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Aldehidet dhe ketonet-klasifikimi, emërtimi dhe
izomeria
Aldehidet dhe ketonet - Komponimet organike oksigjenike
(që përmbajnë C,H dhe O) me grup funksional:
• grup funksional i përbashkët për disa komponime organike si:
aldehideve, ketoneve, acideve karboksilike, anhidrideve
të acideve karboksilike, estereve, amideve.
Aldehidet dhe ketonet i takojnë klasës së
komponimeve karbonile
(dhe të gjitha ato komponime që përmbajnë grup karbonil)
Struktura e grupit karbonil:
Atomi C të grupit karbonil ka hibridizim sp2
*krijon 3 lidhje sigma me tri atomet fqinje me
me të cilat gjenden në një rrafsh
*krijon edhe një lidhje pi me atomin e oksigjenit me
bashkangjitje anësore të orbitales 2p të pahibridizuar te C dhe orbitales
p të atomit të oksigjenit sipas figurës më poshtë
Kuptimi mbi aldehidet dhe ketonet
C=O të
• Ketonet - komponime që në përbërjen e tyre kanë grupin
lidhur për dy radikale.
C=O është grupi funksionali aldehideve, quhet grupi karbonil (ose keto)
• Aldehidet – komponime që në përbërjen e tyre kanë grupin –CHO të
lidhur për radikal.
–CHO është grupi funksionali aldehideve, quhet grupi aldehidik
Emërtimi i aldehideve:
sipas IUPAC-ut emërtohen ashtu që emrit të hidrokarburit tëvargut
bazë i shtohet prapashtesa -al
HCHO Metanal
CH3CHO etanal
CH3CH2CHO propanal etj
Për aldehidet e degëzuar, shembull: Shkruaj formulën
racionale të komponimit 2,4,4-trimetilpentanal.
CH3 CH3
CH3-C-CH2-CH- CH3
CH3
Emërtimi i ketoneve:
sipas IUPAC-ut emërtohen ashtu që emrit të hidrokarburit tëvargut
bazë i shtohet prapashtesa -on
CH3-CO-CH3 Propanon
CH3-CO-CH2-CH3 butanon
CH3CH2COCH2CH3 pentan-3-on
CH3COCH2CH2CH3 pentan-2-on etj
Për ketonet e degëzuar, shembull: Shkruaj formulën
racionale të ketonit 2,4-dimetilpentan-3-on.
CH3 CH3
CH3-CH-CO-CH- CH3
Ndarja dhe izomeria e aldehideve dhe ketoneve
Ndarja e aldehideve:
-sipas llojit të radikalit:
Aliciklike,ciklike
Alifatike aromatike
-sipas numrit të gr. -CHO:
Monoaldehide, dialdehide
Ndarja e ketoneve:
- sipas llojit të radikalit:
Simetrike dhe josimetrike
-sipas numrit të gr.funksi
monoketone, diketone
• Izomeria:
-te aldehidet ka vetëm
izomeri të vargut.
-te ketonet ka vetëm izomeri
të pozitës.
-Aldehidet dhe ketonet mes
veti janë izomerë të grupeve
funksionale.

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Aldehidet dhe ketonet-klasifikimi, emërtimi dhe izomeria.pptx

  • 1. Aldehidet dhe ketonet-klasifikimi, emërtimi dhe izomeria Aldehidet dhe ketonet - Komponimet organike oksigjenike (që përmbajnë C,H dhe O) me grup funksional: • grup funksional i përbashkët për disa komponime organike si: aldehideve, ketoneve, acideve karboksilike, anhidrideve të acideve karboksilike, estereve, amideve.
  • 2. Aldehidet dhe ketonet i takojnë klasës së komponimeve karbonile (dhe të gjitha ato komponime që përmbajnë grup karbonil) Struktura e grupit karbonil: Atomi C të grupit karbonil ka hibridizim sp2 *krijon 3 lidhje sigma me tri atomet fqinje me me të cilat gjenden në një rrafsh *krijon edhe një lidhje pi me atomin e oksigjenit me bashkangjitje anësore të orbitales 2p të pahibridizuar te C dhe orbitales p të atomit të oksigjenit sipas figurës më poshtë
  • 3. Kuptimi mbi aldehidet dhe ketonet C=O të • Ketonet - komponime që në përbërjen e tyre kanë grupin lidhur për dy radikale. C=O është grupi funksionali aldehideve, quhet grupi karbonil (ose keto) • Aldehidet – komponime që në përbërjen e tyre kanë grupin –CHO të lidhur për radikal. –CHO është grupi funksionali aldehideve, quhet grupi aldehidik
  • 4. Emërtimi i aldehideve: sipas IUPAC-ut emërtohen ashtu që emrit të hidrokarburit tëvargut bazë i shtohet prapashtesa -al HCHO Metanal CH3CHO etanal CH3CH2CHO propanal etj Për aldehidet e degëzuar, shembull: Shkruaj formulën racionale të komponimit 2,4,4-trimetilpentanal. CH3 CH3 CH3-C-CH2-CH- CH3 CH3
  • 5. Emërtimi i ketoneve: sipas IUPAC-ut emërtohen ashtu që emrit të hidrokarburit tëvargut bazë i shtohet prapashtesa -on CH3-CO-CH3 Propanon CH3-CO-CH2-CH3 butanon CH3CH2COCH2CH3 pentan-3-on CH3COCH2CH2CH3 pentan-2-on etj Për ketonet e degëzuar, shembull: Shkruaj formulën racionale të ketonit 2,4-dimetilpentan-3-on. CH3 CH3 CH3-CH-CO-CH- CH3
  • 6. Ndarja dhe izomeria e aldehideve dhe ketoneve Ndarja e aldehideve: -sipas llojit të radikalit: Aliciklike,ciklike Alifatike aromatike -sipas numrit të gr. -CHO: Monoaldehide, dialdehide Ndarja e ketoneve: - sipas llojit të radikalit: Simetrike dhe josimetrike -sipas numrit të gr.funksi monoketone, diketone • Izomeria: -te aldehidet ka vetëm izomeri të vargut. -te ketonet ka vetëm izomeri të pozitës. -Aldehidet dhe ketonet mes veti janë izomerë të grupeve funksionale.