Anat 321 Review Lab 3
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This document provides a review of Neuroanatomy Lab 3 which covers the cerebral vasculature, meninges, hemispheres, and includes review questions. It discusses the three layers of the meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater), the arteries that supply the brain including the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, and key structures like the cingulate gyrus and central sulcus. Diagrams are included from the Digital Anatomist Project to illustrate these structures.
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Identifying Major Symptoms of Slip Disc.
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Do you have abnormal smell after periods? It may be vaginitis. Do not worry, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can help you get a cure.
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The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
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Anat 321 Review Lab 3
- 1. ANAT 321 REVIEW LABORATORY 3 NEUROANATOMY LAB
- 4. Cerebral Vasculature Posterior communicating artery Superior cerebellar artery Anterior inferior cerebellar artery Internal carotid artery Vertebral artery Middle cerebral artery Anterior communicating artery Anterior cerebral artery Posterior cerebral artery
- 6. Cerebral Vasculature Posterior communicating artery Superior cerebellar artery Anterior inferior cerebellar artery Internal carotid artery Vertebral arteries Posterior inferior cerebellar artery Middle cerebral artery Anterior cerebral artery Posterior cerebral artery
- 7. Meninges 3 layers - Dura mater - Arachnoid mater - Pia mater http://www.sruweb.com/~walsh/meng1.gif skin bone Dura mater arachnoid mater Sub-arachnoid space pia mater cortex
- 8. Meninges Arachnoid Mater and sagittal sinus Frontal lobe Occipital lobe
- 9. Meninges Arachnoid Mater and sagittal sinus Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Dura outer layer Superior /mid sagittal sinus Arachnoid mater
- 10. Meninges Arachnoid Mater & Granulations
- 11. Meninges Arachnoid Mater & Granulations Arachnoid granulations Arachnoid mater
- 12. Meninges CSF production review
- 13. HEMISPHERES SAGITTAL VIEW Courtesy of Digital Anatomist Project at Univ. of Washington
- 14. HEMISPHERES SAGITTAL VIEW Courtesy of Digital Anatomist Project at Univ. of Washington Calcarine fissure Parieto-occipital fissure cuneus Lingual gyrus Cingulate gyrus uncus Parahippocampal gyrus
- 15. HEMISPHERES LATERAL VIEW Courtesy of Digital Anatomist Project at Univ. of Washington
- 16. HEMISPHERES LATERAL VIEW Courtesy of Digital Anatomist Project at Univ. of Washington Lateral sulcus Temporal lobe Frontal lobe Pre-occipital notch Parieto-occipital fissure Central sulcus Occipital lobe Parietal lobe
- 17. HEMISPHERES LATERAL VIEW Courtesy of Digital Anatomist Project at Univ. of Washington
- 18. HEMISPHERES LATERAL VIEW Courtesy of Digital Anatomist Project at Univ. of Washington Central sulcus Inferior temporal gyrus superior temporal gyrus middle temporal gyrus Post central gyrus precentral gyrus Lateral sulcus inferior frontal gyrus middle frontal gyrus Superior frontal gyrus superior parietal lobule Inferior parietal lobule
- 24. QUIZ
- 25. A B C D E Courtesy of Digital Anatomist Project at Univ. of Washington
- 27. A B C D E Courtesy of Digital Anatomist Project at Univ. of Washington
- 29. A B C D E Courtesy of Digital Anatomist Project at Univ. of Washington