Alteration oxygen

1. MICROTEACHING
: ALTERATIONS IN
OXYGENATION

2. Objective
• Introduction
• . Definition
• . Types of hypoxia
• . Stages of hypoxia

3. Introduction of hypoxia
• Hypoxia is lack of oxygen at the tissue level while hypoxaemia implies
a low arterial oxygen tension below the normal expected value ( 85-
100mm hg.)
• DEFINITION
• . Hypoxia is an insufficient supply of oxygen to meet the demands of
the body .

4. There are four basic types of hypoxia.
• Hypoxic hypoxia :
• Occurs when there is a deficiency in oxygen exchange in the
lungs.some causes include :
• conditions that block the exchange at the alveolar capillary level ( e.g
pneumonia, pulmonary edema , asthma, drowning.)

5. • Amenia ( hypemic ) hypoxia :
• . Occurs when the body cannot transport the available oxygen to the
target tissues.
• Causes include:
• Amenia from acute or chronic blood loss .
• CarbOn monoxide poisoning.
• . Medications: such as aspirin, sulfonamide and nitrites.
• Methemoglobinemia .
• Sickle cell disease.

6. • Stagnant hypoxia:
• Occurs when there is insufficient blood flow.causes include:
• Heart failure.
• Decreased circulating blood volume.
• vasodilation.

7. • Histotoxic ( histology) hypoxia:
• Occurs when the body’s tissues are not able to use the oxygen that
has been delyto them.this is not a true hypoxia because the tissue
oxygenation levels may be at or above normal
• Causes include:
• cyanide poisoning.
• Alcohol consumption.
• Narcotics.

8. Stages of Hypoxia
• There are four stages of Hypoxia.

9. Asymptomatic or indifferent:
• People are not generally aware of the effects if hypoxia at this stage.
The primary symptoms are a loss of night vision and a loss of color
vision.
• These changes can occur at relatively modest altitudes ( ad low 4,000
feet ) and are probably most significant to pilots operating at night.
• Arterial oxygen saturations are typically between 90 and 95 percent.

10. Compensatory:
• In healthy people, this stage may occur at altitudes between 10,000
and 15,000 feet .
• The body generally has the ability to stave off further effects of
hypoxia by increasing the rate and depth of ventilation and cardiac
output.
• Arterial oxygen saturations during this phase are typically between 80
and 90 percent.

11. Deterioration or distrubance:
• In this state, people are unable to compensate for the lack of
oxygen.unfortunately , not everyone recognizes or experiences the
signs and symptoms associated with this stage.
• If they do not , they cannot take steps to correct the problem .arterial
oxygen saturations during this phase typically are between 70 and 80
percent.

12. Critical:
• This is the terminal stage leading up to death . People are almost
completely incapacitated physically and mentally.
• People in this stage will lose consciousness, have conversations, stop
breathing and finally die.
• Arterial oxygen saturations are less than 70 percent.

13. Monitoring oxygen levels:
• Pulse oximeters are the most common device for monitoring patient’s
oxygen status.

14. Summary
• We have just learn about
• Introduction
• Definition of hypoxia
• Types of hypoxia and stages of hypoxia

15. Conclusion
• Hypoxia is an insufficient supply of oxygen to meet the demands of
the body.

16. Bibliography
• Textbook of Nursing foundation ( as per INC new syllabus)
• I Clement ( 3rd Edition )
• Jaypee brother medical publishers (p) LTD.

17. thank you......😊