A Muslim army from Arabia conquered the Iberian Peninsula in 711, establishing the territory of Al-Andalus except for the northern Christian mountains. Al-Andalus became an independent Caliphate in the 10th century with its capital in Cordoba under Caliph Abderraman III. Major cities included Seville, Cordoba, and Granada, and the Muslims introduced innovations like irrigation and new crops during this prosperous period before the Caliphate divided into Taifa kingdoms in the 11th century.

1. Al-Andalus

3. They conquered the Peninsula except the northen mountains where the Christians took refuge.

5. In the 10 th century Al-Andalus became a Caliphate, independent from Arabia.

6. Its capital was Cordoba.

9. The Muslims introduce inventions like irrigation and some crops like rice and cotton..

11. By: Aurora Esther