This is a slides that I used while I was studying at IPU New Zealand, at the the class of Internationalism. This a bit of picture of how the attack on Pearl Harbour has happened.
This is a slides that I used while I was studying at IPU New Zealand, at the the class of Internationalism. This a bit of picture of how the attack on Pearl Harbour has happened.
This Power Point presentation is designed for students to learn more about our history, specifically the attacks on Pearl Harbor. It is geared toward middle school to high school students.
THE 911COMMISSIONREPORTFinal Report of theNationa.docxmehek4
THE 9/11
COMMISSION
REPORT
Final Report of the
National Commission on Terrorist
Attacks Upon the United States
e xe c ut ive sum mary
Thomas H. Kean
chair
Richard Ben-Veniste
Fred F. Fielding
Jamie S. Gorelick
Slade Gorton
Lee H. Hamilton
vice chair
Bob Kerrey
John F. Lehman
Timothy J. Roemer
James R.Thompson
COMMISSION
MEMBERS
Joanne M. Accolla
Staff Assistant
Alexis Albion
Professional Staff Member
Scott H. Allan, Jr.
Counsel
John A. Azzarello
Counsel
Caroline Barnes
Professional Staff Member
Warren Bass
Professional Staff Member
Ann M. Bennett
Information Control Officer
Mark S. Bittinger
Professional Staff Member
Madeleine Blot
Counsel
Antwion M. Blount
Systems Engineer
Sam Brinkley
Professional Staff Member
Geoffrey Scott Brown
Research Assistant
Daniel Byman
Professional Staff Member
Dianna Campagna
Manager of Operations
Samuel M.W. Caspersen
Counsel
Melissa A. Coffey
Staff Assistant
Lance Cole
Consultant
Marquittia L. Coleman
Staff Assistant
Marco A. Cordero
Professional Staff Member
Rajesh De
Counsel
George W. Delgrosso
Investigator
Gerald L. Dillingham
Professional Staff Member
Thomas E. Dowling
Professional Staff Member
Steven M. Dunne
Deputy General Counsel
Thomas R. Eldridge
Counsel
Alice Falk
Editor
John J. Farmer, Jr.
Senior Counsel & Team Leader
Alvin S. Felzenberg
Deputy for Communications
COMMISSION
STAFF
Philip Zelikow, Executive Director
Christopher A. Kojm, Deputy Executive Director
Daniel Marcus, General Counsel
Lorry M. Fenner
Professional Staff Member
Susan Ginsburg
Senior Counsel & Team Leader
T. Graham Giusti
Security Officer
Nicole Marie Grandrimo
Professional Staff Member
Douglas N. Greenburg
Counsel
Barbara A. Grewe
Senior Counsel, Special Projects
Elinore Flynn Hartz
Family Liaison
Leonard R. Hawley
Professional Staff Member
L. Christine Healey
Senior Counsel & Team Leader
Karen Heitkotter
Executive Secretary
Walter T. Hempel II
Professional Staff Member
C. Michael Hurley
Senior Counsel & Team Leader
Dana J. Hyde
Counsel
John W. Ivicic
Security Officer
Michael N. Jacobson
Counsel
Hunter W. Jamerson
Intern
Bonnie D. Jenkins
Counsel
Reginald F. Johnson
Staff Assistant
R.William Johnstone
Professional Staff Member
Stephanie L. Kaplan
Special Assistant & Managing Editor
Miles L. Kara, Sr.
Professional Staff Member
Janice L. Kephart
Counsel
Hyon Kim
Counsel
Katarzyna Kozaczuk
Financial Assistant
Gordon Nathaniel Lederman
Counsel
Daniel J. Leopold
Staff Assistant
Sarah Webb Linden
Professional Staff Member
Douglas J. MacEachin
Professional Staff Member & Team Leader
Ernest R. May
Senior Adviser
Joseph McBride
Intern
James Miller
Professional Staff Member
Kelly Moore
Professional Staff Member
Charles M. Pereira
Professional Staff Member
John Raidt
Professional Staff Member
John Roth
Senior Counsel & Team Leader
Peter Rundlet
Counsel
Lloyd D. Salvetti
Professional Staff Member
Kevin J. Scheid
Professional Staff Member & Team Leader
Kevin Shaeffer
Professional Staff Member
Tracy J. Shycoff
D ...
This Power Point presentation is designed for students to learn more about our history, specifically the attacks on Pearl Harbor. It is geared toward middle school to high school students.
THE 911COMMISSIONREPORTFinal Report of theNationa.docxmehek4
THE 9/11
COMMISSION
REPORT
Final Report of the
National Commission on Terrorist
Attacks Upon the United States
e xe c ut ive sum mary
Thomas H. Kean
chair
Richard Ben-Veniste
Fred F. Fielding
Jamie S. Gorelick
Slade Gorton
Lee H. Hamilton
vice chair
Bob Kerrey
John F. Lehman
Timothy J. Roemer
James R.Thompson
COMMISSION
MEMBERS
Joanne M. Accolla
Staff Assistant
Alexis Albion
Professional Staff Member
Scott H. Allan, Jr.
Counsel
John A. Azzarello
Counsel
Caroline Barnes
Professional Staff Member
Warren Bass
Professional Staff Member
Ann M. Bennett
Information Control Officer
Mark S. Bittinger
Professional Staff Member
Madeleine Blot
Counsel
Antwion M. Blount
Systems Engineer
Sam Brinkley
Professional Staff Member
Geoffrey Scott Brown
Research Assistant
Daniel Byman
Professional Staff Member
Dianna Campagna
Manager of Operations
Samuel M.W. Caspersen
Counsel
Melissa A. Coffey
Staff Assistant
Lance Cole
Consultant
Marquittia L. Coleman
Staff Assistant
Marco A. Cordero
Professional Staff Member
Rajesh De
Counsel
George W. Delgrosso
Investigator
Gerald L. Dillingham
Professional Staff Member
Thomas E. Dowling
Professional Staff Member
Steven M. Dunne
Deputy General Counsel
Thomas R. Eldridge
Counsel
Alice Falk
Editor
John J. Farmer, Jr.
Senior Counsel & Team Leader
Alvin S. Felzenberg
Deputy for Communications
COMMISSION
STAFF
Philip Zelikow, Executive Director
Christopher A. Kojm, Deputy Executive Director
Daniel Marcus, General Counsel
Lorry M. Fenner
Professional Staff Member
Susan Ginsburg
Senior Counsel & Team Leader
T. Graham Giusti
Security Officer
Nicole Marie Grandrimo
Professional Staff Member
Douglas N. Greenburg
Counsel
Barbara A. Grewe
Senior Counsel, Special Projects
Elinore Flynn Hartz
Family Liaison
Leonard R. Hawley
Professional Staff Member
L. Christine Healey
Senior Counsel & Team Leader
Karen Heitkotter
Executive Secretary
Walter T. Hempel II
Professional Staff Member
C. Michael Hurley
Senior Counsel & Team Leader
Dana J. Hyde
Counsel
John W. Ivicic
Security Officer
Michael N. Jacobson
Counsel
Hunter W. Jamerson
Intern
Bonnie D. Jenkins
Counsel
Reginald F. Johnson
Staff Assistant
R.William Johnstone
Professional Staff Member
Stephanie L. Kaplan
Special Assistant & Managing Editor
Miles L. Kara, Sr.
Professional Staff Member
Janice L. Kephart
Counsel
Hyon Kim
Counsel
Katarzyna Kozaczuk
Financial Assistant
Gordon Nathaniel Lederman
Counsel
Daniel J. Leopold
Staff Assistant
Sarah Webb Linden
Professional Staff Member
Douglas J. MacEachin
Professional Staff Member & Team Leader
Ernest R. May
Senior Adviser
Joseph McBride
Intern
James Miller
Professional Staff Member
Kelly Moore
Professional Staff Member
Charles M. Pereira
Professional Staff Member
John Raidt
Professional Staff Member
John Roth
Senior Counsel & Team Leader
Peter Rundlet
Counsel
Lloyd D. Salvetti
Professional Staff Member
Kevin J. Scheid
Professional Staff Member & Team Leader
Kevin Shaeffer
Professional Staff Member
Tracy J. Shycoff
D ...
RAND Corporation Chapter Title The U.S. Invasion of .docxaudeleypearl
RAND Corporation
Chapter Title: The U.S. Invasion of Iraq, 2003
Book Title: Blinders, Blunders, and Wars
Book Subtitle: What America and China Can Learn
Book Author(s): David C. Gompert, Hans Binnendijk and Bonny Lin
Published by: RAND Corporation. (2014)
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt1287m9t.21
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161
ChAPter FOUrteen
The U.S. Invasion of Iraq, 2003
States like [Iraq, Iran, and North Korea] and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of
evil. . . . By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose a grave and growing
danger. . . . I will not wait on events while dangers gather.
—President George W. Bush, State of the Union, January 29, 2002
For us, war is always the proof of failure and the worst of solutions, so everything must
be done to avoid it.
—President Jacques Chirac to a joint session of the French and German parlia-
ments, January 2003
Dividends of Misjudgment
President George W. Bush’s decision to invade Iraq on March 20, 2003, was not a
blunder on the scale of those of Napoleon, Hitler, and Tojo.1 There was a case to be
made on several grounds for operations against Saddam Hussein. The initial phase of
combat was highly successful, and some still argue that the American investment was
worth the cost of toppling the Saddam regime. Bush was reelected in November of
2004 as much because of as despite his invasion of Iraq. His subsequent 2007 decision
to launch the “surge” did limit some of the damage.
The main premise for the war was that Saddam had weapons of mass destruction
(WMDs) and that these were at risk of falling into the hands of terrorists. In the end,
however, there were no such weapons, and Saddam’s links to al Qaeda were unproven.2
This robbed the invasion of legitimacy. The insurgency that ensued after initial combat
operation robbed the invasion of success. Today, the United States has less influence
in Baghdad than Iran does. Iraq is a Shia-dominated state with an alienated Sunni
minority, rampant violence, and virtually no control over the Kurdish north. At least
134,000 Iraqis died as a direct result of the American invasion, and the violence there
continues.
This content downloaded from 80.227.100.60 on Sun, 03 Nov 2019 12:25:27 UTC
Al ...
Bloody SundayIn the late 1960s, Irish Catholic activists calli.docxmoirarandell
Bloody Sunday
In the late 1960s, Irish Catholic activists calling themselves the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association attempted to emulate the African American civil rights movement as a strategy to agitate for equality in Northern Ireland. They thought that the same force of moral conviction would sway British policy to improve the plight of the Catholics. Their demands were similar to those of the American civil rights movement: equal opportunity, better employment, access to housing, and access to education. This ended when mostly peaceful demonstrations gradually became more violent, leading to rioting in the summer of 1969, an environment of generalized unrest, and the deployment of British troops. After 1969, the demonstrations continued, but rioting, fire bombings, and gun battles gradually became a regular feature of strife in Northern Ireland.
On January 30, 1972, elite British paratroopers fired on demonstrators in Londonderry. Thirteen demonstrators were killed. After this incident, many Catholics became radicalized and actively worked to drive out the British. The Irish Republican Army received recruits and widespread support from the Catholic community. In July 1972, the Provos launched a massive bombing spree in central Belfast.
Black September
When Leila Khaled and her comrades attempted to hijack five airliners on September 6 and 9, 1970, their plan was to fly all of the planes to an abandoned British Royal Air Force (RAF) airfield in Jordan, hold hostages, broker the release of Palestinian prisoners, release the hostages, blow up the planes, and thereby force the world to focus on the plight of the Palestinian people. On September 12, 255 hostages were released from the three planes that landed at Dawson’s Field (the RAF base), and 56 were kept to bargain for the release of seven Palestinian prisoners, including Leila Khaled. The group then blew up the airliners.
Unfortunately for the hijackers, their actions greatly alarmed King Hussein of Jordan. Martial law was declared on September 16, and the incident led to civil war between Palestinian forces and the Jordanian army. Although the Jordanians’ operation was precipitated by the destruction of the airliners on Jordanian soil, tensions had been building between the army and Palestinian forces for some time. King Hussein and the Jordanian leadership interpreted this operation as confirmation that radical Palestinian groups had become too powerful and were a threat to Jordanian sovereignty.
On September 19, Hussein asked for diplomatic intervention from Great Britain and the United States when a Syrian column entered Jordan in support of the Palestinians. On September 27, a truce ended the fighting. The outcome of the fighting was a relocation of much of the Palestinian leadership and fighters to its Lebanese bases. The entire incident became known among Palestinians as Black September and was not forgotten by radicals in the Palestinian nationalist movement. One .
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
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31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
1. American Heroes
Sample Pages
Click through these 12 pages just like you would
“quickly thumb through” a book in a store.
You can enter “full screen” mode
to view pages more closely
2. Soldiers in the post-9/11 era train in groups and hone their mastery of
individual skills in environments simulating what they will encounter
in the Middle East. The images on these four pages were taken during
rigorous training exercises at domestic bases. Night images with flares
were taken during the Army’s 10th annual Best Warrior Competition in
Fort Lee, Virginia, October 21, 2010.
3. DEATH OF A TERRORIST:
SEAL TEAM 6 AND OSAMA BIN LADEN
On May 2, 2011, the United States Naval Special Warfare
Development Group (DevGru) brought down the most-wanted terrorist
in the world: Osama bin Laden, leader of al-Qaeda and mastermind of
9/11 and other deadly attacks against the United States.
DevGru (more commonly known by its former name, SEAL Team
6) is the top unit of the Navy’s elite Sea, Air and Land Forces—the
SEALs. Formally established in 1962 at the behest of President John
F. Kennedy, the SEALs are specially trained to handle unconventional
warfare. There are currently nine operational SEAL teams with about
3,000 members overall; of these, it is believe that about 300 are in
Team 6. from SEAL Team 6, working with CIA paramilitary operatives, dropped
The initial SEAL training may be the most physically and mentally into Bin Laden’s compound, located at the end of a dirt road and
demanding of any special force in the world, with a drop-out rate surrounded by 12-foot-high concrete walls and two security fences.
around 80 percent. Candidates embark on a year of intense physical Of the 22 inhabitants of the compound, five were killed. Among them
conditioning, combat diving, land-warfare training, parachute jump was bin Laden himself, shot in the head and chest.
school, and final qualification training, followed by another 18 months Moving quickly, the team took photos, collected computers
of specialized and pre-deployment training. Not surprisingly, the and other evidence, removed bin Laden’s body, and left the scene,
SEALs’ motto is “The Only Easy Day Was Yesterday.” destroying a damaged helicopter as they left. The entire raid took less
SEALs are intensively trained in a maritime environment, but in the than 40 minutes.
War on Terror their operations have been almost exclusively land- In a December 1998 interview with Time magazine, Osama bin
based. Their activities include counter-terrorism, the rescue of hostages, Laden proudly stated, “If the instigation for jihad against the Jews and
special reconnaissance, foreign internal defense, unconventional Americans . . . is considered a crime, then let history be a witness that
warfare (e.g., guerilla warfare and intelligence activities), and direct I am a criminal.” On a moonless May night nearly 10 years after the
action—approaching a target in secret, striking it with fearsome World Trade Center attack and the death of almost 3,000 Americans,
precision and force, and then withdrawing from the site as secretly SEAL Team 6 brought him to justice.
as possible. Direct action by SEAL Team 6 was the method chosen to
capture or kill Osama bin Laden.
The ultra-elite SEAL Team 6 was developed in response to the failed
1980 attempt to rescue American hostages in Iran. This mission failure
highlighted the need for a superbly skilled counter-terrorism force
capable of operating in secrecy. At the time, there were only two other
SEAL teams; the number 6 is thought to have been chosen to confuse
Soviet intelligence about how many teams existed. When the team
was dismantled in the mid-1980s and DevGru was developed in its
place, the name “SEAL Team 6” stuck.
Members of Team 6 began training for the assault on Osama
bin Laden in March 2011, holding “dry runs” in U.S. facilities built
to resemble the layout of the terrorist’s compound in Abottabad,
Pakistan. In April their practice runs were made in a more thorough,
one-acre model of the compound, housed on the Bagram military
base in Afghanistan.
The night of May 2 was chosen for the assault because there would
be no moon, and the helicopters could fly in below Pakistani radar
with less chance of being seen. A team of two dozen commandos
4. ✯ 37
T he response of the United States to the 9/11 terrorist attacks has been a
concerted and multi-layered “Global War on Terror.” Its military actions
encompass the entire world, with particular emphasis on Afghanistan and
Iraq.
The military buildup started before the sun set on that fateful day.
At first, it was called “Operation Infinite Justice.” That name, with its
religious overtones, was soon changed to Operation Enduring Freedom
(OEF)—on the diplomatic side, operation planners knew it would be
counterproductive to paint the anti-terrorism fight as a modern-day bat-
tle of Christianity versus Islam. (President George W. Bush, in the early
days of the operation, was criticized for using the word “crusade” during
impromptu remarks to the press.) Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld
announced the name change on September 25, 2001, two weeks after
the 9/11 attacks. He emphasized that Enduring Freedom referred to
the nation’s military response, while the comprehensive strategy would
include economic, diplomatic, and political tactics as well.
In addition to Afghanistan, Operation Enduring Freedom also includes
action in the Philippines, the Horn of Africa, and the Sahara/Sahel region
of Africa.
O peration Objectives
On September 20, 2001, President Bush addressed a joint session of Con-
gress and laid out the operation’s initial military objectives. (Later, on
October 7—the day OEF commenced—he would address the nation as
a whole, continuing that process of education.) The goals in Afghanistan
were
to destroy terrorist training camps and infrastructure;
to capture leaders of al-Qaeda; and
5. A sailor in his berthing space aboard the USS Carl Vinson is surrounded
by cards of thanks and support sent by school children from across
America.
Marines with the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, the first conventional
force deployed to Afghanistan, raise the first American flag in that
country after seizing a forward operating base. The helicopter flight
from the ship to Dolangi, where they would secure their target, was
approximately 400 miles long—the longest-distance amphibious and air
deployment in U.S. Marines history.
6. A major part of the U.S. military’s presence in Afghanistan is the comprehensive
training of Afghan security forces. At far left, women from the first graduating class
of the Afghan National Army (ANA) Female Officer Candidate School stand for the
playing of the national anthem during their graduation ceremony. The 29 Afghan
women completed 8 weeks of basic training and 12 weeks of advanced training
in logistics and finance. At top center, Captain Kevin Mercer observes as an ANA
trainer adjusts the site on an M-16 rifle in Kandahar. The trainers will qualify with
the M-16 rifle, then assist with the issue of M-16s to Afghan soldiers of the 205th
Corps. Above, Private First Class Ryan L. Carson and an Afghan police officer
search a hillside at the Shege East Afghan National Police (ANP) Checkpoint in
the Kunar province prior to a firefight. Below, Senior Airman Phillip Borde teaches
ANA soldiers how to take vital signs in the field.
7. * 75
W hile the War in Afghanistan was a relatively sudden event, beginning
only a month after the 9/11 attacks, the War in Iraq was a much
slower development, with roots stretching back to the First Gulf War under
President George H.W. Bush. Since that first war, the United Nations
required Iraq to submit to weapons testing to ensure it was not rebuilding
its stock of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) or developing new ones.
Inspections were frequently halted, however, as Iraqi president Saddam
Hussein alleged that inspectors were foreign spies.
After 9/11, suspicion of Iraq reached new heights. Many Americans
suspected that Saddam Hussein was connected in some way to Osama
bin Laden and al-Qaeda terrorist activity. Others were concerned that
Saddam was hiding a program for developing WMDs, and that that was
why he was not allowing UN weapons inspections. And nearly everyone
deplored his totalitarian Baathist regime’s suppression of ethnic and reli-
gious minorities, with steady abuses toward the Kurds in the north as well
as the Shiite majority of the population.
In September 2002, President George W. Bush addressed the UN
General Assembly to list Iraq’s violations and continued defiance of pre-
vious UN resolutions. After a period of international negotiation and
debate the UN Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1441
in November 2002; the resolution “afford[s] Iraq . . . a final opportunity
to comply with” previous UN rulings and presaged that “the Council has
repeatedly warned Iraq that it will face serious consequences as a result
of its continued violations of its obligations.” Meanwhile, Congress in
October authorized President Bush to use whatever force was deemed
necessary in Iraq.
Inspections did indeed resume, but they were not entirely satisfactory
8. On the opposite page, at top, a Stryker vehicle known as the General Lee
lies on its side after surviving a deeply buried IED blast in 2007. (“The Gen-
eral” was repaired and went on to protect its soldiers on more missions, until
another bomb finally put it out of action.) The cell phone shown at bottom left
was rigged as an IED detonator. It was recovered, undamaged, after it being
successfully jammed by electronic warfare personnel using Counter Radio-
Controlled IED Electronic Warfare equipment.
Training to deal with the wildly varied forms of IED is intensive. On this
page, at left, Sergeant Evan Cameron sets out to detonate an IED during a
Vanguard Focus training exercise at Fort Stewart. Below, a soldier recon-
nects a simulated tripwire after learning how it works and how to spot it.
9. GENERAL DAVID PETRAEUS
David Petraeus was born November 7, 1952, in Cornwall-on-Hudson, U.S. Central Command. From this position overseeing all U.S. military
New York. Petraeus attended the U.S. Military Academy at West operations in the Middle East and Central Asia, he again urged for the
Point and quickly distinguished himself as a scholar and a soldier. He adoption of counterinsurgency and community-building strategies. In
graduated in the top 5% of the Class of 1974, won the George C. Marshall June 2010, he was named commander of U.S. Forces in Afghanistan,
Award in 1983 as the top graduate from the U.S. Army Command and bringing his powerful strategic vision to Operation Enduring Freedom.
General Staff College, and earned a Ph.D. in international relations In his Tactical Directive for U.S. forces in Afghanistan, he emphasized,
from Princeton University in 1987 with a dissertation entitled, “The “We must never forget that the center of gravity in this struggle is the
American Military and the Lessons of Vietnam: A Study of Military Afghan people; it is they who will ultimately determine the future of
Influence and the Use of Force in the Post-Vietnam Era.” Afghanistan.” This focus on partnership, and not just firepower, will
When the invasion of Iraq began in 2003, Major General Petraeus forever be the hallmark of General Petraeus’s legacy.
commanded the 10First Airborne Division and was responsible for
capturing and holding territory in northern Iraq. During the invasion,
embedded reporters recorded Petraeus as frequently asking, “Tell me General David Petraeus, prospective com-
how this ends?” He was cited as one of the first commanders to realize manding general of U.S. Central Command
that the task of securing Iraq after the invasion would be radically (CENTCOM), listens to Secretary of Defense
different from the task of ousting Saddam’s regime and taking the Robert M. Gates during the CENTCOM
assumption-of-command ceremony on
country in the first place.
MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida,
In 2003 and 2004, Petraeus was in control of the large northern October 31, 2008.
city of Mosul, where he first began employing his counterinsurgency
methods. Signs posted inside bases in the region asked, “What have
you done to win Iraqi hearts and minds today?” The 10First was at
the forefront of American troops working hard to build relationships
with local citizens: distributing money, holding elections, and engaging
in community projects such as rebuilding factories, schools, and
infrastructure systems. Petraeus said that he didn’t want Iraqis to look
at their current situation and see it as worse than under Saddam: “We
don’t want to have a situation a month from now when people are
saying . . . ‘Saddam didn’t allow us to speak our mind but at least there
was gas at the gas station.’”
After leaving Mosul, Petraeus continued to work on developing his
counterinsurgency methods, encouraging military leadership to adopt
them as official policy. In 2007, when President Bush announced
the beginning of the surge strategy, it seemed natural to appoint
Petraeus to be the commander of the U.S. troops in Iraq, as the new
strategy adopted the very counterinsurgency techniques Petraeus had
championed for several years.
A major change Petraeus instituted involved troop deployment in
Baghdad, the most important city in the country and the key to securing
Iraq. Instead of stationing soldiers at a central base and patrolling
the city in high-tech vehicles, Petraeus set up smaller joint-security
stations all around Baghdad in each neighborhood. Iraqi troops and
U.S. personnel lived and worked together, so that there was a constant
U.S. presence as well as a clear environment of cooperation. Rather
than simply neutralizing enemies, Petraeus focused on rebuilding
communities throughout Iraq.
The surge and Petraeus’s counterinsurgency strategy yielded
incredible results. He was a runner-up for the T ime Person of the Year
for 2007, and in October 2008 he was named commander in chief of
10. ✯ 115
T he modern U.S. military carries on a long national tradition of provid-
ing humanitarian relief to people in need around the world. Lieutenant
General Ken Keen (U.S. Army Commander, Joint Task Force–Haiti) dis-
cussed this important non-combat role in March 2010, two months after
a devastating earthquake hit Haiti. “When an international humanitar-
ian crisis occurs,” he said, “the U.S. military is often called upon to be
a first responder with its capacity to provide robust logistics, manpower
resources, and life-saving aid.”
The general went on to describe the cycle common to most natural-
disaster responses. The humanitarian situation begins with an immediate
crisis response, and then transitions to sustained relief and long-term
reconstruction. “I can tell you, without hesitation, the skills our sol-
diers, sailors, airmen, Marines, coastguardsmen, and civilians bring to this
humanitarian assistance mission are still useful [months after the initial
Haiti response],” he said, while noting that the U.S. military’s active role
“should transition to other humanitarian and United Nations organiza-
tions for long-term relief and recovery.”
Without the U.S. military serving as a first responder—and as a project
manager for administering long-term recovery to the broader interna-
tional community—death and suffering would be even greater for many
disaster-stricken communities.Here are some of the ways the modern
U.S. military is making a humanitarian difference around the world.
12. Support in Japan’s Triple Crisis
As if the world hadn’t seen enough of disaster and suffering in recent
years, on March 11, 2011, a massive earthquake struck off the cost of
Japan. Registering 8.9 on the Richter scale, the quake was the most pow-
erful ever to have hit the island nation—but it was only the beginning
of an unprecedented disaster. A devastating tsunami followed in its wake,
rolling over coastal areas in the north and leveling entire towns. By March
31, the official death toll was more than 11,500; with another 16,000 or
more missing, the final number was predicted to be around 20,000.
As rescue assistance and supplies poured in from around the world,
yet another disaster was emerging: two nuclear power plants in the earth-
quake zone had been damaged. Partial meltdowns were taking place at
two reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi power station, and four other
reactors were beginning to overheat.
U.S. military assistance, termed Operation Tomodachi (Japanese for
“friendship”), was swift. Fourteen U.S. Navy ships, more than 100 aircraft,
and thousands of U.S. service members assisted or stood at the ready to
assist the Japanese people. Even as Naval bases in the area were riding out
the aftershocks, evacuating family members, assessing structural damage,
The child of a U.S. Navy sailor waits for transportation out of Yokosuka, Japan,
with the rest of her family. Navy families voluntarily returning to the United States
spent the afternoon waiting in line to register for travel.
13. T he men and women whose names appear on this list all died in the terrorist attacks of
9/11. Multiple available lists were compared in the hope of creating as complete and
accurate a listing as possible as of press time. Names in italics were removed from some lists
because no proof could be found of their death; because so many victims’ remains were never
recovered, we chose to keep them on this listing. There were likely others who had no one to
report their disappearance. We have referred to them collectively as “Unknown Hero, Jane,”
and “Unknown Hero, John,” that in some way they might be remembered for their sacrifice.
Aamoth, Gordon M., Jr. Adams, Patrick Aguiar, Joao A.D., Jr. Alegre-Cua, Grace
Abad, Edelmiro Adams, Shannon Lewis Ahearn, Lt. Brian G. Alger, David D.
Abad, Maria Rose Adams, Stephen George Ahern, Jeremiah Joseph Alikakos, Ernest
Abate, Andrew Anthony Adanga, Ignatius Udo Ahladiotis, Joanne Marie Allegretto, Edward L.
Abate,Vincent Addamo, Christy A. Ahmed, Shabbir Allen, Eric
Abel, Laurence Christopher Adderley, Terence E., Jr. Aiken, Terrance Andre Allen, Joseph Ryan
Abraham, Alona Addo, Sophia B. Ajala, Godwin Allen, Richard Dennis
Abrahamson, William F. Adler, Lee Alagero, Gertrude M. Allen, Richard Lanard
Aceto, Richard Anthony Afflitto, Daniel Thomas Alameno, Andrew Allingham, Christopher Edward
Acevedo-Rescand, Jesus Afuakwah, Emmanuel Alario, Margaret Ann Allison, Anna Williams
Ackermann, Heinrich Bernhard Agarwal, Alok Albero, Gary M. Alonso, Janet M.
Acquaviva, Paul Andrew Agarwala, Mukul Albert, Jon Leslie Alva-Moreno, Arturo
Adams, Christian Agnello, Joseph Alderman, Peter Craig Alvarado, Anthony
Adams, Donald LaRoy Agnes, David Scott Aldridge, Jacquelyn Delaine Alvarez, Antonio Javier