- Agro-ecology uses ecological concepts to design farming systems that are productive, increase food security, and are socially and economically sustainable. It utilizes biodiversity, biological pest management, and nutrient cycling. - A case study from Pakistan showed how agro-ecology transformed a remote valley, improving food security, livelihoods, the environment, and social relations through diversified organic farming and reforestation. - Evidence indicates that agro-ecology improves climate resilience by building soil health, water retention, and biodiversity while reducing dependence on external inputs vulnerable to climate impacts.