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Good quality Journals,
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ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
Role of remote sensing and gis in infrastructural plan and identifying ecolog...PRADEEP M.S
The .ppt has made for to present and get Master of Science degree on Applied Geography and Geoinformatics from Central University of Karnataka Kalaburgi.
Efficiency and Capability of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information ...nitinrane33
In this review paper, the potential of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) for sustainable groundwater management and development is explored. Recent literature on the use of RS and GIS in groundwater resource management is analyzed, evaluating the efficiency and capability of these technologies throughout various stages of groundwater management. Challenges and limitations associated with their use are also highlighted, with potential solutions proposed to overcome them. Ultimately, the review concludes that RS and GIS are powerful tools for sustainable groundwater management and development, with significant benefits in terms of cost-effectiveness, accuracy, and time-efficiency. However, more research is needed to improve their integration in groundwater management and address current limitations. Overall, this review offers valuable insights into the potential of RS and GIS in sustainable groundwater management and development.
Applications of GIS in Municipal Solid Waste ManagementVignesh Sekar
Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to input, store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and output geographically referenced data. In order to support decision making for planning and management of land use, natural resources, environment, transportation, urban facilities, and other administrative records.The Role of GIS is very large as many aspects of its planning and operations are highly dependent on spatial data & also provides a digital data bank for future monitoring program of the site…….etc
Soil Characterization and Classification: A Hybrid Approach of Computer Visio...IJECEIAES
This paper presents soil characterization and classification using computer vision & sensor network approach. Gravity Analog Soil Moisture Sensor with arduino-uno and image processing is considered for classification and characterization of soils. For the data sets, Amhara regions and Addis Ababa city of Ethiopia are considered for this study. In this research paper the total of 6 group of soil and each having 90 images are used. That is, form these 540 images were captured. Once the dataset is collected, pre-processing and noise filtering steps are performed to achieve the goal of the study through MATLAB, 2013. Classification and characterization is performed through BPNN (Back-propagation neural network), the neural network consists of 7 inputs feature vectors and 6 neurons in its output layer to classify soils. 89.7% accuracy is achieved when back-propagation neural network (BPNN) is used.
The effects of multiple layers feed-forward neural network transfer function ...IJECEIAES
In the area of machine learning performance analysis is the major task in order to get a better performance both in training and testing model. In addition, performance analysis of machine learning techniques helps to identify how the machine is performing on the given input and also to find any improvements needed to make on the learning model. Feed-forward neural network (FFNN) has different area of applications, but the epoch convergences of the network differs from the usage of transfer function. In this study, to build the model for classification and moisture prediction of soil, rectified linear units (ReLU), Sigmoid, hyperbolic tangent (Tanh) and Gaussian transfer function of feed-forward neural network had been analyzed to identify an appropriate transfer function. Color, texture, shape and brisk local feature descriptor are used as a feature vector of FFNN in the input layer and 4 hidden layers were considered in this study. In each hidden layer 26 neurons are used. From the experiment, Gaussian transfer function outperforms than ReLU, sigmoid and tanh transfer function. But the convergence rate of Gaussian transfer function took more epoch than ReLU, Sigmoid and tanh.
Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Hotel Site Selection inventionjournals
In the Multi Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) context, the selection is facilitated by evaluating each choice on the set of criteria. The criteria must be measurable and their outcomes must be measured for every decision alternative. In This Paper the decision making process frame work was developed to provide Hotel site suitability map. Road, river , built up areas n and the Available area were prepared as layers in ArcGIS 10.2 to create suitability model for development area. The results of this analysis indicated that 41% of the study area is considered as the most suitable place for hotel site selection, 33% of the area as moderately suitable and 21% percent as marginally suitable. A portion of 5% was found to be not suitable areas for hotel site selection
An integrated multiple layer perceptron-genetic algorithm decision support sy...IJECEIAES
There is a need for non-renewable energy sources in generation of power for almost every domestic and commercial purposes. This source of energy helps in the development of a country. Because of the increasing usage of the fossil fuels and depletion of these resources, our focus has been shifted towards the renewable sources of energy like solar, water and wind. Therefore, in the present scenario, the usage of renewable sources has been increasing rapidly. Selection of a solar power plant (SPP) requires environmental factor, local terrain, and local weather issues. Thus, a large amount of investment is required for installation. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is a method that identifies one in choosing the best sites among the other proposed options. This paper gives a detailed study of optimal ranking of SPP site using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), multiple layer perceptron (MLP) neural network trained with back propagation (BP) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA). Three SPP sites of India were considered and various important criteria like local weather, geographical location, and environmental factors are included in our study as SPP site selection is a multi-criteria problem. A precise comparison of these three methods is listed in this paper.
Implemented various classification models using R language to identify which one performs best for prediction of soil fertility and which properties are important in defining the fertility of soil.
Comparison of multi‑infuence factor, weight of evidence and frequency ratio ...nitinrane33
Groundwater is the largest available reservoir of freshwater. But the rapid increase in the
population and urbanisation, has led to over exploitation of groundwater which imposed
tremendous pressure on global groundwater resources. Because of the hidden and dynamic
nature of groundwater, it requires appropriate quantifcation for the formulation of ground-
water planning and management strategies. The present study evaluates the efcacy of
geospatial technology based Multi Infuence Factor (MIF), Weight of Evidence (WofE)
and Frequency Ratio (FR) technique to evaluate groundwater potential using a case study
of basaltic terrain. The thematic layers infuencing the groundwater occurrence viz. rain-
fall, slope, geomorphology, soil type, land use, drainage density, lineament density, and
elevation were prepared using satellite images, hydrologic, hydrogeologic and relevant
feld data. Based on the conceptual frameworks of MIF, WofE and FR techniques these
thematic layers and their features were assigned with appropriate weight and then inte-
grated in the ArcGIS platform for the generation of aggregated raster layer which portray
the groundwater potential zones. The results of validation showed that the groundwater
potential delineated using MIF technique has a prediction accuracy of 81.94%, followed by
WofE technique (76.19%) and FR techniques (71.43%). It is concluded that for evaluation
of groundwater potential, the MIF technique is most reliable, followed by the WofE tech-
nique. The evaluated groundwater potential zones are useful as a scientifc guide to identify
the suitable location of wells and recharge structure in a cost-efcient way and also for the
development of structured and pragmatic groundwater management strategies.
Role of remote sensing and gis in infrastructural plan and identifying ecolog...PRADEEP M.S
The .ppt has made for to present and get Master of Science degree on Applied Geography and Geoinformatics from Central University of Karnataka Kalaburgi.
Efficiency and Capability of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information ...nitinrane33
In this review paper, the potential of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) for sustainable groundwater management and development is explored. Recent literature on the use of RS and GIS in groundwater resource management is analyzed, evaluating the efficiency and capability of these technologies throughout various stages of groundwater management. Challenges and limitations associated with their use are also highlighted, with potential solutions proposed to overcome them. Ultimately, the review concludes that RS and GIS are powerful tools for sustainable groundwater management and development, with significant benefits in terms of cost-effectiveness, accuracy, and time-efficiency. However, more research is needed to improve their integration in groundwater management and address current limitations. Overall, this review offers valuable insights into the potential of RS and GIS in sustainable groundwater management and development.
Applications of GIS in Municipal Solid Waste ManagementVignesh Sekar
Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to input, store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and output geographically referenced data. In order to support decision making for planning and management of land use, natural resources, environment, transportation, urban facilities, and other administrative records.The Role of GIS is very large as many aspects of its planning and operations are highly dependent on spatial data & also provides a digital data bank for future monitoring program of the site…….etc
Soil Characterization and Classification: A Hybrid Approach of Computer Visio...IJECEIAES
This paper presents soil characterization and classification using computer vision & sensor network approach. Gravity Analog Soil Moisture Sensor with arduino-uno and image processing is considered for classification and characterization of soils. For the data sets, Amhara regions and Addis Ababa city of Ethiopia are considered for this study. In this research paper the total of 6 group of soil and each having 90 images are used. That is, form these 540 images were captured. Once the dataset is collected, pre-processing and noise filtering steps are performed to achieve the goal of the study through MATLAB, 2013. Classification and characterization is performed through BPNN (Back-propagation neural network), the neural network consists of 7 inputs feature vectors and 6 neurons in its output layer to classify soils. 89.7% accuracy is achieved when back-propagation neural network (BPNN) is used.
The effects of multiple layers feed-forward neural network transfer function ...IJECEIAES
In the area of machine learning performance analysis is the major task in order to get a better performance both in training and testing model. In addition, performance analysis of machine learning techniques helps to identify how the machine is performing on the given input and also to find any improvements needed to make on the learning model. Feed-forward neural network (FFNN) has different area of applications, but the epoch convergences of the network differs from the usage of transfer function. In this study, to build the model for classification and moisture prediction of soil, rectified linear units (ReLU), Sigmoid, hyperbolic tangent (Tanh) and Gaussian transfer function of feed-forward neural network had been analyzed to identify an appropriate transfer function. Color, texture, shape and brisk local feature descriptor are used as a feature vector of FFNN in the input layer and 4 hidden layers were considered in this study. In each hidden layer 26 neurons are used. From the experiment, Gaussian transfer function outperforms than ReLU, sigmoid and tanh transfer function. But the convergence rate of Gaussian transfer function took more epoch than ReLU, Sigmoid and tanh.
Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Hotel Site Selection inventionjournals
In the Multi Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) context, the selection is facilitated by evaluating each choice on the set of criteria. The criteria must be measurable and their outcomes must be measured for every decision alternative. In This Paper the decision making process frame work was developed to provide Hotel site suitability map. Road, river , built up areas n and the Available area were prepared as layers in ArcGIS 10.2 to create suitability model for development area. The results of this analysis indicated that 41% of the study area is considered as the most suitable place for hotel site selection, 33% of the area as moderately suitable and 21% percent as marginally suitable. A portion of 5% was found to be not suitable areas for hotel site selection
An integrated multiple layer perceptron-genetic algorithm decision support sy...IJECEIAES
There is a need for non-renewable energy sources in generation of power for almost every domestic and commercial purposes. This source of energy helps in the development of a country. Because of the increasing usage of the fossil fuels and depletion of these resources, our focus has been shifted towards the renewable sources of energy like solar, water and wind. Therefore, in the present scenario, the usage of renewable sources has been increasing rapidly. Selection of a solar power plant (SPP) requires environmental factor, local terrain, and local weather issues. Thus, a large amount of investment is required for installation. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is a method that identifies one in choosing the best sites among the other proposed options. This paper gives a detailed study of optimal ranking of SPP site using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), multiple layer perceptron (MLP) neural network trained with back propagation (BP) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA). Three SPP sites of India were considered and various important criteria like local weather, geographical location, and environmental factors are included in our study as SPP site selection is a multi-criteria problem. A precise comparison of these three methods is listed in this paper.
Implemented various classification models using R language to identify which one performs best for prediction of soil fertility and which properties are important in defining the fertility of soil.
Comparison of multi‑infuence factor, weight of evidence and frequency ratio ...nitinrane33
Groundwater is the largest available reservoir of freshwater. But the rapid increase in the
population and urbanisation, has led to over exploitation of groundwater which imposed
tremendous pressure on global groundwater resources. Because of the hidden and dynamic
nature of groundwater, it requires appropriate quantifcation for the formulation of ground-
water planning and management strategies. The present study evaluates the efcacy of
geospatial technology based Multi Infuence Factor (MIF), Weight of Evidence (WofE)
and Frequency Ratio (FR) technique to evaluate groundwater potential using a case study
of basaltic terrain. The thematic layers infuencing the groundwater occurrence viz. rain-
fall, slope, geomorphology, soil type, land use, drainage density, lineament density, and
elevation were prepared using satellite images, hydrologic, hydrogeologic and relevant
feld data. Based on the conceptual frameworks of MIF, WofE and FR techniques these
thematic layers and their features were assigned with appropriate weight and then inte-
grated in the ArcGIS platform for the generation of aggregated raster layer which portray
the groundwater potential zones. The results of validation showed that the groundwater
potential delineated using MIF technique has a prediction accuracy of 81.94%, followed by
WofE technique (76.19%) and FR techniques (71.43%). It is concluded that for evaluation
of groundwater potential, the MIF technique is most reliable, followed by the WofE tech-
nique. The evaluated groundwater potential zones are useful as a scientifc guide to identify
the suitable location of wells and recharge structure in a cost-efcient way and also for the
development of structured and pragmatic groundwater management strategies.
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WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
1. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
PAPER • OPEN ACCESS
Agriculture land suitability analysis evaluation
based multi criteria and GIS approach
To cite this article: Goma Bedawi Ahmed et al 2016 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 37 012044
View the article online for updates and enhancements.
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2. Agriculture land suitability analysis evaluation based multi
criteria and GIS approach
Goma Bedawi Ahmed1, 2*
, Abdul Rashid M. Shariff 1
, Siva Kumar Balasundram 3
,
Ahmad Fikri bin Abdullah4
1
Geospatial Information Science Research Centre (GISRC), University Putra Malaysia
2
Arab Center for Desert Research and Development of Desert Communities Morzok- Libya
3
Department of Agriculture Technology, University Putra Malaysia
4
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University Putra Malaysia
E-mail: joma762001@gmail.com
Abstract. Land suitability evaluation (LSE) is a valuable tool for land use planning in major
countries of the world as well as in Malaysia. However, previous LSE studies have been
conducted with the use of biophysical and ecological datasets for the design of equally
important socio–economic variables. Therefore, this research has been conducted at the sub
national level to estimate suitable agricultural land for rubber crops in Seremban, Malaysia by
application of physical variables in combination with widely employed biophysical and
ecological variables. The objective of this study has been to provide an up–to date GIS-based
agricultural land suitability evaluation (ALSE) for determining suitable agricultural land for
Rubber crops in Malaysia. Biophysical and ecological factors were assumed to influence
agricultural land use were assembled and the weights of their respective contributions to land
suitability for agricultural uses were assessed using an analytic hierarchical process. The result
of this study found Senawang, Mambau, Sandakan and Rantau as the most suitable areas for
cultivating Rubber; whereas, Nilai and Labu are moderately suitable for growing rubber.
Lenggeng, Mantin and Pantai are not suitable for growing rubber as the study foresaw potential
environmental degradation of these locations from agricultural intensification. While this study
could be useful in assessing the potential agricultural yields and potential environmental
degradation in the study area, it could also help to estimate the potential conversion of
agricultural land to non–agricultural uses.
1. Introduction
The growing population numbers, acutely in developing countries, has intensified the pressure on both
natural and agricultural resources. To meet the economic demands of the growing world population,
an increased economic return is required. Both population increases and the process of urbanization
have increased the pressure on agricultural resources [1]. This increased pressure on the available land
resources may result in land degradation [2]. Dependable and accurate land evaluation is, therefore,
indispensable to the decision-making processes involved in developing land use policies that will
support sustainable rural development. If self-sufficiency in agricultural production is to be achieved
in developing and transitional countries, land evaluation techniques will be required to develop models
for predicting the land’s suitability for different types of agriculture [3].
Multi-criteria evaluation processes are already used in some regional planning processes since they
aim at ‘‘estimating the potential of land for alternative land uses; among which, the agricultural land
use may be the most important area where it is applied’’ [4]. This method could play a key role in
future land-use planning [4, 5]. Agricultural land suitability classification based on indigenous
knowledge is vital to land use planning. The systematic assessment of land and water potential aims to
identify and put into practice future alternative land uses that will best meet the needs of the people
while at the same time safeguarding resources for the future [6].
The land evaluation method is the systematic assessment of land potential to find out the most
suitable area for cultivating some specific crop. Theoretically, the potential of land suitability for
agricultural use is determined by an evaluation process of the climate, soil, water resources and
topographical, as well as the environmental components under the criteria given and the understanding
8th IGRSM International Conference and Exhibition on Remote Sensing & GIS (IGRSM 2016) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 37 (2016) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/37/1/012044
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3. of the local biophysical restraints [7]. The use of GIS Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM)
methods allows the user to derive knowledge from different sources in order to support land use
planning and management [7, 8]. One multi-attribute technique that has been incorporated into the
GIS-based land use suitability procedure is the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) [9, 10]. MCDM
methods, such as the AHP method, have been successfully applied to land evaluation techniques [11].
These methods, which aim to allow for a transparent decision-making base, are, however, only rarely
used in developing and transitional countries such as Malaysia. We have used a GIS-based MCDM
land suitability analysis method to classify the study area (Seremban District) with respect to the
potential for Rubber cultivation. We assumed that this goal could effectively help agricultural
insurance through the identification and separation of land-based capabilities with regards to
environmental, Biophysical and Socio-economical potential.
2. Multi-criteria decision making MCDM approaches
Multi-criteria decision making MCDM approaches were developed in the 1960s in order to assist
decision makers in incorporating numerous options, reflecting the opinions of concerned parties into a
potential or retrospective framework. This framework is ‘‘primarily concerned with how to combine
the information from several criteria to form a single index of evaluation’’ [10]. They were designed
to define the relationship between data input and data output. The integration of the GIS and MCDM
methods provides powerful spatial analysis functions[12, 13]. In the MCDM approach, GIS is best
suited for handling a wide range of data criteria at multi-spatial, multi-temporal and multi-scale from
different sources for a time-efficient and cost-effective analysis. Therefore, there is growing interest in
incorporating the GIS capability with MCDM processes[14].
The Analytical Hierarchy Process is a well-known multi-criteria technique that has been incorporated
into GIS-based suitability procedures [10]. For the classification of land suitability within our case
study area in Seremban, we utilized the AHP’s ability to incorporate different types of input data, and
the pairwise comparison method for comparing two parameters, simultaneously. The application of the
AHP process involves several steps in order to rank Criteria or factors to the set of suitable criteria.
This is usually achieved by domain and experts’ opinions: The consistency of the overall set of
pairwise comparisons is assessed using its Consistency Ratio CR).
One of the most important factors affecting the land suitability classification for cultivation is soil
properties. The soil properties’ criteria consist of soil texture, surface stoniness, soil depth, pH, EC,
soil phosphorus, Potassium and organic matter.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study area
Seremban city is the largest district and the capital of the Negeri Sembilan State. The study area is
located between longitudes (101o 45' 0" E and 102o 6' 0" E) and latitudes (3o 0' 0" N and 2o 30' 0" N).
The city occupies a total land area of approximately 935.78 sq. km. Seremban City includes the
districts of Seremban, Setul, Labu, Rasah, Ampangan, Rantau, Pantai and Lenggeng (Fig. 1).
Seremban is located at about 20 kilometers from Putrajaya, which is considered the national capital of
Malaysia, and at about 67 kilometers from Kuala Lumpur, the economic center of Malaysia.
8th IGRSM International Conference and Exhibition on Remote Sensing & GIS (IGRSM 2016) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 37 (2016) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/37/1/012044
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4. Figure 1. Location of the study area, Seremban district.
3.2 Methodology
Figure 2. Flowchart of methodology.
3.3 Data collection and preparation using GIS
For the Data Preparation for the Spatial Analysis, geographical, climatic, proximity and
socioeconomic factors that influence land suitability for agricultural uses were aggregated in this study
[15]. All these factors constitute the criterion maps; and, the maps were projected to the same scale,
boundary extent, resolution and spatial reference before they were standardized to a cell size of 300 m
and UTM Zone 47N projection.
8th IGRSM International Conference and Exhibition on Remote Sensing & GIS (IGRSM 2016) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 37 (2016) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/37/1/012044
3
5. 3.3.1Soil
Landform data for the study area were derived from the 1:50 000 topographic map of Peninsular
Malaysia (JUPEM, 2010). The soil characteristic was acquired from the data supplied by the
Malaysian department of Agriculture (2010). The original landform and soil data were obtained in
vector format and were converted into 300m raster data after they were clipped to the boundary of the
study area.
3.3.2 Slope
The slope data were derived from the 1:50 000 contour data using the method described by (Deng,
2011). The slope dataset was re-classified based on the NPP classification sequence to represent
different suitability situations.
3.3.3 Climatic factor
Climate variables were aggregated based on the annual averages. Kriging interpolation was used to
determine the spatial approximations and to calculate the value of the variables for each grid.
4. Suitability Classification
This study used the four levels of (Table 2) [highly suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), marginally
suitable (S3) and unsuitable (N)] suitability classes commonly used by the Food and Agricultural
Organization (FAO, 1976)[16]. A complex decision problem was decomposed into its constituent
criteria. The criteria were, therefore, prioritized according to their relative importance within each
level.
Table 1. Classes of suitability Source[16].
Code Class Description
S1 Highly suitable land having no significant limitation for agricultural productivity
S2 Moderately suitable land having some limitations that are severe for sustained
productivity
S3 Marginally suitable land with major limitations for sustained agricultural productivity
N Unsuitable land with extreme limitations for sustained agricultural productivity
4.1. Generation of the Criterion Maps
The criterion maps were classified into four classes (Table 1). Raster layers have numerical values 4,
3, 2 or 1, which represent S1 (highly suitable), S2 (moderately suitable), S3 (marginally suitable) and
N (not suitable).
4.2. Standardization of the criteria
The process of setting the relative importance of each criterion is known as the standardization of the
criteria [10]. In this process, scales of 0 to 1, 0 to 10 or 0 to 100 (etc.) are normally used for the criteria
standardization. A pairwise comparison technique is typically used for rating and standardizing the
ordinal values. In order to compare the criteria with each other, all values needed to be transformed to
the same unit of measurement scale (from 0 to 1).
8th IGRSM International Conference and Exhibition on Remote Sensing & GIS (IGRSM 2016) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 37 (2016) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/37/1/012044
4
6. Table 2. Scales for the pairwise AHP comparisons[10] .
Intensity of
importance
Description
1 Equal importance
3 Moderate importance
5 Strong or essential importance
7 Very strong or demonstrated
importance
9 Extreme importance
2,4,6,8 Intermediate values
Reciprocals Values for inverse comparison
4.3. Selection of the Criteria
Four criteria were selected for evaluating the agricultural land suitability in the study area (Table 3).
These criteria were selected based on an extensive literature review of potential factors affecting
agricultural land use and a review of the recommendations of the Malaysian National Physical
Plan[15] .
Table 3. Weighting matrix for the main criteria and sub criteria for rubber.
No. Criteria Weight
1 Soil texture 0.845
2 Rainfall index 0.049
3 Elevation 0.059
4 Slope 0.048
Total - 1
4.4. Weighing of the criteria
Criterion weights are the weights assigned to the objective and attribute maps. Deriving
weights for the selected map criteria (land characteristic map layers) is a fundamental
requirement for applying the AHP method. For determining the relative importance of the
criteria, the pairwise comparison matrix using Saaty's nine-point weighing scale was applied
(Table 2).
Table 4. Rubber requirement.
Agro–suit classes S1 S2 S3 N
Annual Rainfall
(mm/yr)
2500 - 4000 >4000 2000 – 5000 <1500
Dry month <1 <1 2 >2
Land drainage Well Somewhat
excessive
Moderately well
Somewhat
excessive
Very poor, poor
Excess drain
Texture SaL , L, SaCL,
SiL, CL, Si, SicL
Lsa, SaC C, SiC Gravel, sand,
massive clay, peat
Soil depth >200 130 – 120 80 – 130 <80
Slope % < 10 10 – 37 37 – 47 >47
8th IGRSM International Conference and Exhibition on Remote Sensing & GIS (IGRSM 2016) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 37 (2016) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/37/1/012044
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7. (a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 3. (a) Rainfall (b) Elevation (c) Soil texture (d) Slope.
4.5. Overlaying map layers
The weighted overlay is a technique for applying a common scale of values to diverse and dissimilar
input data to create an integrated analysis. After weighing of the criteria, regarding their importance
for the land suitability analysis, all the criteria maps were overlaid using a suitability index.
(e)
Figure 4. (e) Rubber land suitability in the study area.
8th IGRSM International Conference and Exhibition on Remote Sensing & GIS (IGRSM 2016) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 37 (2016) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/37/1/012044
6
8. 5. Results & Discussion
The weight was derived for each of the independent variables as obtained from the analytical
hierarchical process (AHP) presented in Table 3 and Figure 4. From the table, Soil texture was the
most important factor affecting agricultural land suitability; whereas, slope had less weight, and
elevation and rainfall had an equal effect on rubber in the study area.
The North-western and South-western (Nilai, Labu, Mambau and Rantau) parts of the district are the
most suitable locations for cultivating rubber; whereas, the central parts (Mantin, Labu) have been
found to be less suitable for rubber. The North-western and South-western parts (Lenggeng, Pantai and
Senawang) of the district are not suitable for rubber cultivation (Figure 4). This shows the potential of
such areas being over exploited for agricultural purposes and the impending environmental
implications of this practice. This study showed the potentially sustainable agricultural land use in the
study area after the exclusion of locations that are prone to topsoil erosion. The analysis of the current
agricultural land use in Selangor, Malaysia indicated that land is mostly being used for what it is
exactly suited for. However, there exists some challenges in the future agricultural land use in the
district. For instance, the land that has been shown as less suitable and not suitable for rubber
cultivation might be suitable for different crops, such as oil palm, in the Seremban district.
6. Conclusion
This study has revealed the potential agricultural land in Seremban, Malaysia. Unfortunately,
available evidence showed that some of these agricultural lands are being taken up by non –
agricultural uses and this has a potential of negatively affecting the country’s economics. On the other
hand, the scenario could create a situation where the country may be achieving its food security at
greater economical and environmental costs. For crops to be matched with the biophysical conditions,
the biophysical variables (climatic, geomorphological, number of rainy days, average temperature, and
relative humidity) of the study area were collected to enable the interpretation of the climatic variables
with reference to their suitability for specific crop production. The climatic adaptability of crops forms
the basis of defining the crop-climatic requirements.
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8th IGRSM International Conference and Exhibition on Remote Sensing & GIS (IGRSM 2016) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 37 (2016) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/37/1/012044
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