This document discusses the history of discrimination against indigenous peoples' intellectual property rights in economic theory. It argues that early theories from Aristotle to Locke failed to recognize indigenous peoples' right to property and labor. While Locke acknowledged some individual rights for indigenous peoples, the res nullius theory supported European conquest and dispossession of indigenous lands and knowledge. Adam Smith's theories also did not fully recognize indigenous intellectual labor and creativity. The document concludes that including indigenous peoples' rights and recognizing the economic value of their labor and inventions is important to prevent biopiracy and ensure their fair inclusion in the global market.
This chapter discusses the rise of nationalism, ideals of democracy, the industrial revolution, the age of science, and imperialism in the 19th century. Key events included the launch of national anti-imperialist struggles for independence and dignity, as well as calls for modernization and representative democracy. The industrial revolution transformed manufacturing through new machines and mass production, while imperialistic rivalry intensified globally.
Throughout the centuries, conquest, war, and unspeakable acts of racist violence and colonial dispossession have all been justified by citing Western civilization's fundamental opposition to the irreconcilable differences represented by the "savagery" of indigenous tribal peoples.This Colloquium presentation is based on Professor Williams' 2012 book, "Savage Anxieties: The Invention of Western Civilization." In the lecture, he explores the history and consequences of the denial of indigenous peoples' human rights to lands and resources in the West from the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans up through Canada's 21st century treaty negotiations with First Nations in Britsh Columbia and its 2007 vote against the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Robert A. Williams, Jr., E. Thomas Sullivan Professor of Law and Faculty Co-Chair of the Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program at The University of Arizona College of Law, was invited to speak as part of Simon Fraser University's President's Dream Colloquium on Justice Beyond National Boundaries on Thursday, March 21, 2014, 3:30 pm
This powerpoint presentation can all be found videotaped at: https://vimeo.com/62880140
This document discusses the history and framework of international human rights law and bodies. It outlines the establishment of the United Nations and its predecessor, the League of Nations, following World Wars I and II. It then describes the key UN human rights bodies, including the Human Rights Council, treaty-based bodies that monitor compliance with core human rights treaties, and Special Procedures that address specific country or thematic human rights issues.
This presentation was delivered in the Indigenous Liberation Studies class by Lynette Smith. The presentation examined the history of the Native American First Nations. It discusses how the “Red Power” movement was born as a result of hundreds of tribal groups across the globe protested colonial domination.
Indigenous Peoples and International Law's Impermeable BoxesArmi Beatriz Bayot
Presentation given on 6 September 2019 at the University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies, "Law and Liminilaty: A Roundtable Discussion on Decolonising Law"
1) The passage discusses the origins and impacts of colonialism, which framed how Europeans viewed development. Europeans saw colonized peoples as backward and in need of European guidance.
2) Colonialism disrupted indigenous cultures and economies by extracting resources and imposing hierarchies. It also led Europeans to view their culture as superior and a model for less developed societies.
3) Pre-colonial societies had diverse social and economic systems tailored to local environments, from small subsistence communities to empires, but colonialism alienated people from their lands and traditions.
This document discusses the rise of cultural rights and repatriation of cultural objects. It explores how cultural groups are asserting their rights to have cultural property returned, especially objects taken during colonialism. Repatriation raises questions about what constitutes cultural rights and how heritage can authenticate claims. While repatriation can help cultural groups reconnect with their past, it also presents legal issues. The document examines definitions of cultural property and repatriation in international law and how this relates to the ability of cultural groups to make claims and have objects returned.
Early stage of western imperialism in the philippinesEduc_Louie Tanaka
The early stages of Western imperialism from 1565-1800 saw European powers begin extending control over weaker nations through colonialism for economic and religious reasons. Colonialism involved establishing control over the economy, government, and culture of colonies and changing social structures to benefit colonial rulers. The reasons for colonialism included profits, expanding state power, religious conversion, and a perceived need to civilize indigenous populations. However, colonialism often resulted in subjugation, displacement, or death for colonized peoples.
This chapter discusses the rise of nationalism, ideals of democracy, the industrial revolution, the age of science, and imperialism in the 19th century. Key events included the launch of national anti-imperialist struggles for independence and dignity, as well as calls for modernization and representative democracy. The industrial revolution transformed manufacturing through new machines and mass production, while imperialistic rivalry intensified globally.
Throughout the centuries, conquest, war, and unspeakable acts of racist violence and colonial dispossession have all been justified by citing Western civilization's fundamental opposition to the irreconcilable differences represented by the "savagery" of indigenous tribal peoples.This Colloquium presentation is based on Professor Williams' 2012 book, "Savage Anxieties: The Invention of Western Civilization." In the lecture, he explores the history and consequences of the denial of indigenous peoples' human rights to lands and resources in the West from the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans up through Canada's 21st century treaty negotiations with First Nations in Britsh Columbia and its 2007 vote against the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Robert A. Williams, Jr., E. Thomas Sullivan Professor of Law and Faculty Co-Chair of the Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program at The University of Arizona College of Law, was invited to speak as part of Simon Fraser University's President's Dream Colloquium on Justice Beyond National Boundaries on Thursday, March 21, 2014, 3:30 pm
This powerpoint presentation can all be found videotaped at: https://vimeo.com/62880140
This document discusses the history and framework of international human rights law and bodies. It outlines the establishment of the United Nations and its predecessor, the League of Nations, following World Wars I and II. It then describes the key UN human rights bodies, including the Human Rights Council, treaty-based bodies that monitor compliance with core human rights treaties, and Special Procedures that address specific country or thematic human rights issues.
This presentation was delivered in the Indigenous Liberation Studies class by Lynette Smith. The presentation examined the history of the Native American First Nations. It discusses how the “Red Power” movement was born as a result of hundreds of tribal groups across the globe protested colonial domination.
Indigenous Peoples and International Law's Impermeable BoxesArmi Beatriz Bayot
Presentation given on 6 September 2019 at the University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies, "Law and Liminilaty: A Roundtable Discussion on Decolonising Law"
1) The passage discusses the origins and impacts of colonialism, which framed how Europeans viewed development. Europeans saw colonized peoples as backward and in need of European guidance.
2) Colonialism disrupted indigenous cultures and economies by extracting resources and imposing hierarchies. It also led Europeans to view their culture as superior and a model for less developed societies.
3) Pre-colonial societies had diverse social and economic systems tailored to local environments, from small subsistence communities to empires, but colonialism alienated people from their lands and traditions.
This document discusses the rise of cultural rights and repatriation of cultural objects. It explores how cultural groups are asserting their rights to have cultural property returned, especially objects taken during colonialism. Repatriation raises questions about what constitutes cultural rights and how heritage can authenticate claims. While repatriation can help cultural groups reconnect with their past, it also presents legal issues. The document examines definitions of cultural property and repatriation in international law and how this relates to the ability of cultural groups to make claims and have objects returned.
Early stage of western imperialism in the philippinesEduc_Louie Tanaka
The early stages of Western imperialism from 1565-1800 saw European powers begin extending control over weaker nations through colonialism for economic and religious reasons. Colonialism involved establishing control over the economy, government, and culture of colonies and changing social structures to benefit colonial rulers. The reasons for colonialism included profits, expanding state power, religious conversion, and a perceived need to civilize indigenous populations. However, colonialism often resulted in subjugation, displacement, or death for colonized peoples.
Presentation for a series of lectures on Colonialism prepared for PS 212 Culture and Politics of the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
A brief history of free and libre culture
South Africa's indigenous Khoisan engaged in gift-giving and a culture of freedom for more than 20 000 years. We all know about stone soup and the American potlatch. Perhaps you have heard about the Diggers and the Hippies? But what about the Zippies of the 90s? Or GNU-Linux and the Free Software Movement? Do you know the difference between Free as in Gratis and Free as in Libre? What about the Creative Commons and Online Mashup and File-Sharing? Voluntaryism and Counter Economics, Agorism and The Really Really Free Market.
David Robert Lewis is a horizon anarchist with more than 20 years provoking the establishment and generally kicking up the s***. He runs the popular Medialternatives Blog, works as a journalist and environmentalist and is active in a number of organisations including the People's Health Movement and the Wikimedia Foundation SA.
If you use free software, volunteer or contribute to free projects or are just interested in the possibility of freedom and a truly free culture, then this presentation is for you.
What: Doing it for ZIP – A brief history of free and libre culture
Who: David Robert Lewis: http://reconstructione.wordpress.com/
When: Friday, 2nd November 2012, 08h30 to 10h00
Where: At hubspace – Unit 102, Old Castle Brewery, Woodstock, Cape Town
Cost: FREE!
Bonded labor, also known as debt bondage, involves a person working for a creditor without pay until a loan is repaid. This practice has existed for thousands of years around the world and continues today, particularly in South Asia. It has been described as a form of modern slavery. Bonded laborers often find themselves trapped in debt for generations as interest accrues or creditors abuse the system to exploit vulnerable populations. Various organizations have aimed to abolish bonded labor and promote equality and human rights.
The document discusses the development of the modern world system from the 15th century onward and the rise of European colonialism. It describes how regular contact between Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas opened an exchange of goods, ideas and people. Demand for exports like sugar and cotton led to the growth of plantation economies using slave labor and the transatlantic slave trade. The industrial revolution began in Europe in the late 18th century, fueling urbanization and new social classes. In the 19th century, European imperialism and colonialism expanded into Africa, Asia and Oceania seeking new markets and resources.
The Enlightenment thinkers believed that reason could be used to solve social, political, and economic problems. They advocated for limited government based on separation of powers to protect individual liberties. Major thinkers included Locke, who believed people form governments to protect natural rights like life, liberty, and property. Montesquieu advocated for separation of powers among branches of government. Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire economic policies with little government interference. Adam Smith supported free markets regulated by supply and demand.
University of Arizona, School of Information Resources and Library Science. Knowledge River Research with Respect Ethical Approaches to Native American Cultural Research and Archival Practices Seminar
The document discusses several topics related to cultural diversity and biocultural diversity in the modern world, including acculturation, cultural imperialism, indigenous identity, and the impact of globalization. It provides examples of how contact between Western and non-Western groups has influenced cultures through processes like Westernization, Sinicization, and Hinduization. The document also addresses postmodernity, indigenous rights, conservation of biodiversity, and the need for international cooperation to protect biological and cultural diversity.
Edward Said's contribution in postcolonial studies. Anti-Semitism and Anti Muslim sentiment both derived from the same source that is Orientalism and goes in hand in hand with.
Progressivism was a reaction to problems brought by industrialization that aimed to improve working conditions, end child labor, reform government, grant women's suffrage, and enact prohibition. It sought to advance humanity by liberating human potential from constraints of the past and modern industry. Muckraking journalists investigated corruption and brought attention to social issues. The suffrage movement worked to gain women the right to vote, led by groups like NAWSA. New laws like the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act aimed to regulate industries and protect consumers in response to exposés like The Jungle.
Cortes and his men were able to defeat the Aztec Empire through military, ideological, and political advantages. They had weapons like cannons and horses that frightened the Aztecs, who believed the Spaniards were gods. Cortes also made alliances with Aztec enemies and was able to communicate through a translator. Additionally, smallpox brought by the Spaniards decimated the native population.
Race and Social Order of Spanish Conquestmgbishop615
The document discusses how European colonization of the Americas led to mixing of cultures and the creation of new races and social classes. African slaves were brought by European powers to serve as laborers, but their numbers grew and they took on a wide range of roles, challenging European social hierarchies. Offspring of relationships between Europeans, Africans, and indigenous Americans resulted in new racial classifications like mestizos, mulattos, and moriscos. European colonists struggled to maintain rigid social structures in this environment. Critiques of Spanish mistreatment of indigenous peoples emerged from figures like Bartolomé de las Casas.
The document provides an overview of the AP World History unit covering the period from 1750-1914. It discusses the key themes of the time period such as the political revolutions, industrialization, dominance of the West, imperialism and reactions to imperialism. It also summarizes the major events like the French and American Revolutions. Additionally, it outlines the major global players during this era including the West, wannabes like Russia and Japan, and regions that were colonized like Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America.
The document discusses imperialism and nationalism between 1815-1914. It covers the Congress of Vienna, the rise of liberal and nationalist ideologies in Europe in the 1800s which led to revolutions in the 1820s and 1830s. It also discusses the 1848 revolution, the Scramble for Africa in the late 1800s as European powers colonized the continent, and the different types of colonies that emerged. Finally, it provides details on European imperialism in Asia between the 1800s-1900s as powers like England, France, and Germany established colonial rule over parts of Asia.
This document discusses the history and causes of imperialism and colonialism between the 16th-19th centuries. It notes that imperialism involved occupying territories in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific in the 19th century, while colonialism involved settlement systems established in the Americas in the 16th century. Economic motives for imperialism included acquiring new territories, controlling trade routes, and exploiting resources. Key figures and events discussed include Queen Victoria's establishment of imperial policy for Britain, the British colonial project in Africa, and the influence of the US in the Caribbean in the late 19th century.
The document discusses the rights of indigenous people in India according to the Indian constitution and international law. It notes that the Indian constitution provides certain protective rights to tribal communities, known as Scheduled Tribes, including educational, cultural, social, economic, political, and employment rights. However, laws aimed at protecting indigenous land rights and self-governance have many shortcomings and failures in implementation. While India voted for the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, it does not consider the concept of indigenous peoples or the declaration applicable within India.
This document discusses the challenges of defining indigeneity and protecting indigenous rights. It focuses specifically on whether the Romani people of Eastern Europe should be considered indigenous and granted indigenous rights, despite not having territorial claims. While international declarations like UNDRIP and C169 aim to protect indigenous peoples, they leave room for debate around who qualifies as indigenous. The document argues that basing indigeneity solely on territorial origin is flawed, as the Romani have resided in Europe for centuries and inhabited the region at the establishment of modern state boundaries. It maintains that no group is truly native to Europe and that determining indigenous ancestry can be traced back indefinitely.
Globalization has increased cultural exchange and diversity worldwide through greater flows of people, ideas, and cultural goods. However, some see this as threatening local cultures and identities. There are concerns about the dominance of Western values and loss of traditional knowledge. Governments face challenges in regulating trade, investment, and migration policies to both promote economic growth and protect cultural freedoms.
This document discusses several aspects of culture including language, religion, social groups, government, economics, and cultural change over time. It notes that languages can be organized into families and that religious beliefs influence daily life. It also describes key features shared by many governments around the world and how geographers study economics and cultural regions. Finally, it summarizes several events that promoted cultural change such as the Agricultural, Industrial, and Information Revolutions.
Understanding Culture
Culture & Communication, Classical Dominant Approaches of Communication & Culture
Imperialism, Which Motives Caused Imperialism, Cultural Imperialism, Media & Cultural Imperialism, Two Models of Cultural Imperialism, Contributions to Cultural Imperialism, Defense of Cultural Imperialism by Response Theorists, Post Structuralism Approach of Cultural Imperialism, Theory of Globalization, Critics of U.S Cultural Imperialism Revised Their Earlier Reproaches (World System Theory), New Face of Imperialism, The Media Monopoly by Ben Bagdikian , Cultural Imperialism in Pakistan by Abid Zafar
Bowen, anthropology today, universal concept of indigenous rights.Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses the concept of "indigenous peoples' rights" and questions whether there should be a universal definition. It notes that while the concept originated based on the situations of Native Americans and Aboriginal Australians, applying it globally has proven difficult. In some parts of Asia and Africa, all populations have long-standing ties to the land, making the concept unclear. The document examines how the definition has been stretched in international agreements and debates whether a universal concept of indigenous rights is appropriate or if local, culturally specific concepts are needed.
For Linkedin Presentation For Mq Ph D Seminar November2004anapenteado
1. The document presents a Ph.D. candidate's seminar on how intellectual property law does not adequately recognize or protect the intangible rights of indigenous peoples relating to traditional knowledge.
2. The candidate challenges the assumption that indigenous discoveries cannot be patented by arguing discoveries are often built upon prior knowledge, as illustrated by Isaac Newton standing on the shoulders of giants.
3. The candidate puts forth a hypothesis called "IP1 + IP2 = benefit-sharing," arguing for reinterpreting novelty and co-inventorship requirements to protect indigenous intangible rights and enable benefit-sharing schemes.
Presentation for a series of lectures on Colonialism prepared for PS 212 Culture and Politics of the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
A brief history of free and libre culture
South Africa's indigenous Khoisan engaged in gift-giving and a culture of freedom for more than 20 000 years. We all know about stone soup and the American potlatch. Perhaps you have heard about the Diggers and the Hippies? But what about the Zippies of the 90s? Or GNU-Linux and the Free Software Movement? Do you know the difference between Free as in Gratis and Free as in Libre? What about the Creative Commons and Online Mashup and File-Sharing? Voluntaryism and Counter Economics, Agorism and The Really Really Free Market.
David Robert Lewis is a horizon anarchist with more than 20 years provoking the establishment and generally kicking up the s***. He runs the popular Medialternatives Blog, works as a journalist and environmentalist and is active in a number of organisations including the People's Health Movement and the Wikimedia Foundation SA.
If you use free software, volunteer or contribute to free projects or are just interested in the possibility of freedom and a truly free culture, then this presentation is for you.
What: Doing it for ZIP – A brief history of free and libre culture
Who: David Robert Lewis: http://reconstructione.wordpress.com/
When: Friday, 2nd November 2012, 08h30 to 10h00
Where: At hubspace – Unit 102, Old Castle Brewery, Woodstock, Cape Town
Cost: FREE!
Bonded labor, also known as debt bondage, involves a person working for a creditor without pay until a loan is repaid. This practice has existed for thousands of years around the world and continues today, particularly in South Asia. It has been described as a form of modern slavery. Bonded laborers often find themselves trapped in debt for generations as interest accrues or creditors abuse the system to exploit vulnerable populations. Various organizations have aimed to abolish bonded labor and promote equality and human rights.
The document discusses the development of the modern world system from the 15th century onward and the rise of European colonialism. It describes how regular contact between Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas opened an exchange of goods, ideas and people. Demand for exports like sugar and cotton led to the growth of plantation economies using slave labor and the transatlantic slave trade. The industrial revolution began in Europe in the late 18th century, fueling urbanization and new social classes. In the 19th century, European imperialism and colonialism expanded into Africa, Asia and Oceania seeking new markets and resources.
The Enlightenment thinkers believed that reason could be used to solve social, political, and economic problems. They advocated for limited government based on separation of powers to protect individual liberties. Major thinkers included Locke, who believed people form governments to protect natural rights like life, liberty, and property. Montesquieu advocated for separation of powers among branches of government. Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire economic policies with little government interference. Adam Smith supported free markets regulated by supply and demand.
University of Arizona, School of Information Resources and Library Science. Knowledge River Research with Respect Ethical Approaches to Native American Cultural Research and Archival Practices Seminar
The document discusses several topics related to cultural diversity and biocultural diversity in the modern world, including acculturation, cultural imperialism, indigenous identity, and the impact of globalization. It provides examples of how contact between Western and non-Western groups has influenced cultures through processes like Westernization, Sinicization, and Hinduization. The document also addresses postmodernity, indigenous rights, conservation of biodiversity, and the need for international cooperation to protect biological and cultural diversity.
Edward Said's contribution in postcolonial studies. Anti-Semitism and Anti Muslim sentiment both derived from the same source that is Orientalism and goes in hand in hand with.
Progressivism was a reaction to problems brought by industrialization that aimed to improve working conditions, end child labor, reform government, grant women's suffrage, and enact prohibition. It sought to advance humanity by liberating human potential from constraints of the past and modern industry. Muckraking journalists investigated corruption and brought attention to social issues. The suffrage movement worked to gain women the right to vote, led by groups like NAWSA. New laws like the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act aimed to regulate industries and protect consumers in response to exposés like The Jungle.
Cortes and his men were able to defeat the Aztec Empire through military, ideological, and political advantages. They had weapons like cannons and horses that frightened the Aztecs, who believed the Spaniards were gods. Cortes also made alliances with Aztec enemies and was able to communicate through a translator. Additionally, smallpox brought by the Spaniards decimated the native population.
Race and Social Order of Spanish Conquestmgbishop615
The document discusses how European colonization of the Americas led to mixing of cultures and the creation of new races and social classes. African slaves were brought by European powers to serve as laborers, but their numbers grew and they took on a wide range of roles, challenging European social hierarchies. Offspring of relationships between Europeans, Africans, and indigenous Americans resulted in new racial classifications like mestizos, mulattos, and moriscos. European colonists struggled to maintain rigid social structures in this environment. Critiques of Spanish mistreatment of indigenous peoples emerged from figures like Bartolomé de las Casas.
The document provides an overview of the AP World History unit covering the period from 1750-1914. It discusses the key themes of the time period such as the political revolutions, industrialization, dominance of the West, imperialism and reactions to imperialism. It also summarizes the major events like the French and American Revolutions. Additionally, it outlines the major global players during this era including the West, wannabes like Russia and Japan, and regions that were colonized like Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America.
The document discusses imperialism and nationalism between 1815-1914. It covers the Congress of Vienna, the rise of liberal and nationalist ideologies in Europe in the 1800s which led to revolutions in the 1820s and 1830s. It also discusses the 1848 revolution, the Scramble for Africa in the late 1800s as European powers colonized the continent, and the different types of colonies that emerged. Finally, it provides details on European imperialism in Asia between the 1800s-1900s as powers like England, France, and Germany established colonial rule over parts of Asia.
This document discusses the history and causes of imperialism and colonialism between the 16th-19th centuries. It notes that imperialism involved occupying territories in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific in the 19th century, while colonialism involved settlement systems established in the Americas in the 16th century. Economic motives for imperialism included acquiring new territories, controlling trade routes, and exploiting resources. Key figures and events discussed include Queen Victoria's establishment of imperial policy for Britain, the British colonial project in Africa, and the influence of the US in the Caribbean in the late 19th century.
The document discusses the rights of indigenous people in India according to the Indian constitution and international law. It notes that the Indian constitution provides certain protective rights to tribal communities, known as Scheduled Tribes, including educational, cultural, social, economic, political, and employment rights. However, laws aimed at protecting indigenous land rights and self-governance have many shortcomings and failures in implementation. While India voted for the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, it does not consider the concept of indigenous peoples or the declaration applicable within India.
This document discusses the challenges of defining indigeneity and protecting indigenous rights. It focuses specifically on whether the Romani people of Eastern Europe should be considered indigenous and granted indigenous rights, despite not having territorial claims. While international declarations like UNDRIP and C169 aim to protect indigenous peoples, they leave room for debate around who qualifies as indigenous. The document argues that basing indigeneity solely on territorial origin is flawed, as the Romani have resided in Europe for centuries and inhabited the region at the establishment of modern state boundaries. It maintains that no group is truly native to Europe and that determining indigenous ancestry can be traced back indefinitely.
Globalization has increased cultural exchange and diversity worldwide through greater flows of people, ideas, and cultural goods. However, some see this as threatening local cultures and identities. There are concerns about the dominance of Western values and loss of traditional knowledge. Governments face challenges in regulating trade, investment, and migration policies to both promote economic growth and protect cultural freedoms.
This document discusses several aspects of culture including language, religion, social groups, government, economics, and cultural change over time. It notes that languages can be organized into families and that religious beliefs influence daily life. It also describes key features shared by many governments around the world and how geographers study economics and cultural regions. Finally, it summarizes several events that promoted cultural change such as the Agricultural, Industrial, and Information Revolutions.
Understanding Culture
Culture & Communication, Classical Dominant Approaches of Communication & Culture
Imperialism, Which Motives Caused Imperialism, Cultural Imperialism, Media & Cultural Imperialism, Two Models of Cultural Imperialism, Contributions to Cultural Imperialism, Defense of Cultural Imperialism by Response Theorists, Post Structuralism Approach of Cultural Imperialism, Theory of Globalization, Critics of U.S Cultural Imperialism Revised Their Earlier Reproaches (World System Theory), New Face of Imperialism, The Media Monopoly by Ben Bagdikian , Cultural Imperialism in Pakistan by Abid Zafar
Bowen, anthropology today, universal concept of indigenous rights.Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses the concept of "indigenous peoples' rights" and questions whether there should be a universal definition. It notes that while the concept originated based on the situations of Native Americans and Aboriginal Australians, applying it globally has proven difficult. In some parts of Asia and Africa, all populations have long-standing ties to the land, making the concept unclear. The document examines how the definition has been stretched in international agreements and debates whether a universal concept of indigenous rights is appropriate or if local, culturally specific concepts are needed.
For Linkedin Presentation For Mq Ph D Seminar November2004anapenteado
1. The document presents a Ph.D. candidate's seminar on how intellectual property law does not adequately recognize or protect the intangible rights of indigenous peoples relating to traditional knowledge.
2. The candidate challenges the assumption that indigenous discoveries cannot be patented by arguing discoveries are often built upon prior knowledge, as illustrated by Isaac Newton standing on the shoulders of giants.
3. The candidate puts forth a hypothesis called "IP1 + IP2 = benefit-sharing," arguing for reinterpreting novelty and co-inventorship requirements to protect indigenous intangible rights and enable benefit-sharing schemes.
International Customer Experience World PresentationChantel Botha
Design tips for brands who want to be loved in social media
In this mobilized, socialized world it becomes more and more important for brands to understand the consumer’s always changing expectations. I now expect my grocer to tweet back in 10 minutes because my bank does it and I expect my favourite neighbourhood coffee shop to give me discounts when I check in on Foursquare because Starbucks does it.
The experience designer is faced with challenges that the always on-net and social consumer creates through their reasonable and sometimes unreasonable expectations. Word of mouth has turned into word of the ever mighty thumb and in his mobile world, all I have to do is tweet a brand about how angry they make me and instantly I can influence the purchasing behaviour or my and their followers.
This presentation will share insights of how to design experiences for the traditional and now social channels with the aim to be transparent, consistent, authentic and true to the brand’s essence.
THE BENEFITS OF LAUGHTER IN THE WORKPLACEChantel Botha
Laughter Yoga is a unique concept where anyone can laugh for no reason at all, there is no need for jokes or comedy. We practice unconditional laughter. Studies show that the mind & body do not differentiate between real or fake laughter – the benefits are the same. It is part of Mind-Body science. We teach the mind and body to laugh. During a Laughter session we practice laughter as an exercise, followed by laughter meditation (laughter free flow) & finish with a guided relaxation.
“we do not laugh because we are happy, we are happy because we laugh”
Participants will become equipped to incorporate more laughter into their personal and work lives. We will experientially learn the benefits of laughter which include:
• reduced stress
• strengthened immune system
• elevated mood
• less pain (emotional and physical)
• increased connectedness
A happier workplace fosters improved productivity, teamwork, and resilience.
This is a breakthrough laughter delivery system that can enable a person to laugh continuously for 15 to 20 minutes, releasing endorphins, serotonin & dopamine; effectively releasing a “cocktail of happy hormones” into the brain to counter stress hormones of adrenaline & cortisol.
Essentially, a laughter session is a single exercise routine, which reduces physical, mental and emotional stress simultaneously and brings emotional balance.
Some of the personal long lasting effects of a laughter intervention are self-efficacy, team development and increased empathy. A regular practice of Laughter is life-changing: resulting in an increased sense of well being, leading to healthy, motivated and inspired staff.
We teach proven and sustainable lifestyle tools and strategies that release physical and emotional tensions and create positive behavioral change in people, workplaces and communities.
Happy people = Healthy organizations
Citizenship, Human Right for Social Developmentijtsrd
The work was examined in order to analyze citizenship, as a human right, the legal link between Human Rights and Citizenship was investigated, considering from the legal point of view, citizenship as a political right The human right, such as the free development of the human being, in which people can develop their potential and have a productive life according to their needs and interests, the research was bibliographic, documentary, since the different documents were used , different instruments were selected and analyzed. The results obtained, referring to citizenship as a human right, as a set of essential prerogatives of every man, considered individually or collectively, by the mere fact of belonging to the human species, which must enjoy, to achieve its full development and have a dignified life and that, consequently, the State is obliged to recognize, protect, guarantee and as a political right is embodied in the various international documents among them, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, second article, which establishes that all citizens may, without distinction, participate in public affairs, vote and be elected to the elections in their country. X³chitl Bustillos-Varela | J. Emilio Mândez-Gonz¡lez | Javier Armando Varela-Lazo "Citizenship, Human Right for Social Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29818.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/29818/citizenship-human-right-for-social-development/x%C3%B3chitl-bustillos-varela
This document provides a summary of American Indian and African American colonization policies from 1800-1890. It discusses how Indian removal policies in the early 19th century sought to relocate tribes to reservations west of the Mississippi to open land for white settlement. Similarly, some proposed "colonizing" freed African Americans by sending them to places like Liberia. However, the Civil War disrupted these plans and prompted a shift towards recognizing black citizenship instead of removal. As the war progressed and blacks served as soldiers, it helped lead to the Emancipation Proclamation granting them freedom and raised questions about their rights in America.
Individualism developed after the Medieval period and Renaissance as people resisted hierarchies and focused on human potential. The Protestant Reformation also challenged authority and promoted individualistic ideals. Key principles of classical liberalism and individualism include the rule of law with equal treatment under clear rules, individual rights and freedoms like religion and voting, and private property rights over land and possessions. Economic freedom allows free markets with limited government intervention, and competition is seen as beneficial with individuals acting in self-interest inadvertently helping society through the "invisible hand" of supply and demand.
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An
,Overview of Theories
The relationship between individuals and
the society in which they are embedded has
been conceptualized in diverse ways and has
given rise to very different understandings of
how social reality is maintained and
reproduced over time. This chapter presents
an overview of maj or contemporary
approaches to sociology, their assumptions,
and the differences and similarities among
them. Their comparative strengths and
limitations are examined through critical
questions that sociologists, inspired by
different approaches, have directed toward
each other. Different perspectives start with
different problems, ask different questions,
see and ignore different things. It is import-
ant to try to see how they complement each
other, to learn to cMUenge the contradic-
tions, and thus to explore for the truth.
However deep the differences between
approaches, all share the same fundamental
concern with developing our knowledge of
the character of social life.
The Origins of SOCiology
In one respect, sociology has always been
done, since people have always questioned
the nature ofthe social world. But as a separ-
ate scientific discipline, sociology emerged in
the eighteenth century. Social upheavals
that occurred during this era brought such
profound transformations that most hitherto
taken-far-granted assumptions about society
and social relations were thrown into doubt.
A democratic revolution occurred in America
in 1776 as immigrants to the new world
fought for independence from the colonial
domination of Britain and then sought to
found a society based on new principles of
equality. In 1789 the old feudal structures of
European society were shaken by the French
Revolution. This revolution was especially
significant because it represented the delib-
erate overthrow of a traditional social order.
Landless peasants and industrial labourers
revolted against the rule of the landed
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aristocracy and the clergy. Many thousands
of people were guillotined before some
semblance of a new order was established.
These revolutions prompted a new view of
society, a secular view. Social order was no
longer seen as ordained by God and main-
tained by divine right of kings. It was struc-
tured by people and therefore could be
changed by people.
The Rise of Capitalism
The eighteenth century also saw the advent
of another form of revolution that was
destined to change irrevocably the old order
of things. This was the transformation from
feudalism to capitalism in agriculture.
These terms refer primarily to how produc-
tion was orgallized and to the relationship
between people and the land on which they
depended for their livelihood.
Under the feudal system, which pre-
dominated in Europe until aro ...
Human beings (and many other animals) are territorial - the distin.docxwellesleyterresa
Human beings (and many other animals) are territorial - the distinction between "mine" and "yours" is not learned or cultural; it is deeply rooted in our animal instincts. This is what makes the argument from property rights so powerful. Supporters of Capitalism (wise-users among them) believe that all property should be "mine," whereas Socialism (including most environmentalists, in some form or other) think that most property should be "ours." This is a very old and fundamental debate; "Capitalism" and "Socialism" are merely the newest names for the two sides. Modern socialists and anarchists usually agree that "I" am entitled to enough private property for my own personal use (no one wants to share a toothbrush!) but that all excess property should belong to the community (why do I need two houses? for example). And the property I personally need is very little indeed. Any more than that, and I am usurping what others could use: I am getting rich at someone else's expense; I am creating two classes of society, the "haves" and the "have nots." To get to the point: opponents of wise use believe that it is wrong for me to abuse, pollute, destroy or otherwise damage property that should benefit everyone. I can trash my own house, if I like; that's my business; but when I trash the larger environment, that's everyone's business, even if the property laws say that environment is "mine." The "wise use" position is that "mine" is mine, no limits, no restrictions.
When modern capitalism evolved in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it worked only because new laws defined "property" in new and inventive ways so that the capitalists could be certain of keeping the profits they made in the free market. No entrepreneur would want to start a new business if he could not be certain that it, and any profit it made, were really his. (At least, that was what the capitalists and their partners in the newly centralized governments said.) In earlier ages, philosophers believed that property is temporary; that it is ours only so long as we actually use it (this is called "usufruct" in feudal law). After all, we come into the world with nothing, and we leave it with nothing, so property cannot be "ours" in any permanent sense. Medieval cities and kingdoms actually had laws against charging interest on loans or charging more for a loaf of bread than the poor could afford - because economic wealth was seen as belonging to the community, not to the individual. In fact, the entire Judeao-Christian-Muslim belief system preaches against the use of interest. They call it usury, and it is generally agreed to be greedy and potentially evil. Unfortunately, in the modern era, the Christians (and almost everyone else) seem to have abandoned this law. The Jewish and Islamic communities still adhere to it in varying degrees: the Islamic much more so. These notions of community and mutual benefit changed when the new market economy began to encourage greed and acquisiti ...
My Best Friend Essay In English Write An Essay OKristin Reyes
The document discusses categories for classifying works like The Scarlet Letter. It argues the story fits into the Orthodox Christian and Fortunate Fail categories. As evidence, it notes the story involves Hester having an affair and bearing a child out of wedlock, which was strongly condemned. However, the story may also depict failure leading to personal growth or redemption.
Writing an effective essay on veterans requires navigating complex emotional, historical, and societal dimensions. First, exploring veterans' personal experiences demands a sensitive approach, as their journeys may involve sensitive topics. Capturing their stories requires balancing empathy and objectivity. Additionally, the essay should examine the broader military service context, including historical perspectives, societal attitudes, and impacts on individuals and communities. This necessitates thorough research to provide a comprehensive view. The challenge is conveying veterans' significance to a diverse audience by skillfully using language to evoke empathy and understanding. Structurally, the essay must achieve a logical flow while seamlessly
Colonial Legacies: Indigeneity in a Multicultural WorldTony Ward
This critique of multicultural democracy views it as a form of neocolonialism that subverts the rights of indigenous peoples.
This slide show and others of a similar nature can be viewed and downloaded from my website at www.tonywardedu.com
002 Essay Abstract Example ~ Thatsnotus. How To Write An Abstract For An Essay - How To Write A Great Essay .... writing an abstract for an essay. Abstract Essay Topics. Thesis Abstract Examples - Thesis Title Ideas for College. 016 What Is Art Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. PPT - Techniques & Research in Music Education PowerPoint Presentation .... 002 Writing Satirical Essay P1 ~ Thatsnotus. 001 Abstract Essay Research Paper Sample ~ Thatsnotus. ⭐ Abstract topics to write about. How to Write an Abstract (with .... 004 Essay Example Philosophy Topics Future Teachers Of Education .... Opinion Essay Topics. Kymaro Health & Beauty. Ap Essay Questions For Jane Eyre | PDF. Research Paper Abstract | Writing Help, Outline Example, Paper Topics. example of an essay abstract - World Social Media Mainstreet. Abstract Essay Topics | Essay on Abstract Topics | Hitbullseye.
The document discusses the themes of racism presented in Harper Lee's novel To Kill a Mockingbird. It notes that while the U.S. Constitution aims to ensure life, liberty, and happiness for all, the South of the 1930s depicted in the novel denied these rights to minorities. The novel portrays the racial injustices faced by African Americans through the trial of Tom Robinson, who is falsely accused and convicted of a crime despite evidence showing his innocence. Overall, the novel illuminates the systemic racism that permeated the Jim Crow South through its portrayal of the racial injustices and prejudices faced by the African American community.
Exploration of the 18th and 19th century thinkers lacey pilgrimLaceyP
The document summarizes the ideas of several 18th and 19th century thinkers and how their ideas related to classical liberalism. Hobbes believed humans are selfish and would give up rights to a ruler for protection, with the ability to overthrow a ruler not providing protection. Locke focused on natural rights like life, liberty, and property, and government accountability. Montesquieu advocated for separation of government powers and rule of law. Smith believed free markets and limited government allowing self-interest would benefit society. Mill and Dickens emphasized individual rights and freedoms, with Dickens also noting environmental and child labor issues limiting freedom. Their ideas commonly centered around individual rights, limited government, rule of law, and economic freedom.
HIS 1120, American History II 1 Course Learning Out.docxaryan532920
HIS 1120, American History II 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
3. Compare and contrast the 19th century values of the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era.
3.1 Define the catalysts for the attitudes present during the end of the 19th century.
4. Interpret the role expanding leisure played in reinforcing class segregation and access to opportunity.
4.1 Discuss the rise of leisure, both private and public, in America in its most common forms and its
impact on society, including issues like segregation and access to opportunity.
4.2 Recall the likelihood of participation in unionized activities among different labor and social
classes.
4.3 Assess the impact of political machines, including their overall benefit and/or detriment to
the communities they served.
Reading Assignment
To gain further knowledge of the material, please view the PowerPoint presentations below. These will help
you identify key people discussed in this unit, important details not covered within the lesson, and political
cartoons from the time period to have a view into the mindset of people towards key topics.
For the Unit II PowerPoint, please click here. For a PDF version please click here.
Lazarus, E. (n.d.). The new Colossus. Retrieved from http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/new-colossus
Unit Lesson
In Unit I our focus was introducing the realities of Twain’s Gilded Age. The issues of greatest note
reverberated around the need and opportunities for reforming the changing populations and attitudes of post-
Reconstruction, and also the widening economic gap, which thrived on the theory of Social Darwinism. As the
U.S. steamrolled towards the 20th century, again the nation would attempt to build a truly Progressive Era.
This last quarter of the 19th century witnessed a renewed industrial age and a rebuilding of America as a
global culture.
First person, Anachronism, and Bias
Continuing our introduction to the purpose of historical study, this era provides us the opportunity to embrace
the first-person perspectives, a key part of observing intention and effect separate from our modern views,
morals, and expectations. When working with first-person perspectives in history, it is most common to find
individual accounts, immediate reports, and incomplete investigations. However, when beginning this type of
research, it is necessary to be aware of two common issues that share the potential for misrepresentation:
anachronism and bias.
Anachronism and bias, though often linked, are significantly different from one another and have separate
roles. A quick comparison would be that anachronism is unintentionally studying based on modern morals,
whereas bias is the more conscious intention to argue a perspective and may be present during or after the
event or issue.
When we put today’s values or perspective on the past, it can be called anachronistic. A ...
Similar to Ana Research - For Linked In Slide Presentation(Without Footnotes) (12)
HIS 1120, American History II 1 Course Learning Out.docx
Ana Research - For Linked In Slide Presentation(Without Footnotes)
1. F ROM A RISTOTLE TO S TIGLITZ - A H ISTORY OF
D ISCRIMINATION A GAINST I NDIGENOUS P EOPLES
I NVENTIVE C APACITY IN E CONOMIC T HEORY
1 INTRODUCTION
One of the greatest challenges to face globalization is biopiracy. In the past, biopiracy was
part of colonization policies for conquering wasted lands and uncivilized people. The legal
policy in the international law that supported European nations to conquer other continents
and made subjects the natives was called res nullius theory. The res nullius theory supporting
possession of new territories allowed Europeans to dispose Indigenous Peoples from their
property, their social structure and their knowledge applied to their local biodiversity. Just
recently, an international human rights movement that re-addressed colonization and
Indigenous Peoples rights reviewed the importance to recognize Indigenous Peoples rights to
tangible and intangible property. This preoccupation to protect Indigenous Peoples’
observations and practices associated to their local biodiversity has been of paramount
importance to avoid biopiracy activities that divest Indigenous Peoples from their intangible
rights. But some questions remain unanswered. Why Indigenous Peoples are subject to
biopiracy again? Why globalization that benefits all consumers because it brings more
competitiveness and good products at international level perverts Indigenous Peoples rights
to their own knowledge? This article suggests some arguments to comprehend the reasons for
biopiracy activities to occur at global level against Indigenous Peoples’ intangible property.
This article argues that historical and economic thought played a role to ignore Indigenous
Peoples’ rights to property (tangible and intangible) along with legal theories such as the res
nullius theory. Therefore, competition globally among firms contributes to transfer
Indigenous Peoples’ knowledge in an international network of companies, customers and
economies. This article illustrates reasons for supporting that Indigenous Peoples’ property
rights must be inserted in the economic cycle because of economic value of their labour and
their inventive capacity.
The first section examines a number of historical arguments to help understand to what
degree certain individuals or classes have been excluded from property ownership. The
attitude of dominant political classes excluding individuals from a determined social class to
hold property affected Indigenous Peoples’ social status in the post colonization period. Then,
Indigenous Peoples property rights were also excluded from legal and economic thought until
recently. This article argues that if it is reasonable that Indigenous Peoples hold property on
their ideas and know-how applied to their local environment through their activities, then
intellectual property labour theory applies to them.
The second section introduces how ideas became incorporated into economic activity,
particularly labour, so that ideas started to become useful for the exchange of goods or other
necessities among nations and individuals. Traditionally, ideas have been inconsistently
protected through legal instruments, because of their intangibility. Amongst historical
periods, the American Revolution marked an historical watershed, offering the opportunity to
make property legally available to everyone, notably by providing constitutional protection.
Subsequently, ideas could be protected as property due to the historical development in
recognizing property, trade and labour as sources of wealth.
2. From Aristotle, Plato, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, Adam Smith, David Ricardo and
Karl Marx, there is enough evidence that good ideas for economic activities were a product of
civilized people. John Kenneth Galbraith and Joseph Stiglitz address contemporary theories
of political economy linked to intangible property protection and issues facing the intellectual
property system. Although they do not mention Indigenous Peoples’ rights directly, they
provide a platform to argue for their inclusion. Including Indigenous Peoples’ rights in the
circle of wealth is paramount to stop biopiracy activities that curtail economic value from
their labour. Thus, including Indigenous Peoples’ labour and inventive capacity allow them to
have an advantage in the global market.
Useful ideas on trade and commerce are connected to the economic value of labour that can
foster good ideas for inventions. This article concludes showing that human labour is
economically valuable regardless of social class or legal structure. The theories in economic
and philosophical thought that ignored Indigenous Peoples’ contribution have embraced
intangible rights for all individuals. Biopiracy activities occur because not all individuals are
included in the economic cycle of wealth.
(…)
It is clear that, when referring to the savages, Rousseau did not recognize Indigenous
Peoples’ labour. Although Rousseau did not support slavery, it seemed that Indigenous
Peoples did not participate in the revolution of holding ownership. For Locke, an individual is
the owner of his body and his labour from which group of individuals the Indigenous Peoples
would be part of it. i
Comparing Locke’s observations that Indigenous Peoples living together without the
attitude to fence in a piece of land are “tenants in common” with Rousseau’s passage above,
some conclusions are surprising. Locke seemed to be more progressive in social equality than
Rousseau and being inclusive of Indigenous Peoples’ labour and freedom.ii That is an
interesting dilemma proposed by comparing Rousseau and Locke – what are the Indigenous
Peoples’ rights in Locke and Rousseau’s theories? Quite different and distinctive,
nonetheless, Indigenous Peoples’ property is perceived as to be restricted to their own
person.iii
For Locke, the first to gather fruits regained individual property from communal property
over natural resources.iv Having Rousseau’s observations in mind, Indigenous Peoples as first
occupiers may have retained their property in the so-called “wasted and public lands”v as
soon as they fenced in a part of the land. That did not occur in the same legal translation of
fencing in a piece of land and defending against intruders as Europeans would be accustomed
to.vi Indigenous Peoples attitude towards property was to wander around a determined area
like tenants in common.
At the time of colonization, the international policy of the conquest of new lands offered
intense incentive to new settlers to populate the New World. The quest for gold and silver
brought civilized Europeans to encounter new people unknown to them. Therefore, it could
be suggested that the theory of wasted and public lands, on which the res nullius theoryvii has
its foundations, was largely controversial and today is refuted by most historians with just
merit.
3. Those first inhabitants were politically, economically and culturally dispossessed as soon as
the first European discovered unoccupied and “wasted lands”.viii The jurisprudence supported
by the terra nullius theory and more practical interests such as gold and natural resources
possession, dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of their land rights as well as of any recognition
of intellectual labour applied to their discoveries or labour-saving inventions.
Therefore, theories on social equality failed to acknowledge property rights to Indigenous
Peoples, although Locke demonstrated individual rights were vested in Indigenous Peoples.
Then, in 1776, Adam Smith’s publication of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
Wealth of the Nations, or in short title, The Wealth of Nations, addressed issues for intangible
property particularly the division of labour and art to create wealth in society.
(…)
1.1 Adam Smith and the early American colonies
For the early American colonies, much of this division of labour was theoretical, if not non-
existent. For many years in the American colonies, necessities had to be overcome by early
Americans’ improvements (or adaptations) to the new life. The adaptation to a world where
imports could cost the settlers dearly would have been less costly if improvisation and
creativity were prized assets. That has also provided a fertile opportunity to early inventors
from any occupation branch to contribute to labour-saving inventions.ix
Another idea to consider further is that the new American settlers were dependent on
English imports, so that creativity and ingenuity could contribute to the reduction of
dependency on foreign products. The circumstance of non-inexistent division of labour
permitted early Americans to claim political independence from monopolies of commerce
due to their ingenuity in solving daily problems with their own resources. Before 1776,
Smith suggested that England was confining American colonies to unfair monopolies, the
consequences of which he forecast as “violation of the most sacred rights”:
Forecasting the American Independence as well as the poisonous side of the monopolies of
commerce in a mercantile era, Smith demonstrated that creativity could overcome the
division of labour, if a particular talent to pursue one economic activity was not available.
However, ingenuity in the sense of producing useful things was prohibited in some trades.
Smith indicated that preceding the stage of inventiveness and creativity to transform menial
labour into intellectual labour is the stage of barbarous societies.
Smith’s comments that the stages in which natives engaged were limited to hunting and
rudimentary husbandry when the New World was discovered may suggest that his
recognition of intellectual labour amongst Indigenous Peoples did not exist. In this passage
below, Smith indicates that the period of intellectual labour occurred before the civilization,
so that creativity was present in the barbarous stage. However, Smith considered that the
natives in the barbarous state of society were somehow inferior to the civilized man, like in
this passage below:
4. (…)
2 KARL MARX AND PROPERTY (1818−1883)
One can observe in Smith and Rousseau’s writings that there is an element of second-class
uncivilized citizenry related to the first occupiers of the new potentially productive lands of
America and the former colonies of Africa and Asia. That perception has not changed, even
from the perspective of a revolutionary school of thought created by Karl Marx. His
understanding of capitalism and its historical implications after the Industrial Revolution
denounced social inequality in labour-work and in the role of the capitalism. Karl Marx may
have agreed that Indigenous People were unproductive. Here, unproductive meant not being
capable of producing economic value out of their practices and knowledge. In the passage
below, Marx defined the common property of Indigenous People modus operandi, in which
there is a trace of disregard for their creativity and intellectual labour to transform things into
something useful for the economic cycle. For Marx, the communal property practiced by
Indigenous Peoples and their division of labour in agriculture lacked freedom of labour and
selling of labour, two characteristics of capitalism:
(…)
2.1 Karl Marx and Indigenous Peoples
− of property and economic activity
In his seminal work, Das Kapital, Karl Marx approved and inserted botanist Joakim
Frederik Schouwx observations of Asiatic Indigenous Peoples lack of economic structure in
their society. Schouw found that Indigenous Peoples’ possessed inability to understand their
social position in the economic chain of activities or to participate in the capitalism. For
Marx, an element of being native or being Indigenous Peoples was to be outside of the whole
economic chain. Marx observed that to exchange their leisure activities for economic and
capitalist modus operandi is not part of their culture, as stated in the following passage:
(…)
For Marx, the collection of 50 lbs to 300 lbs of sago from trees transforms the human activity
into human labour, however, commodity or economic value was absent from it.
Then, why could it not be applied Locke’s theory of labour to Indigenous Peoples’
activities? Indeed, it is not a menial labour as Smith has introduced the term in the Inquiry,
because the tree has to be ripe and be subject to the judgment by the native as a ripe tree, in
order to him/her to collect sago. It is possible that they did exchange sago for something else
if they found they would have had a sago surplus and needed another item in their daily
routine. When Marx demonstrated the economic value of the “virgin state of soil” and that
labour “filters” the raw material, he lacked understanding that the truth of post-Industrial
Revolution social inequality for Indigenous Peoples’ labourers against non-Indigenous
labourers were not considered economic or capable of commercialization.
(…)
5. 3 JOSEPH STIGLITZ (B. 1943)
3.1 Classics never die: from Adam Smith’s old monopolies of trade
to Joseph Stiglitz’s critique to the Uruguay Round
The relationship of demand and incentive to invent has been part of the critique of globalized
industries of our century. Some industries are defined as natural monopolies, because
management by governments is desirable, as in the case of water.xi Then, monopoly of trade
for innovative products can be translated as Galbraith’s innovation test of not what people
need but what can be sold.
Joseph Stiglitz in his book Globalization and its discontentsxii updated Galbraith’s test of
innovation using the pharmaceutical industry as an illustration of monopoly of trade. The
pharmaceutical industry is especially interesting to examine for its business practice of
providing cure for sale and profit. Its nature
(…)
Biopiracy activities are linked directly on globalization activities from multinationals.
Stiglitz comments towards traditional medicines and foods are connected to the Indigenous
Peoples’ knowledge, namely Traditional Knowledge. The patent strategy used by
international companies generally have non-Indigenous Peoples employees, skilled in science
and trained to identify valuable intangible assets, which makes them able to forecast the
economical value of what has been supplied to them as information. Thus the Indigenous
Peoples, holders of the insightful information called Traditional Knowledge, do not realize
they are enlarging the private property of international companies when they share their
information on traditional medicines or foods with outsiders to their social system.
i
ii
See, supra note 29 and accompanying text.
iii
See supra note 29.
iv
v
vi
.
vii
viii
ix
x