1) The document summarizes a presentation on HIV infection in the central nervous system (CNS) and factors associated with early CNS infection.
2) It describes various neurological and behavioral changes associated with HIV in the CNS, including cognitive impairment and motor disorders.
3) The presentation analyzes paired blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 72 HIV-infected individuals within 2 years of infection to study the timing of CNS compartmentalization, relationships between viral loads, inflammation and phylogenetic patterns, and longitudinal maintenance and evolution of compartmentalization.
Clostridium difficile: C. diff is more difficult than ever - presentation by ...IN 30 MINUTES Guides
This document discusses Clostridium difficile, a bacterium that causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. It provides details on pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnostic testing, treatment of initial and recurrent infections, prevention strategies, and new treatments under investigation. Key points include the importance of the host immune response, the increasing incidence and severity of "hypervirulent" strains, challenges in treating recurrent disease, and the potential for vaccines and stool transfer therapy.
This study investigated cardiovascular and gastrointestinal outcomes in clopidogrel users who were also taking proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) using a large cohort of patients in the Netherlands. The study found that clopidogrel users who were also taking PPIs had a 75% higher risk of cardiovascular events compared to clopidogrel-only users. However, the study had limitations such as channeling bias since PPI users had more risk factors, and residual confounding since important risk factors could not be adjusted for. While providing useful insights, the study's findings on the risks of PPI co-administration should be interpreted cautiously due to its limitations.
1) The document summarizes a presentation on HIV infection in the central nervous system (CNS) and factors associated with early CNS infection.
2) It describes various neurological and behavioral changes associated with HIV in the CNS, including cognitive impairment and motor disorders.
3) The presentation analyzes paired blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 72 HIV-infected individuals within 2 years of infection to study the timing of CNS compartmentalization, relationships between viral loads, inflammation and phylogenetic patterns, and longitudinal maintenance and evolution of compartmentalization.
Clostridium difficile: C. diff is more difficult than ever - presentation by ...IN 30 MINUTES Guides
This document discusses Clostridium difficile, a bacterium that causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. It provides details on pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnostic testing, treatment of initial and recurrent infections, prevention strategies, and new treatments under investigation. Key points include the importance of the host immune response, the increasing incidence and severity of "hypervirulent" strains, challenges in treating recurrent disease, and the potential for vaccines and stool transfer therapy.
This study investigated cardiovascular and gastrointestinal outcomes in clopidogrel users who were also taking proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) using a large cohort of patients in the Netherlands. The study found that clopidogrel users who were also taking PPIs had a 75% higher risk of cardiovascular events compared to clopidogrel-only users. However, the study had limitations such as channeling bias since PPI users had more risk factors, and residual confounding since important risk factors could not be adjusted for. While providing useful insights, the study's findings on the risks of PPI co-administration should be interpreted cautiously due to its limitations.
This document summarizes a study that compares how children and adults acquire articles in English as a second language. The study found that both children and adults are influenced by the semantic feature of specificity when using articles. However, adults overextend this and incorrectly use articles in both definite and indefinite contexts, while children only make mistakes in indefinite contexts. The study concludes that both children and adults rely on implicit linguistic knowledge of semantic universals, but adults also develop explicit strategies that lead to overgeneralization of article rules.
How to review a journal paper and prepare oral presentationSeppo Karrila
This document provides guidance on reviewing a journal article and preparing and delivering a scientific presentation. It discusses reviewing an article by answering key questions about the topic, approach, results and implications. When preparing a presentation, the document recommends planning for your audience, structuring your content with an introduction outlining the issue, significance and approach, and creating slides that are simple with short text and large, readable figures and tables. It also provides tips for delivering the presentation, such as practicing your timing, using the microphone, and reminding the audience of key points at the end.
This document provides guidance on how to present a journal club. It discusses the definition and history of journal clubs, their aims to keep participants up to date on current literature and teach critical appraisal skills. Journal clubs can cover a range of topics and formats. The document outlines best practices for selecting articles, presenting critically on the content, and facilitating discussion. It emphasizes the benefits of journal clubs for improving knowledge, skills, and evidence-based practice.
The document provides examples of standard, boring presentation templates and encourages the creation of unique, visually appealing templates instead. It emphasizes using fewer words and more images per slide, varying fonts and colors, and breaking content into multiple slides to keep audiences engaged. Inspiration sources like design blogs and galleries of infographics and slide designs are recommended for making impactful presentations that attract and impress audiences.
This document summarizes a study that compares how children and adults acquire articles in English as a second language. The study found that both children and adults are influenced by the semantic feature of specificity when using articles. However, adults overextend this and incorrectly use articles in both definite and indefinite contexts, while children only make mistakes in indefinite contexts. The study concludes that both children and adults rely on implicit linguistic knowledge of semantic universals, but adults also develop explicit strategies that lead to overgeneralization of article rules.
How to review a journal paper and prepare oral presentationSeppo Karrila
This document provides guidance on reviewing a journal article and preparing and delivering a scientific presentation. It discusses reviewing an article by answering key questions about the topic, approach, results and implications. When preparing a presentation, the document recommends planning for your audience, structuring your content with an introduction outlining the issue, significance and approach, and creating slides that are simple with short text and large, readable figures and tables. It also provides tips for delivering the presentation, such as practicing your timing, using the microphone, and reminding the audience of key points at the end.
This document provides guidance on how to present a journal club. It discusses the definition and history of journal clubs, their aims to keep participants up to date on current literature and teach critical appraisal skills. Journal clubs can cover a range of topics and formats. The document outlines best practices for selecting articles, presenting critically on the content, and facilitating discussion. It emphasizes the benefits of journal clubs for improving knowledge, skills, and evidence-based practice.
The document provides examples of standard, boring presentation templates and encourages the creation of unique, visually appealing templates instead. It emphasizes using fewer words and more images per slide, varying fonts and colors, and breaking content into multiple slides to keep audiences engaged. Inspiration sources like design blogs and galleries of infographics and slide designs are recommended for making impactful presentations that attract and impress audiences.
Thailand guideline for management of chb and chc 2015
Aids medical-and-preventive-treatment-powerpoint-templates-standard
1. ALLPPT.com _ Free PowerPoint Templates, Diagrams and Charts
Internship I
RoenYa Pharmacy
Journal Club
Sofosbuvir plus Ribavirin for treatment of
hepatitis c virus in patients co-infected with HIV
THEERASIN YOMA
(PHOTON-2):a multicentre, Open-label,
non-randomissed, phase 3 study
7. INTRODUCTION
Indication (U.S FDA)
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection
as a component of a combination antiviral treatment
regimen.
SOVALDI efficacy has been established in
subjects with HCV genotype 1, 2, 3 or 4 infection
Hepatocellular carcinoma meeting Milan criteria
(awaiting liver transplantation) and those with HCV/
HIV-1 co-infection.
8. •Sofosbuvir+peginterferon+ribavirin is effective
for treatment of HCV gt 1, 4, 5,6
•Sofosbuvir+ribavirin: high rates of SVR gt 2&38-11
•The PHOTON-1 reported high rates (67–94%)
of SVR : sofosbuvir+ribavirin
-treatment-naive patients with gt.1–3 and
-treatment-experienced patients gt. 2&3
-co-infected with HIV and HCV.
•Used by the American Association for the Study
of Liver Disease and the Infectious Diseases Society
of America in jointly issued treatment guidelines
BACKGROUND
15. ALLPPT.com _ Free PowerPoint Templates, Diagrams and Charts
Internship I
RoenYa Pharmacy
Journal Club
Sofosbuvir plus Ribavirin for treatment of
hepatitis c virus in patients co-infected with HIV
ตั้มเต้หมิวจุน
(PHOTON-2):a multicentre, Open-label,
non-randomissed, phase 3 study
16. OBJECTIVE &RESEARCH QUESION
To assessed the efficacy of sofosbuvir and
ribavirin in patients co-infected with HCV and
HIV.
Aimed to expand on the results of
PHOTON-1 by including patients with HCV
genotype 4, and to verify the benefit
associated with a longer treatment duration
for patients with HCV genotype 3 than for
those with genotype-2 infection, irrespective
of previous treatment.
17. RESEARCH METHODOLODY
Study Type Open-label, Non-randomised, Multicentre,
uncontrolled trial
Setting Data Source 45 Clinical sites in Australia, France,
Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the UK
18. RESEARCH METHODOLODY(con.)
Eligibility
-18 years or older with a body-mass
index of 18 kg/m2
-More and chronic infection with
HCV genotypes 1–4 (serum HCV RNA con
centrations ≥10000 IU/mL)
-HIV-1
19. -Naive patients with HCV genotypes
1–4
-Experienced patients with HCV
genotypes 2 or 3
-Compensated cirrhosis (20%)
RESEARCH METHODOLODY(con.)
InCLUSION CRITERIA
20. RESEARCH METHODOLODY(con.)
Inclusion CRITERIA
Pt. receiving ARV therapy had to have
CD4 T-cell counts of more than 200 cells
per mm3
-HIV-1 RNA concentrations of less than 50
copies per mL
-to be on a stable ARV regimen for more
than 8 weeks before screening
And
And
Patients not receiving ARV therapy
for at least 8 weeks before screening (10%)
had to have CD4 T-cell counts of more
than 500 cells per mm3.
21. RESEARCH METHODOLODY(con.)
Antiretroviral regimens
Emtricitabine + Tenofovir +/- Atazanavir ( Ritonavir-
Boosted Atazanavir ), Darunavir, Efavirenz,
Raltegravir, Pilpivirine
Use of colony-stimulating drugs
at screening or during the study
was prohibited, as was
active illicit drug use.
22. RESEARCH METHODOLODY(con.); Study Design
n=201
I
28
SVR4
I
16
SVR4
On-treatment:intervals , physical examination,review of drugs, safety assessments
(renal function, haemoglobin concentrations,and liver function)
Post-treatment assessments:safety and efficacy
I
4
On treatment Assessment
I
1
23. -Fibroscan (Echosens, Paris, France)
-FibroTest(BioPredictive, Paris, France)
-Liver biopsy within 2 years of screening
RESEARCH METHODOLODY(con.); Study Design
Compensated cirrhosis screening
-Real-Time RT-PCR ; Lower Limit of Quantitation
(LLOQ) ≥ 25 IU/mL
It can defined HCV viral Breakthrongh&relapse
Vital concentration
24. Viral resistance
Obtained blood samples before, dosing
(baseline) and at each subsequent visit.
gene nucleotide changes : non-structural 5B
polymerase region
-Confer resistance to sofosbuvir, were assesse
d at baseline and at the time of HCV relapse
or breakthrough
-Use of deep sequencing with a sensitivity
of 1%.
RESEARCH METHODOLODY(con.); Study Design
25. Primary Efficacy endpoint
The proportion of patients with
SVR-12 weeks after treatment.
[defined as an HCV RNA conc. low
er than the LLOQ 12 wks after end
of treatment.]
Study End Points
RESEARCH METHODOLODY(con.)
39. STATISTIC ANALYSIS
• No formal comparisons between grou
ps
Because there was no active control gro
up,
• Not do a sample-size calculation base
d on treatment difference
• But rather established the expected 95
% CI for point estimates of SVR12 weeks
after treatment on the basis of historical
response rates (appendix).
40. • These target numbers on the basis of
overall genotype prevalence in the HIV
and HCV co-infected population, and to
provide a reasonable estimate of SVR12
weeks after treatment, with appropriate
95% CIs.
• All patients who received at least one
dose of study treatment
STATISTIC ANALYSIS
49. Absence of cirrhosis was predictive of sustain virological response 12 weeks after treatment (Sho
wed that in odd ratio). In patient with HCV genotype 2-4 no baseline factors were predictive of s
ustained virological response in exploratory multivariable analysis.
53
51. 4 patient had serious adverse events regarded as related to study treatment
(2 patients anemia 1 patient thrombocytopenia and petechiae and 1 patient had mannia)
55
52. Identified gene variants
• 31 Patients Virological Failure
Genotype Gene variant Response
S282T - Resistance Sofosbuvir Not present
3a HCV L159F
S282T
V321A
-slow response treatment 5%
3.4%
2.5%
L159F -virological breakthrough 2.2%
1 HCV L159F - relapse 1 patient
3a HCV 1 patient
• L159F & V321A
- Slight effect on susceptible Sofosbuvir in vitro
- with change of 1.3 time (L159F) and 1.4 time (V321A) in
median effective concentrations
56