1) The 19th century saw significant changes in the Americas, including the Gold Rush bringing Chinese migrants to San Francisco, nations gaining independence and building effective states, and the U.S. expanding westward and becoming politically united after the Civil War. 2) The Little Ice Age from the 16th-19th centuries caused global cooling that led to famine, disease and death until warming emerged in the 19th century and allowed different crops and industries to develop. 3) The 1803 Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S., encompassing 15 current states, and helped address concerns about French and Spanish control of trade on the Mississippi River. German explorer Maximilian and Swiss painter Bodmer documented Native American

1. How the Americas ChangeHong Duong

2. Americas 19th CenturyGold Rush in San Francisco brought new migration of the Chinese people.Age of Independence: build states and societies.Created new context in AmericaBuild effective states, enjoy economic prosperity, and attain cultural cohesionBuilding of AmericaIndependence won from British – expand to WestCivil War 1860s due to slavery and rights of individual states.

3. Americas 19th Century15 million dollar purchase as a result of the Mexican WarCalifornia, Texas, New MexicoResult of Civil War: Emancipation ProclamationUS politically unitedEnhanced authority of federal government

4. The Little Ice AgeClimate change in the 16th Century envelopes the world in prolonged cold weather.Farming became impossible which lead to famine, disease, and death of millions.At first the weather was believed to have been punished by the God then later believed to be witchcraft.In the 19th Century when the weather became warmer, farming of different crops, beer, violin, agriculture, and victories emerged.

5. Frontiers of the AmericasPurchase of Louisiana was 15 million which encompasses 15 current states today.Thomas Jefferson feared the France & Spain having power to block trade access to the port of New Orleans.The purchase was much bigger than originally planned.

6. Frontiers of the AmericasHistory of Native Indians lost as it was through words.The past was discovered by those who went to college and studied Maximilian’s and Bodmer’s findings.Maximilian zuWied-NeuwiedGerman ExplorerStudied the cultures of tribes and collected many specimen of flora and fauna.Karl BodmerSwiss PainterAccompanied MaximilianProduced the most accurate painted images of Native Americans, their culture, and artifacts.

7. Crossroads of FreedomDeath of nearly 25,000 soldiers on Sept 17, 1862 during the American Civil War.Most believed that the destiny of the United States and the Confederate States is from the outcome of this war.George McClellan : leadership and organizer of the Army of the Potomac. Failure due to being perfectionist and non risk taker.Relieved by President Lincoln for not able to function in capacities.

8. Crossroads of FreedomThe Seven Days BattleFall of Richmond by the Fourth of July.Southern despair to elation.Northern was a big shock.Aftermath believed to be the gloomiest.Lincoln trying to revitalize the UnionChanged the course of the war in the long run.General John Pope took command of the Army in Virginia.Congress passed a militia act on July 17 into federal service for nine months and to draft them if failed to meet quota.

9. Crossroads of FreedomFrederick Douglass : black leaderWords echoed by Republicans of his comment about fighting half-hearted if to fight against slaveholders without fighting against slavery.Lincoln agreed with the idea that the war was ground on which is freedom.The proclamation was put off as a belief that the government may seem weak and a cry for help.

10. Crossroads of FreedomVictory in Antietam gave hope and elation to the country.September 13th, Lincoln met with a delegation of Chicago bearing a petition for proclamation of emancipation.January 1, 1863: Lincoln issued a warning to Confederate states to return to the Union otherwise their slaves shall be forever free.Impact from the battle of Antietam and the Emancipation Proclamation only made one single impact abroad.Antietam was recognized as the turning point of the war.

11. SourcesCrossroads of Freedom by James M. McPhersonLittle Ice Age FilmFrontiers of America Article19th Century America Article