monitoring and management. It defines labour and normal labour. The criteria for normal labour includes spontaneous expulsion of a single, full-term fetus presented by vertex within 3-18 hours without complications. The components are the passage (birth canal), passenger (fetus), and power (uterine contractions and abdominal muscles). It describes the anatomy of the female pelvis and fetal skull, as well as the onset, three stages and mechanism of labour. Intrapartum monitoring includes monitoring the mother's temperature, pulse, blood pressure and urine as well as fetal monitoring. Management includes pain relief, hydration, fetal monitoring and managing
Obstetric physical examination
An obstetric physical examination involves a full examination of the pregnant woman, including abdominal and pelvic examinations. The abdominal examination assesses the size, shape, and position of the uterus to determine information like fetal presentation, position, and lie. The pelvic examination allows assessment of cervical dilation, effacement, and fetal station and engagement. Together these examinations provide important information about the fetus and progress of the pregnancy or labor.
labour mech.pptx
The normal mechanism of labour involves a series of passive movements that the fetus undergoes to accommodate itself in the maternal pelvis. These include engagement of the fetal head, descent through the pelvis, flexion, internal rotation, extension, restitution, external rotation, and delivery of the shoulders and body. Engagement occurs when the fetal head is in line with the ischial spine. Descent is the downward passage of the presenting part through the pelvis, aided by uterine contractions and fluid pressure. Flexion allows the smallest diameter of the fetal head to navigate the pelvis. Internal rotation positions the occiput anteriorly under the pubic bone. Extension and external rotation allow delivery of the head and shoulders, followed by the
Normal labour and management
The document discusses the structure and function of the myometrium, the muscular layer of the uterine wall, during labor and delivery. It contains three layers of smooth muscle (longitudinal, circular, and oblique) that contract during labor due to hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins. Calcium entry into uterine muscle cells allows the interaction of actin and myosin fibers to cause contractions. Synchronized contractions of the myometrium expel the fetus through the birth canal in three stages: cervical dilation and effacement in stage one; fetal expulsion in stage two; and placental separation and delivery in stage three.
01 LABOUR.ppt
This document discusses the process of labor and outlines the female pelvis and fetal skull anatomy. It describes the stages of normal labor and the mechanism of labor. Abnormal labor patterns including protraction disorders and arrest disorders are defined. Risk factors for abnormal labor include older age, diabetes, and prior complications. Dystocia can cause issues for both the mother and neonate. Causes of dystocia are classified as abnormal power, abnormal passage, or abnormal passenger. Management may include supportive care, augmentation, and operative delivery depending on the type of dystocia. The role of the partograph in monitoring labor is also summarized.
Breech presentation
This document discusses breech presentation, which occurs when a baby is positioned bottom or feet first in the uterus instead of head first. It defines the different types of breech positions and discusses risk factors, diagnosis, management options, and complications associated with vaginal breech delivery and cesarean section for breech babies. Management options include external cephalic version, vaginal delivery, or cesarean section depending on the specific situation. Risks and procedures for both vaginal delivery and cesarean section are outlined.
UTERUS.pptx
female reproductive organ, gross anatomy of uterus, its parts,position, internal structure, its attachments, supports of uterus, blood supply and lymphatic drainage.
process of Normal labor (1).ppt
Normal labor typically occurs spontaneously at term and is completed within 18 hours without complications. The first stage of labor involves cervical effacement and dilation and lasts up to 20 hours for first-time mothers. The second stage involves fetal descent and birth of the baby, lasting 1-2 hours. The third stage involves placental delivery, lasting 5-30 minutes. Nursing care focuses on monitoring labor progress, providing comfort measures, and ensuring safety of the mother and baby.
Normal labour
This document discusses labour and its stages. Labour is defined as the process by which uterine contractions bring about cervical dilation and effacement, resulting in delivery of the fetus and placenta. It has three components: the passenger (fetus), the passageway (birth canal), and the power (uterine contractions). Labour normally occurs between 37-42 weeks and has three stages: 1) cervical dilation from 0-10cm, 2) delivery of the fetus, 3) delivery of the placenta. The first stage has latent and active phases, and factors like contractions and fetal position affect dilation. The second stage involves descent and rotation of the fetus for delivery.
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Cervical insufficiency
This document discusses cervical insufficiency, including its definition, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Cervical insufficiency is the inability of the cervix to retain a pregnancy due to structural or functional defects in the absence of labor contractions. It can be congenital or acquired due to conditions like cervical trauma. Diagnosis involves history, examination finding an open cervix, and transvaginal ultrasound to measure cervical length. Treatment options include cervical cerclage surgery to provide structural support to the cervix, progesterone to help maintain the cervix, or a pessary. Cerclage is indicated for women with a history suggestive of cervical insufficiency or a short cervix on ultrasound.
Retroverted uterus
Retroversion is the term used when the long axis of the Corpus or body and cervix are inline and the whole organs backwards in relation to the long axis of birth canal.
Retroflexion signifies bending backwards of the Corpus on the cervix at the level of internal OS.
These two conditions are usually present together and are loosely called retroversion or retro displacement.
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Retro-version of uterus
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Abnormal uterine action
This document discusses normal and abnormal uterine action during labor. It defines normal labor as having coordinated contractions that gradually increase in frequency and intensity, associated with cervical dilation of at least 1 cm per hour. Abnormal uterine action is any deviation from this pattern and occurs in about 25% of nulliparous and 10% of multiparous women. Types of abnormal action include over-efficient contractions, inefficient contractions like hypotonic and hypertonic inertia, and cervical dystocia. Management involves identifying the type of abnormality and taking appropriate measures like oxytocics to stimulate contractions or cesarean delivery if needed.
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Pelvic organ prolapse is caused by weakness of the supporting structures of the uterus and vagina, usually due to trauma from childbirth. The uterus and vagina have three tiers of support - the upper tier includes the endopelvic fascia and ligaments, the middle tier includes the peri-cervical ring, and the lower tier includes the pelvic floor muscles. Prolapse can involve the anterior vaginal wall (cystocele/urethrocele), posterior vaginal wall (enterocele/rectocele), uterus, or vaginal vault after hysterectomy. The condition is usually graded based on the degree of descent and is commonly seen in post-menopausal, multiparous
Managment of labor for undergraduate
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Breech presentation
This document provides information on breech births, including definitions, types, diagnosis, and management. It begins with an introduction defining breech birth as birth where the baby exits the pelvis feet or buttocks first instead of head first. It then describes the different types of breech presentations (complete, incomplete, frank), discusses diagnosis using clinical exams and ultrasound, and outlines the management of breech births including external cephalic version, vaginal delivery or cesarean section depending on the situation. The conclusion states that breech presentations can be effectively managed with early diagnosis and skillful techniques from obstetricians.
Us in infertility
This document discusses transvaginal ultrasound assessment of the female reproductive system for infertility diagnosis and treatment. It covers evaluation of the uterus, including endometrial thickness, uterine anomalies, fibroids, adenomyosis, and other abnormalities. It also discusses ovarian assessment including volume, antral follicle count, polycystic ovary syndrome, cysts, and diminished ovarian reserve. Key diagnostic features of structures like the corpus luteum are also summarized. The document provides guidance on using ultrasound to evaluate infertility and monitor treatment.
Obstetric physical examination-Ramy.ppt
An obstetric examination involves examining the pregnant woman's abdomen and pelvis to determine fetal presentation, position, and station, as well as cervical dilation during labor. Abdominal examination techniques include inspection, palpation using the Leopold maneuvers to determine fetal lie, attitude, and position. Auscultation is used to assess fetal wellbeing. During labor, cervical dilation, effacement, consistency, and position are evaluated along with uterine contractions and whether membranes have ruptured. Scores like the Bishop score are used to determine labor induction likelihood.
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This document discusses obstetric emergencies including prolapsed umbilical cord and uterine rupture. It defines a prolapsed cord as occurring when the umbilical cord precedes the presenting fetal part. Risk factors include premature rupture of membranes, multiparity, and malpresentation. Immediate management of a prolapsed cord with pulsation includes relieving pressure on the cord by holding the presenting part away from the cord with fingers in the vagina. Uterine rupture is defined as a full thickness tear through the uterus and can occur in scarred or unscarred uteruses. It is a medical emergency requiring prompt cesarean delivery and potential hysterectomy. Complications include hemorrhage, trauma to the fetus, and
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The document provides an overview of normal labour, including definitions, criteria, components, anatomy, onset, stages, monitoring and management. It defines labour and normal labour. The criteria for normal labour includes spontaneous expulsion of a single, full-term fetus presented by vertex within 3-18 hours without complications. The components are the passage (birth canal), passenger (fetus), and power (uterine contractions and abdominal muscles). It describes the anatomy of the female pelvis and fetal skull, as well as the onset, three stages and mechanism of labour. Intrapartum monitoring includes monitoring the mother's temperature, pulse, blood pressure and urine as well as fetal monitoring. Management includes pain relief, hydration, fetal monitoring and managing
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An obstetric physical examination involves a full examination of the pregnant woman, including abdominal and pelvic examinations. The abdominal examination assesses the size, shape, and position of the uterus to determine information like fetal presentation, position, and lie. The pelvic examination allows assessment of cervical dilation, effacement, and fetal station and engagement. Together these examinations provide important information about the fetus and progress of the pregnancy or labor.
labour mech.pptx
The normal mechanism of labour involves a series of passive movements that the fetus undergoes to accommodate itself in the maternal pelvis. These include engagement of the fetal head, descent through the pelvis, flexion, internal rotation, extension, restitution, external rotation, and delivery of the shoulders and body. Engagement occurs when the fetal head is in line with the ischial spine. Descent is the downward passage of the presenting part through the pelvis, aided by uterine contractions and fluid pressure. Flexion allows the smallest diameter of the fetal head to navigate the pelvis. Internal rotation positions the occiput anteriorly under the pubic bone. Extension and external rotation allow delivery of the head and shoulders, followed by the
Normal labour and management
The document discusses the structure and function of the myometrium, the muscular layer of the uterine wall, during labor and delivery. It contains three layers of smooth muscle (longitudinal, circular, and oblique) that contract during labor due to hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins. Calcium entry into uterine muscle cells allows the interaction of actin and myosin fibers to cause contractions. Synchronized contractions of the myometrium expel the fetus through the birth canal in three stages: cervical dilation and effacement in stage one; fetal expulsion in stage two; and placental separation and delivery in stage three.
01 LABOUR.ppt
This document discusses the process of labor and outlines the female pelvis and fetal skull anatomy. It describes the stages of normal labor and the mechanism of labor. Abnormal labor patterns including protraction disorders and arrest disorders are defined. Risk factors for abnormal labor include older age, diabetes, and prior complications. Dystocia can cause issues for both the mother and neonate. Causes of dystocia are classified as abnormal power, abnormal passage, or abnormal passenger. Management may include supportive care, augmentation, and operative delivery depending on the type of dystocia. The role of the partograph in monitoring labor is also summarized.
Breech presentation
This document discusses breech presentation, which occurs when a baby is positioned bottom or feet first in the uterus instead of head first. It defines the different types of breech positions and discusses risk factors, diagnosis, management options, and complications associated with vaginal breech delivery and cesarean section for breech babies. Management options include external cephalic version, vaginal delivery, or cesarean section depending on the specific situation. Risks and procedures for both vaginal delivery and cesarean section are outlined.
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female reproductive organ, gross anatomy of uterus, its parts,position, internal structure, its attachments, supports of uterus, blood supply and lymphatic drainage.
process of Normal labor (1).ppt
Normal labor typically occurs spontaneously at term and is completed within 18 hours without complications. The first stage of labor involves cervical effacement and dilation and lasts up to 20 hours for first-time mothers. The second stage involves fetal descent and birth of the baby, lasting 1-2 hours. The third stage involves placental delivery, lasting 5-30 minutes. Nursing care focuses on monitoring labor progress, providing comfort measures, and ensuring safety of the mother and baby.
Normal labour
This document discusses labour and its stages. Labour is defined as the process by which uterine contractions bring about cervical dilation and effacement, resulting in delivery of the fetus and placenta. It has three components: the passenger (fetus), the passageway (birth canal), and the power (uterine contractions). Labour normally occurs between 37-42 weeks and has three stages: 1) cervical dilation from 0-10cm, 2) delivery of the fetus, 3) delivery of the placenta. The first stage has latent and active phases, and factors like contractions and fetal position affect dilation. The second stage involves descent and rotation of the fetus for delivery.
Maternal Health.ppt
Maternal health presentation
Role of physiotherapy in Gynaecology and obstetrics
Role of physiotherapy in maternal health
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Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
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- 1. Embryology of Female Genital System • Ovary from Coelomic Epithelium • Uterus from Mullerian Ducts • Portion of Vagina from Sinovaginal bulb
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- 8. MANAGEMENT
- 9. ISTHMUS- Narrow part between cervix & corpus of uterus. Same histological structures as corpus of uterus incorporated into cavity of uterus during pregnancy – isthmus opens up, so anatomical internal os ceases to exist, only histological os remains.
- 11. Hegar’s sign- At 6-10 wks. Seen in 2/3rd of cases Bimanual palpation Fingers of both hands approximate ,there is softening of isthmus with gestational sac in the upper cavity and empty lower cavity
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- 15. • Muscle fibre undergoes elongation, apposition of 2 double curves make figure of 8 that contract to occlude the blood vessels running in between them. • CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE : occlusion of vessels during contractions helps in reducing the amount of blood loss postpartum