Although O_2 does not participate directly in the reactions of the TC.pdf

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Although O_2 does not participate directly in the reactions of the TCA cycle, the cycle operates only under aerobic conditions. Briefly explain this fact. How many ATP molecules are generated during the complete oxidative degradation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to CO_2 and H_2O? Assume the glycerol phosphate shuttle is operating and show how you arrived at your answer. Solution 2) even though oxygen does not participate in the TCA Cycle but the ATP and NADPH produced are passed in the ETC cycle where the oxygen acts as a electron transport.. Hence there the role of oxygen takes place which is not found in the case of anaerobic situations.. 3) when PEP gets converted to pyurvate I release 2 molecules of ATP.. But in this case only 1 ATP is produced as the one molecule of di-hydrooxyacetone phosphate converted to glyecerol-3- phosphate by glycerol cycle hence in the glycolysis step 1 molecule gets reduced hence 1 ATP gets reduced..!!.

ATP is the energy-rich compound that provides energy for living things. It is produced through photosynthesis, which uses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis has two stages - the light-dependent reactions in which ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent reactions in which CO2 is reduced to glucose using those energy carriers. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and other nutrients to release energy, producing carbon dioxide and water. It has four stages - glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, in which ATP is produced through the oxidation of NADH and FADH2. Anaerobic respiration can also

11 Unit 5 (1).pptx zrggxxxxthtrrthrrrrrr

Biniam24

The document describes the process of aerobic respiration and how ATP is produced. It discusses the four stages of aerobic respiration: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In glycolysis, glucose is broken down to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. In the link reaction, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA. The Krebs cycle further breaks down acetyl-CoA, producing more ATP and reduced coenzymes. These reduced coenzymes pass electrons to the electron transport chain, powering proton pumps that create a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to produce most of the cell's ATP through che

Photosynthesisand cellularrespiration

Maria

Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert glucose into energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in four main stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria where it is further oxidized, producing NADH and FADH2. These enter the Krebs cycle to produce more NADH and FADH2. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across a membrane, building an electrochemical gradient used to produce a large amount of ATP through oxidative

Cellular respiration

ASNasrullah

Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP. The citric acid cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP and electron carriers. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed through an electron transport chain which pumps protons across a membrane, establishing a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to produce most of the cell's ATP. Fermentation can also produce a small amount of ATP without oxygen. Cellular respiration and fermentation are important catabolic processes that provide energy to fuel anabolism and power cellular functions. Diseases can arise if there are defects in acetyl-Co

1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in.pdf

arihantgiftgallery

1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle. 2 Outline the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle. Solution 1) STEPS INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIZING ATP AND NADPH Synthesis of ATP and NADPH occurs during the light-dependent reactions in the first phase of photosynthesis. The first phase of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH which will be used further in the light-independent reactions (Calvin\'s cycle). NADPH and ATP are produced from the combined work of protein complexes and pigment molecules. PRODUCTION OF ATP & NADPH This process takes place in a multiprotein complex called photosystem. The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast consists of two photosystems. They are the, Photosystem I (P680) and Photosystem II (P700). PHOTOSYSTEMS These are the structural and functional units of protein complexes that are found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts that carry out the absorption of light and trasfer of energy and electrons during photosynthesis. Each photosystem consists of multiple antenna proteins that contain a mixture of 300–400 chlorophyll a and b molecules, and also pigments like carotenoids. Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase are the major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane that work with the photosystems to create ATP and NADPH. STEPS INVOLVED Chlorophyll in the photosystem absorbs light energy. In PS II light energy is used to split water into 2 electrons, 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen molecule. Chlorophyll a in the reaction centre of PS II absorbs a photon which excites the electron in the molecule to a higher level. As the state of the eletron is highly unstable, the electron is transferred to another molecule creating a chain of reactions called Electron Transport Chain (ETC). Electrons flow from PS II to cytochrome b6f to PS I. During this transistion they loose energy and has to re energized. Hence another photon is absorbed by the protein antenna and the energy is transmitted to the PS I reaction centre known as P700 which gets oxidized and sends a high energy electron to reduce NADP+ to NADPH and releases oxygen as a waste product. ATP is produced by Cytochrome b6f and ATP Synthase by a process called photophospyrlation. Two types of photophosphorylation takes place during ATP synthesis. They are Cyclic photophosphorylation This process involves photosystem I and P700. Energy is provided to produce a proton gradient across the membrane that is used to power ATP synthase during chemiosmosis (movement of ions from higher to lower concentration) which helps in the conversion of ADP to ATP. Hence the electrons travel in a cylic manner back to the PS I, this reaction is called as cyclic photophosphoryltaion. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation Photosystem I and II are used in a series in non-cyclic photophosphorylation. P680 is the reaction centre invovled in this process and the electrons travel in a non-cyclic manner. Photolysis .

BiologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource

biologyexchange

The document discusses cellular respiration. It begins by explaining that respiration uses energy stored in molecules like carbohydrates and fats to produce ATP through pathways like glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. It then discusses the specific multi-step pathways of aerobic cellular respiration, the role of coenzymes, and the structure and function of mitochondria. It concludes by describing anaerobic respiration pathways like lactic acid fermentation in humans and alcoholic fermentation in yeast that can function without oxygen.

Respiration biochemistry

svenwardle

This document discusses cellular respiration and the structures and processes involved in mitochondria. It begins with the overall equation for cellular respiration that converts glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. It then describes the four main stages of respiration - glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. It discusses the structures of the mitochondrion, including the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes, intermembrane space, cristae, mitochondrial DNA, and matrix. It relates these structures to their functions in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production.

Photosynthesis

Sufian Omar

Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy through a series of complex reactions. Chlorophyll and other pigments in chloroplasts absorb light which is used to split water and produce oxygen. This provides electrons and hydrogen used to reduce NADP and produce ATP through an electron transport chain. The Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide and produce glucose or other carbohydrates as food for the plant. Environmental factors like light, temperature, and water availability can impact the rate of photosynthesis. Some plants have evolved C4 or CAM pathways to more efficiently fix carbon dioxide.

This document summarizes cellular respiration and its key components. It explains that cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP through three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Glycolysis produces some ATP without oxygen, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain generate most ATP through redox reactions that require oxygen. The role of ATP as the energy currency of cells is also described.

Respiration

Deon Peterkin

The mitochondrion is where cellular respiration occurs through a series of redox reactions to oxidize nutrients and produce ATP as energy. It has an inner and outer membrane, with the inner membrane folded into cristae to increase surface area for respiration. Cellular respiration involves four main stages: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The link reaction converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, and the Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA to release carbon dioxide and produce more ATP and electron carriers. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through protein complexes

Study Guide Chapter 10-Answers!10.1 Photosythesis_______________.docx

hanneloremccaffery

Study Guide Chapter 10-Answers! 10.1 Photosythesis_______________________________________________________ 1A. Write the overall reaction (major reactants and major products) for photosysthesis: sunlight + water + CO2 ( O2 and glucose B. Where is each reactant used (light reactions or Calvin cycle?) Sunlight= light reactions Water= light reactions (when it is “split” the electrons in the bonds of water are used to replace the electrons lost from the P680 reaction center) CO2= Calvin cycle C. Where is each product produced (light reactions or Calvin cycle?) O2= light reactions (when water is “split”) Glucose= Calvin cycle 2. Compare and contrast Autotrophs and Heterotrophs. Auto- make their own food Hetero- rely on autotrophs for food 3. A. Where would you most likely find mesophyll cells in a tree? Any photosynthetic part of the tree. Leaves are the main photosynthetic organs in the tree. B. How many chloroplasts does a typical mesophyll cell hold? 30-40 C. What pigment gives a leaf its green color? chlorophyll D. Where exactly is this pigment located? Within chloroplasts E. How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf? Through stomata in the leaves 4. Chloroplast structure: Name all components of the chloroplast and describe their orientation relative to one another. Start at the outer membrane and end inside a thylakoid. Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane Stroma Thylakoid membrane Thylakoid space 5. Identify the two main stages of photosynthesis and where these stages occur respectively. Also describe how the two stages are dependent on one another. Stage 1= Light reactions- in thylakoid membranes and thylakoid space, the main products of this stage are some the main reactants of the next stage Stage 2= Calvin cycle- in stroma, some of the products of this stage are some of the main reactants for stage 1. 10.2 Light Rxns. Chemical Energy of Sun ( ATP and NADPH____________________ 6. Green light is _____reflected______________ (reflected/absorbed) by a chloroplast, giving it its green color. 7. What wavelengths of light are most effective in driving photosynthesis? Violet and red Briefly describe the experiment (discussed in the chapter and powerpoint for this chapter) that identified these wavelengths of light. The plants produced high levels of oxygen (one of the major products of photosynthesis) when exposed to violet and red light and produced little to no oxygen when exposed to other wavelengths of light. This makes sense. Think about the photosystem reaction centers in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. P680 and P700, the letter “P” represents “photosystem” and the numbers refer to the wavelengths of light the photosystems absorb. Wavelengths 680 and 700 are both in the red range! 8. Describe what happens when chlorophyll absorbs light? Electrons in chlorophyll absorb energy and are “jumped” to higher energy level. 9. Photosystems: What are they and where are they located? Light harvesting comp.

Glycolysis

scuffruff

Glycolysis is the first stage of respiration, where glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. It occurs in two steps: first, glucose is phosphorylated using ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate; second, the glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to form two pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of two ATP molecules. The pyruvate molecules then enter the mitochondria for the link reaction, where they are converted into two acetyl CoA molecules to enter the Krebs cycle, with carbon dioxide and NADH also produced.

Cellular Energy Transfer (Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle) and ATP

muhammad aleem ijaz

Section 2, chapter 4

Michael Walls

Cellular respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, producing 2 ATP per glucose molecule. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria for the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain, yielding up to 38 more ATP. Without oxygen, pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid through anaerobic respiration in the cytoplasm, allowing glycolysis to continue but only producing 2 ATP total per glucose.

Revision Respiration

scuffruff

Respiration is the process by which organisms break down glucose and other organic molecules to extract energy to power cellular processes. It involves three main stages: glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the link reaction producing acetyl CoA, and the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria. These stages release energy that is captured in ATP molecules and electron carriers like NADH and FADH2, which will be used later in the electron transport chain to produce more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

A Classroom Lecture on Cell Metabolism. By: Dr. Ozair Chaudhry

Dr. Ozair Chaudhry

The document summarizes cellular glycolytic pathways and energy production in cells. It discusses four stages: 1) glycolysis and fermentation, which produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule; 2) pyruvate oxidation in the mitochondria, which produces more NADH; 3) the Krebs cycle, which fully breaks down glucose and produces NADH, FADH2, and 1 ATP; 4) electron transport and chemiosmosis, where electrons are transferred to create a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to produce approximately 32 ATP per pair of NADH/FADH2 molecules. In total, the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule typically yields about 36 ATP.

Oxidation and reduction

som allul

1. The document discusses oxidation-reduction reactions and key concepts like oxidation, reduction, and oxidation numbers. It also defines important coenzymes like NAD, FAD, and ATP that are involved in cellular respiration. 2. Key details are provided about the structures and roles of NAD, FAD, and ATP in metabolism. NAD and FAD act as electron carriers in redox reactions and the citric acid cycle. ATP is discussed as the main energy currency molecule in cells. 3. The pathways of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation are summarized in relation to the roles of NAD, FAD, and ATP production.

Cellular respiration

joebae

1) Cellular respiration uses oxygen and food to produce energy in the form of ATP through a series of chemical reactions. 2) There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration which uses oxygen to produce 38 ATP and anaerobic respiration which produces only 2 ATP without oxygen. 3) Aerobic respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain - to fully break down glucose and produce large amounts of ATP through chemiosmosis.

RESPIRATION!!!

Rachel Hill

Respiration is the process by which cells use oxygen to break down glucose and other food molecules, and use the energy from these reactions to produce ATP, which cells use as energy currency. It occurs in three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and oxidative phosphorylation. During these stages, electrons are transferred through electron carriers and coenzymes like NADH and FADH2, building up a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane. ATP is then produced as protons flow back through ATP synthase enzymes. The overall process converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP to power cellular work.

Aerobic cellular respiration

megtay

Here are the key steps and ATP yields from aerobic cellular respiration: - Glycolysis yields 2 ATP and 2 NADH - Pyruvate oxidation yields 2 more NADH - Krebs cycle yields 2 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 - Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis yields about 30-32 ATP from each NADH and 10 ATP from each FADH2 So for a single glucose molecule undergoing full aerobic respiration: - Glycolysis: 2 ATP - Pyruvate oxidation: None - Krebs cycle: 2 ATP + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 - Electron transport chain: 30 ATP

Respiration

Beth Lee

1) Respiration requires oxygen to fully oxidize nutrients and produce more ATP. It involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, and the electron transport chain, where ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation. 2) During aerobic respiration, glucose breakdown yields up to 36 ATP molecules, with most ATP generated in the mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration like fermentation only yields 2 ATP per glucose without oxygen. 3) The structure of mitochondria, with its inner and outer membranes, matrix, and cristae, allows for compartmentalization of redox reactions and generation of a proton gradient across the inner membrane for ATP production via chemiosmosis.

Glycolysis

JLoknathDora

Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down, producing pyruvate, ATP, NADH, and water. It occurs in the cytoplasm through a 10 step pathway involving 6 enzymes. The key products are 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. The TCA cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the mitochondria. It is an aerobic 8 step cycle that produces 6 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 FADH2. The electron transport chain uses these products to power oxidative phosphorylation, producing large amounts of ATP through the transfer of electrons from donors like NADH to oxygen.

Energy & Respiration.pdf

MashyINeedYourHelp

1. ATP is produced through substrate-linked reactions and chemiosmosis during aerobic respiration. Glucose breakdown occurs in four stages: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. 2. Glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules with a net gain of two ATP. The link reaction forms acetyl-CoA, and the Krebs cycle generates two ATP, two CO2, and reduced cofactors. 3. During oxidative phosphorylation, protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane, establishing a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to produce large amounts of ATP via chemiosmosis.

Cellular Respiration

wcadigpub2009zs

GEN BIO 1 (JET^J NATASHA).ppmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmtx

PantzPastor

Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration both break down glucose to produce energy, but they differ in their mechanisms and yields. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and fully breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide and water, releasing much more energy in the form of 38 ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and can only partially break down glucose via fermentation, releasing much less energy as only 2 ATP molecules. Both mechanisms allow organisms to live in different environments and provide energy, with aerobic respiration being more efficient but requiring oxygen.

Cape biology unit 2 -_atp_respiration_and_photosynthesis_version_2

Hilton Ritch

Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that take place in cells. These reactions are organized into metabolic pathways, with intermediates called metabolites. Catabolic reactions like respiration release energy by breaking down molecules, while anabolic reactions like photosynthesis use energy to synthesize molecules. Photosynthesis and respiration are reverse processes that convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored as ATP that powers cellular functions.

number 18 please explain thanks the membrane they enable mechan.pdf

michardsonkhaicarr37

number 18 please explain thanks the membrane they enable mechanicol work such as bacterial bacteria flagel rotating this reaction? ATP Yield 16. What is a by-product of Events/ Products electrons and protons that They were used to donate oxidation of glucose ATP into water and created the turned oxygen molecules molecule molecules inder of the 32 ATP Production of 2 reduced process by which ATP is 17, Chemiasmosis is the produced es hydrogen ions Production of 2 reduced move down their concentration enzyme is involved in this coenzyme gradient. What protein process? ATP synthase Release of 2 molecules summary of ATP synthesis Phosphorylation of 2 ADP molecules 18 Complete the following summary of cellular respiration l I Release of 4 molecules of CO2 Production of 8 reduced Up to ATP maximum Solution Ques-18: Summary of ATP synthesis during cellular respiration: Cellular respiration is the utilization of oxygen by the cell for the synthesis of metabolic products such as sugars, fats, proteins etc. In humans, cellular respiration takes place in cytosol & in the mitochondria (power hoses of the cell), in which the most of the metabolic processes takes place. Blood carries the oxygen to each cell in the body and again collects the carbon dioxide. C6H12O6 (glucose as substrate) + 6 O2 (g) 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (liq) + heat In this reaction, glucose oxidized and oxygen reduced. Glucose ----> 686 kcal/mol of free energy One ATP ----> produce 7.3 kcal/mol Now 7.3 x 36 (ATP produced from one mole of glucose via glycolysis, Kreb\'s cycle, oxidative posphorylation) = 262.8 kcal/mol for all ATP\'s produced 262.8 / 686 = 38.3% energy efficiency & it is recovered from aerobic respiration of one mole of glucose The remaining 423.2 kcal/mole is the energy used for the other cellular miscellaneous activities such as some of the phosphorylation processes are mediated by ATP in both glycolysis, Krebs’s cycle as well as during electron transport. Therefore, remaining 61.6% energy utilized during enzymatic reaction mediated by substrate level phosphorylation reactions of cellular respiration. The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis. Total per one glucose molecule ---> 4 CO2 generated Two citric acid cycles Two glycolysis cycles Glycolysis is an anaerobic process & takes place in cytosol, through which one glucose molecules is breakdown into two molecules of three-carbon pyruvate. The glycolysis of each glucose molecule generates 2 ATP molecules. ATP synthesis from anaerobic process is via glycolysis of glucose in the presence of various enzymes. Glucose + 2 NAD+ (oxidized) + 2 Pi + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH (reduced) + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + heat Citric acid cycle: The pyruvate generated by the glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA that enters into the citric acid cycle. Citric acid cycle involves a series of reactions that occur in the presence of oxygen. Citric acid cycle generates NADH, which enters into the oxidative phosphorylation process. This .

Glycolysis

Hanu Pratap

Complete Glycolysis in short or easy way to understand Glycolysis is derived from the Greek words glykys = sweet and lysis = splitting. This pathway was described by EMBDEN,MEYERHOFF and PARNAS. Hence, it is also called EMP PATHWAY. glycolysis is the process in which 1 molecule of glucose broken down to form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.thus, 4 ATP molecules are synthesised and 2 ATP molecules are used during glycolysis. it occur in cytoplasm of animal cells,plant cell.

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Although O_2 does not participate directly in the reactions of the TC.pdf

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