Aging is a complex process that involves changes at multiple levels of biological organization over time. While aging was once viewed as a single process, it is now understood that multiple interconnected mechanisms are involved, including cellular damage accumulation, telomere shortening, changes in gene expression, and more. An integrative approach is needed to understand how these various molecular, cellular, and physiological changes interact with each other to drive the aging process. Further research using multi-disciplinary omics approaches may help link molecular changes to specific aging processes and pathways.
Theories of Aging - Part 1 in medicine and health sciencesJackTan88
This document provides an overview of theories of aging. It discusses both biological/physiological and psychological perspectives on aging. From a biological standpoint, it describes programmed aging theories like the telomere theory, which proposes that cells can only divide a finite number of times due to shortening telomeres. It also discusses error theories of aging, like the free radical theory, which suggests aging results from cellular damage over time. The document aims to explain the aging process and major theories about what causes aging.
The document discusses several biological theories of aging. The theories fall into two main categories: programmed aging theories and non-programmed aging theories. Programmed theories propose that aging is an evolved process with genetic programs that limit lifespan. Non-programmed theories propose that aging is an unavoidable byproduct with no evolutionary purpose. The document outlines several specific theories, provides examples to support each theory, and discusses implications for medicine and potential anti-aging behaviors.
This document discusses aging and various theories related to it. It addresses what aging is, various theories that attempt to explain the aging process (such as programmed aging theory and genetic aging theory), signs of successful aging, life extension sciences, and strategies to potentially slow aging or extend life. The document provides a broad overview of topics relating to the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging.
this slides contain about the detailed information about the definition, introduction, classification, types, concept of aging, chronologic aging, biological aging, psychological aging, social aging, cognitive aging.
The document discusses normal aging and provides definitions and theories related to the aging process. It addresses topics like the mechanisms of aging, theories of aging, hallmarks of aging, and changes that occur in the brain with aging. It also discusses mental health and personality in older adults, coping strategies, and factors involved in successful aging. The document provides an overview of many aspects of the normal aging process from a biological, psychological, and social perspective.
A current genetic and epigenetic view on humanmariannajd
This document provides an overview of genetic and epigenetic factors that influence the aging process in humans and animal models. It discusses several key theories of aging, including the free radical theory of oxidative damage accumulation over time. Genetic studies in model organisms like yeast, worms, flies and mice have identified pathways like insulin/IGF-1 signaling and calorie restriction that affect longevity when manipulated. These pathways regulate processes like metabolism, stress resistance and reproduction that influence aging. The document concludes that while aging is genetically regulated, no single gene or theory fully explains the complex mechanisms involved, which are influenced by an interaction of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors.
The paper proposes 9 hallmarks of aging based on accumulated cellular damage over time: 1) genomic instability, 2) telomere attrition, 3) epigenetic alterations, 4) loss of proteostasis, 5) deregulated nutrient sensing, 6) mitochondrial dysfunction, 7) cellular senescence, 8) stem cell exhaustion, and 9) altered intercellular communication. Some hallmarks like cellular senescence are beneficial at low levels but harmful in excess. The hallmarks represent primary damage, compensatory responses turned pathological over time, and integration of various damage types systemically.
Theories of Aging - Part 1 in medicine and health sciencesJackTan88
This document provides an overview of theories of aging. It discusses both biological/physiological and psychological perspectives on aging. From a biological standpoint, it describes programmed aging theories like the telomere theory, which proposes that cells can only divide a finite number of times due to shortening telomeres. It also discusses error theories of aging, like the free radical theory, which suggests aging results from cellular damage over time. The document aims to explain the aging process and major theories about what causes aging.
The document discusses several biological theories of aging. The theories fall into two main categories: programmed aging theories and non-programmed aging theories. Programmed theories propose that aging is an evolved process with genetic programs that limit lifespan. Non-programmed theories propose that aging is an unavoidable byproduct with no evolutionary purpose. The document outlines several specific theories, provides examples to support each theory, and discusses implications for medicine and potential anti-aging behaviors.
This document discusses aging and various theories related to it. It addresses what aging is, various theories that attempt to explain the aging process (such as programmed aging theory and genetic aging theory), signs of successful aging, life extension sciences, and strategies to potentially slow aging or extend life. The document provides a broad overview of topics relating to the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging.
this slides contain about the detailed information about the definition, introduction, classification, types, concept of aging, chronologic aging, biological aging, psychological aging, social aging, cognitive aging.
The document discusses normal aging and provides definitions and theories related to the aging process. It addresses topics like the mechanisms of aging, theories of aging, hallmarks of aging, and changes that occur in the brain with aging. It also discusses mental health and personality in older adults, coping strategies, and factors involved in successful aging. The document provides an overview of many aspects of the normal aging process from a biological, psychological, and social perspective.
A current genetic and epigenetic view on humanmariannajd
This document provides an overview of genetic and epigenetic factors that influence the aging process in humans and animal models. It discusses several key theories of aging, including the free radical theory of oxidative damage accumulation over time. Genetic studies in model organisms like yeast, worms, flies and mice have identified pathways like insulin/IGF-1 signaling and calorie restriction that affect longevity when manipulated. These pathways regulate processes like metabolism, stress resistance and reproduction that influence aging. The document concludes that while aging is genetically regulated, no single gene or theory fully explains the complex mechanisms involved, which are influenced by an interaction of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors.
The paper proposes 9 hallmarks of aging based on accumulated cellular damage over time: 1) genomic instability, 2) telomere attrition, 3) epigenetic alterations, 4) loss of proteostasis, 5) deregulated nutrient sensing, 6) mitochondrial dysfunction, 7) cellular senescence, 8) stem cell exhaustion, and 9) altered intercellular communication. Some hallmarks like cellular senescence are beneficial at low levels but harmful in excess. The hallmarks represent primary damage, compensatory responses turned pathological over time, and integration of various damage types systemically.
Nrf2: A Guardian of Healthspan and Gatekeeper of Species LongevityLifeVantage
This document summarizes a symposium discussing the role of the transcription factor Nrf2 in aging and longevity. Nrf2 regulates over 200 genes involved in cytoprotection, metabolism of toxins, oxidative stress response, and protein stability/degradation. Constitutively high expression and activation of Nrf2 and its downstream targets are observed in long-lived species and models of extended lifespan, suggesting Nrf2 plays a critical role in determining species longevity and regulating the aging process by protecting against age-related diseases and stressors. The document hypothesizes that Nrf2 is a "master regulator" of aging.
Aging vs agings: limits and consequences of biomedical definitionsattilacsordas
The document discusses definitions of biological aging and some of the challenges with defining such a complex process. It explores the concept of biological aging versus "agings" to acknowledge that aging likely involves multiple interconnected processes occurring at different rates. The document also examines issues around causation in aging, discussing the ladder of causation and whether time itself can be considered a causal agent of aging. It questions where the field of biogerontology may lead as our understanding increases and more processes are discovered to be involved in aging.
The document discusses various theories of aging and longevity research. It covers stochastic and programmed theories of aging, including the free radical, DNA damage, telomere, and protein cross-linking theories. It also discusses genetic factors in aging, the maximum documented human lifespan, blue zones where people live longer, longevity in other species, biological immortality, life extension research, and strategies to increase healthy lifespan such as caloric restriction and nutrition supplements.
This document presents information on the biology of aging. It discusses two main types of aging: primary and secondary aging. Primary aging results from physiological changes associated with age, such as decreased lung and heart function and a more vulnerable immune system. Secondary aging is caused by disease and unhealthy behaviors and is often preventable. The document also summarizes several theories of aging, such as the programmed and damage theories. Some causes of aging discussed include cellular activities, hormonal reactions, accumulated damage, and metabolic activities. Effects of normal aging include gray hair, loss of teeth and bone strength, and declining organ function.
This document discusses 15 major theories on the biological basis of aging:
1) Evolutionary theories propose that lifespan is genetically determined and subject to natural selection.
2) The telomere theory suggests that shortening telomeres act as a "clock" that limits the number of times a cell can divide.
3) The reproductive-cell cycle theory links aging to declining reproductive hormones that dysregulate cell signaling.
4) DNA damage theories posit that aging results from accumulated DNA damage over time.
5) The gene loss theory observes that aging involves the gradual loss of genes, particularly in mitochondria.
The document discusses senescence and aging at the cellular, organismal, and population levels. At the cellular level, senescence refers to a cell losing its ability to divide over time due to factors like telomere shortening and oxidative damage. Organismal senescence is characterized by a decline in fertility and increased mortality risk with age. Population studies of senescence examine age-specific survival and mortality rates using life tables to analyze factors influencing life history strategies. The genetic basis of senescence is complex, with multiple genes and environmental influences contributing to the aging process.
Aging is defined as progressive physiological changes that lead to a decline in biological functions over time. There are several theories that attempt to explain the aging process, including biological, psychosocial, and damage theories. Biological theories view aging as an involuntary process caused by internal or external factors that result in cellular and tissue changes over time. Damage theories propose that aging is caused by the accumulation of damage to cells and tissues from various sources, such as free radicals, genetic mutations, or wear and tear from repeated use. Psychosocial theories examine age-related cognitive and behavioral changes. Common biological aging theories include the programmed longevity, endocrine, immunological, rate of living, cross-linking, and free radical theories.
The document discusses several theories of aging from biological, sociological, and psychological perspectives. Biologically, theories include stochastic theories like the error theory and free radical theory, as well as nonstochastic theories like the programmed theory. Sociologically, theories range from disengagement to activity to continuity and stratification. Psychologically, theories cover Maslow's hierarchy, Jungian individuation, Erikson's stages, and selective optimization with compensation.
Basic of geriatrics and internal medicine for physiotherapistDoha Rasheedy
collection of lectures for physiotherapy undergraduate students including notes of common health issues (frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, neuropsychiatric issues, constipation, metabolic syndrome and its components, orthostatic hypotension, CLD, CKD, anemia, immobilization, dizziness, falls, fatigue) and how to handle in practice.
summary of age related changes and geriatric pharmacology, safe analgesic prescription in elderly
The document discusses various theories of aging from biological, sociological, psychological, and spiritual perspectives. Biologically, theories include the stochastic theories of error theory and free radical theory, as well as nonstochastic theories like the programmed theory. Sociologically, theories address disengagement, activity, continuity, and person-environment fit. Psychologically, theories outlined include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Jung's individualism, Erikson's stages of development, and selective optimization with compensation. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and proposed mechanisms within each theoretical perspective of the aging process.
The document summarizes several theories of aging from biological/physiological and psychosocial perspectives. Biologically, aging is explained by either programmed theories, which propose a biological timetable or internal clock, or error theories, which argue aging results from damage to cells over time. Psychosocially, theories view aging through a full life development lens or focus on challenges of mature life, such as accepting physical limitations. Overall, the document outlines numerous theories that attempt to explain the aging process at biological and psychological levels.
This presentation summarizes key topics related to geriatric nursing. It introduces the speaker and defines geriatrics as the branch of medicine focusing on healthcare for elderly individuals. The document then outlines several theories of aging, including programmed, error, biological, and psychological theories. It also discusses common physiological changes in cardiovascular, pulmonary, and other body systems associated with aging. The presentation provides an overview of important concepts and trends in geriatric nursing.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses several theories of aging at the cellular, molecular, evolutionary, and systems levels. The main cellular theories discussed are telomere shortening and free radical damage accumulation over time. Evolutionary theories proposed include mutation accumulation, antagonistic pleiotropy, and the declining force of natural selection with age. Lifestyle and future biomedical interventions are mentioned as potential ways to promote healthy aging or extend lifespan.
The document discusses various models of aging at both the individual and non-individual level. It describes several key models including: mechanistic aging which focuses on damage at the cellular/DNA level; organismal aging which takes a holistic view of cellular aging effects; contextual aging which considers social/environmental factors; mouse models which are useful mammalian models; yeast models including replicative and chronological lifespan studies; cellular models which examine finite cell division capacity; and the decremental model which views decline as inevitable with age. The models provide insights into aging mechanisms but also have limitations in representing all species.
"The Science of Aging" by Martin Borch Jensen Impact.Tech
Slides from the inaugural Impact.tech seminar about the science of aging, healthspan and longevity. The presentation addresses questions such as: What is aging? Is aging treatable? What are the major biological processes that make up aging? What are the major breakthroughs in anti-aging science? How you can get involved in anti-aging as an entrepreneur or investor?
Impact.tech Launch Seminars are meant to give entrepreneurs and investors a launch into a topic where they can apply their skills to make a major positive impact for humanity and the world.
The Gut Microbiome, Aging and Longevity An Overviewijtsrd
The gut microbiome is a contributory factor in ageing related health loss and in several non communicable diseases in all age groups. Some age linked and disease linked compositional and functional changes overlap, while others are distinct. The gut microbiota undergoes extensive changes across the lifespan, and age related processes may influence the gut microbiota and its related metabolic alterations. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the current literature on aging associated alterations in diversity, composition, and functional features of the gut microbiota. Longevity is one of the most complex phenotypes, and its genetic basis remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the genetic correlation and potential causal association between gut microbiota and longevity. Human longevity has a strong familial and genetic component. Dynamic characteristics of the gut microbiome during aging associated with longevity, neural, and immune function remained unknown. Here, we aim to reveal the synergistic changes in gut microbiome associated with decline in neural and immune system with aging and further obtain insights into the establishment of microbiome homeostasis that can benefit human longevity. In this paper we will discuss The Gut Microbiome, Aging and Longevity an Overview. Dr. G. Renuka | K. Vaishnavi | L. Vijayalaxmi | P. Srihitha | R. Himabindu "The Gut Microbiome, Aging and Longevity- An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61302.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/61302/the-gut-microbiome-aging-and-longevity-an-overview/dr-g-renuka
Ageing is a progressive accumulation of changes over time that leads to deterioration of structure and function. It increases susceptibility to diseases and mortality. There are three main types of ageing: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Several theories attempt to explain the biological process of ageing, including programmed ageing, telomere shortening, mitochondrial dysfunction, and stem cell exhaustion. The body undergoes numerous changes with ageing including loss of bone and muscle mass, stiffening of arteries and lungs, greying of hair, thinning skin, and cognitive decline.
This document summarizes the pathology and inflammation involved in asthma. Key points include:
Chronic inflammation occurs in the lower airways, characterized by eosinophil and T lymphocyte infiltration, basement membrane thickening, goblet cell metaplasia, and smooth muscle hypertrophy. Inflammatory mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes are released causing bronchoconstriction and increased mucus secretion. Over time, airway remodeling can occur through smooth muscle hyperplasia and fibrosis, leading to irreversible airway narrowing and decline in lung function.
Nrf2: A Guardian of Healthspan and Gatekeeper of Species LongevityLifeVantage
This document summarizes a symposium discussing the role of the transcription factor Nrf2 in aging and longevity. Nrf2 regulates over 200 genes involved in cytoprotection, metabolism of toxins, oxidative stress response, and protein stability/degradation. Constitutively high expression and activation of Nrf2 and its downstream targets are observed in long-lived species and models of extended lifespan, suggesting Nrf2 plays a critical role in determining species longevity and regulating the aging process by protecting against age-related diseases and stressors. The document hypothesizes that Nrf2 is a "master regulator" of aging.
Aging vs agings: limits and consequences of biomedical definitionsattilacsordas
The document discusses definitions of biological aging and some of the challenges with defining such a complex process. It explores the concept of biological aging versus "agings" to acknowledge that aging likely involves multiple interconnected processes occurring at different rates. The document also examines issues around causation in aging, discussing the ladder of causation and whether time itself can be considered a causal agent of aging. It questions where the field of biogerontology may lead as our understanding increases and more processes are discovered to be involved in aging.
The document discusses various theories of aging and longevity research. It covers stochastic and programmed theories of aging, including the free radical, DNA damage, telomere, and protein cross-linking theories. It also discusses genetic factors in aging, the maximum documented human lifespan, blue zones where people live longer, longevity in other species, biological immortality, life extension research, and strategies to increase healthy lifespan such as caloric restriction and nutrition supplements.
This document presents information on the biology of aging. It discusses two main types of aging: primary and secondary aging. Primary aging results from physiological changes associated with age, such as decreased lung and heart function and a more vulnerable immune system. Secondary aging is caused by disease and unhealthy behaviors and is often preventable. The document also summarizes several theories of aging, such as the programmed and damage theories. Some causes of aging discussed include cellular activities, hormonal reactions, accumulated damage, and metabolic activities. Effects of normal aging include gray hair, loss of teeth and bone strength, and declining organ function.
This document discusses 15 major theories on the biological basis of aging:
1) Evolutionary theories propose that lifespan is genetically determined and subject to natural selection.
2) The telomere theory suggests that shortening telomeres act as a "clock" that limits the number of times a cell can divide.
3) The reproductive-cell cycle theory links aging to declining reproductive hormones that dysregulate cell signaling.
4) DNA damage theories posit that aging results from accumulated DNA damage over time.
5) The gene loss theory observes that aging involves the gradual loss of genes, particularly in mitochondria.
The document discusses senescence and aging at the cellular, organismal, and population levels. At the cellular level, senescence refers to a cell losing its ability to divide over time due to factors like telomere shortening and oxidative damage. Organismal senescence is characterized by a decline in fertility and increased mortality risk with age. Population studies of senescence examine age-specific survival and mortality rates using life tables to analyze factors influencing life history strategies. The genetic basis of senescence is complex, with multiple genes and environmental influences contributing to the aging process.
Aging is defined as progressive physiological changes that lead to a decline in biological functions over time. There are several theories that attempt to explain the aging process, including biological, psychosocial, and damage theories. Biological theories view aging as an involuntary process caused by internal or external factors that result in cellular and tissue changes over time. Damage theories propose that aging is caused by the accumulation of damage to cells and tissues from various sources, such as free radicals, genetic mutations, or wear and tear from repeated use. Psychosocial theories examine age-related cognitive and behavioral changes. Common biological aging theories include the programmed longevity, endocrine, immunological, rate of living, cross-linking, and free radical theories.
The document discusses several theories of aging from biological, sociological, and psychological perspectives. Biologically, theories include stochastic theories like the error theory and free radical theory, as well as nonstochastic theories like the programmed theory. Sociologically, theories range from disengagement to activity to continuity and stratification. Psychologically, theories cover Maslow's hierarchy, Jungian individuation, Erikson's stages, and selective optimization with compensation.
Basic of geriatrics and internal medicine for physiotherapistDoha Rasheedy
collection of lectures for physiotherapy undergraduate students including notes of common health issues (frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, neuropsychiatric issues, constipation, metabolic syndrome and its components, orthostatic hypotension, CLD, CKD, anemia, immobilization, dizziness, falls, fatigue) and how to handle in practice.
summary of age related changes and geriatric pharmacology, safe analgesic prescription in elderly
The document discusses various theories of aging from biological, sociological, psychological, and spiritual perspectives. Biologically, theories include the stochastic theories of error theory and free radical theory, as well as nonstochastic theories like the programmed theory. Sociologically, theories address disengagement, activity, continuity, and person-environment fit. Psychologically, theories outlined include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Jung's individualism, Erikson's stages of development, and selective optimization with compensation. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and proposed mechanisms within each theoretical perspective of the aging process.
The document summarizes several theories of aging from biological/physiological and psychosocial perspectives. Biologically, aging is explained by either programmed theories, which propose a biological timetable or internal clock, or error theories, which argue aging results from damage to cells over time. Psychosocially, theories view aging through a full life development lens or focus on challenges of mature life, such as accepting physical limitations. Overall, the document outlines numerous theories that attempt to explain the aging process at biological and psychological levels.
This presentation summarizes key topics related to geriatric nursing. It introduces the speaker and defines geriatrics as the branch of medicine focusing on healthcare for elderly individuals. The document then outlines several theories of aging, including programmed, error, biological, and psychological theories. It also discusses common physiological changes in cardiovascular, pulmonary, and other body systems associated with aging. The presentation provides an overview of important concepts and trends in geriatric nursing.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses several theories of aging at the cellular, molecular, evolutionary, and systems levels. The main cellular theories discussed are telomere shortening and free radical damage accumulation over time. Evolutionary theories proposed include mutation accumulation, antagonistic pleiotropy, and the declining force of natural selection with age. Lifestyle and future biomedical interventions are mentioned as potential ways to promote healthy aging or extend lifespan.
The document discusses various models of aging at both the individual and non-individual level. It describes several key models including: mechanistic aging which focuses on damage at the cellular/DNA level; organismal aging which takes a holistic view of cellular aging effects; contextual aging which considers social/environmental factors; mouse models which are useful mammalian models; yeast models including replicative and chronological lifespan studies; cellular models which examine finite cell division capacity; and the decremental model which views decline as inevitable with age. The models provide insights into aging mechanisms but also have limitations in representing all species.
"The Science of Aging" by Martin Borch Jensen Impact.Tech
Slides from the inaugural Impact.tech seminar about the science of aging, healthspan and longevity. The presentation addresses questions such as: What is aging? Is aging treatable? What are the major biological processes that make up aging? What are the major breakthroughs in anti-aging science? How you can get involved in anti-aging as an entrepreneur or investor?
Impact.tech Launch Seminars are meant to give entrepreneurs and investors a launch into a topic where they can apply their skills to make a major positive impact for humanity and the world.
The Gut Microbiome, Aging and Longevity An Overviewijtsrd
The gut microbiome is a contributory factor in ageing related health loss and in several non communicable diseases in all age groups. Some age linked and disease linked compositional and functional changes overlap, while others are distinct. The gut microbiota undergoes extensive changes across the lifespan, and age related processes may influence the gut microbiota and its related metabolic alterations. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the current literature on aging associated alterations in diversity, composition, and functional features of the gut microbiota. Longevity is one of the most complex phenotypes, and its genetic basis remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the genetic correlation and potential causal association between gut microbiota and longevity. Human longevity has a strong familial and genetic component. Dynamic characteristics of the gut microbiome during aging associated with longevity, neural, and immune function remained unknown. Here, we aim to reveal the synergistic changes in gut microbiome associated with decline in neural and immune system with aging and further obtain insights into the establishment of microbiome homeostasis that can benefit human longevity. In this paper we will discuss The Gut Microbiome, Aging and Longevity an Overview. Dr. G. Renuka | K. Vaishnavi | L. Vijayalaxmi | P. Srihitha | R. Himabindu "The Gut Microbiome, Aging and Longevity- An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61302.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/61302/the-gut-microbiome-aging-and-longevity-an-overview/dr-g-renuka
Ageing is a progressive accumulation of changes over time that leads to deterioration of structure and function. It increases susceptibility to diseases and mortality. There are three main types of ageing: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Several theories attempt to explain the biological process of ageing, including programmed ageing, telomere shortening, mitochondrial dysfunction, and stem cell exhaustion. The body undergoes numerous changes with ageing including loss of bone and muscle mass, stiffening of arteries and lungs, greying of hair, thinning skin, and cognitive decline.
This document summarizes the pathology and inflammation involved in asthma. Key points include:
Chronic inflammation occurs in the lower airways, characterized by eosinophil and T lymphocyte infiltration, basement membrane thickening, goblet cell metaplasia, and smooth muscle hypertrophy. Inflammatory mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes are released causing bronchoconstriction and increased mucus secretion. Over time, airway remodeling can occur through smooth muscle hyperplasia and fibrosis, leading to irreversible airway narrowing and decline in lung function.
Case 1 involves a 58-year-old man with difficulty swallowing and weight loss. Endoscopy revealed an esophageal mass with ulceration and biopsy showed abnormal cells. Case 2 describes a 37-year-old woman with similar symptoms who underwent a barium swallow. Case 3 involves a 42-year-old man with chest pain on eating evaluated with barium swallow for suspected diffuse esophageal spasm. Case 4 describes a 35-year-old HIV+ woman with esophageal ulcers. Case 5 presents a 32-year-old intoxicated man who vomited blood.
Case study for spodyloarthropathies by Abhinav Dogra.pptxTorprojectTor
A 21-year-old male carpenter presented with a two-year history of low back pain radiating down both buttocks and thighs that was worse with inactivity. Examination revealed reduced forward flexion of the spine and chest expansion. Blood tests showed elevated inflammatory markers. X-rays showed syndesmophyte formation and sacroiliitis. He was ultimately diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis.
This 11-year-old boy presents with a 4-day history of painful, swollen and red joints in his ankles, wrists, knees and fingers accompanied by fluctuating high fever. He has a 4-year history of intermittent involvement of multiple joints. This is suggestive of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis given the systemic symptoms of fever and involvement of multiple joints. Laboratory tests would be needed to confirm the diagnosis and assess for complications. Treatment would involve NSAIDs, corticosteroids or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs to reduce inflammation and prevent long-term joint damage.
1. The infant presented with listlessness, dry mucous membranes, and tenting skin consistent with 10% dehydration from diarrhea. Initial resuscitation with two 20 mL/kg boluses of IV fluids was administered.
2. The dehydration was determined to be isonatremic based on a serum sodium of 138 mEq/dL.
3. Treatment included 1000 mL of maintenance fluids over 24 hours, replenishing the fluid deficit of 1000 mL, and replacing the electrolyte deficits of 84 mEq for sodium and 60 mEq for potassium based on the Holliday-Segar method.
Lecture_17,21 Common Respiratory and cardiac diseases in children.pptxTorprojectTor
A previously healthy 18-month-old girl presented with fever, stridor, and respiratory distress and was given a preliminary diagnosis of laryngotracheobronchitis. Her stridor diminished with treatment but she then developed drooling, concerning for possible epiglottitis or retropharyngeal abscess. The document discusses common respiratory conditions in children including croup, epiglottitis, retropharyngeal abscess, and their signs, symptoms, and management.
This document provides information on basic life support (BLS). It discusses that BLS is the foundation for saving lives after cardiac arrest. It is intended for healthcare professionals and others to recognize life-threatening emergencies and provide CPR, use an AED, and relieve choking. The chain of survival for adults both in and outside of hospitals is described. Key steps for hands-only CPR on an adult patient are outlined, including checking for responsiveness and pulse before beginning chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute with full chest recoil between compressions.
Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries. Three key events in atherosclerosis are:
1) Macrophages are recruited to the artery wall where they take up LDL particles and become foam cells, forming early plaque.
2) Inflammatory mediators released by foam cells promote further plaque growth and recruitment of additional immune cells.
3) Over time, plaque can rupture, triggering blood clots that can block blood flow and cause heart attacks or strokes. Non-invasive imaging is used to detect vulnerable plaques at risk of rupture.
Sepsis ppt by Abhinav Dogra for Pediatrics.pptxTorprojectTor
Sepsis occurs when the body's response to an infection damages its own tissues and organs. It is a major worldwide health problem, affecting 30 million people annually and killing potentially 6 million. In the United States, sepsis accounts for 20% of hospital admissions and over 50% of deaths. While mortality has decreased in recent decades, it remains over 25%. Sepsis occurs when the inflammatory response to an infection becomes dysregulated and widespread rather than localized, potentially overwhelming the immune, cardiovascular, and coagulation systems. Bacterial infections are the most common cause but fungi, parasites or viruses can also trigger sepsis.
Lec3_secondary active transport UG ST.pptTorprojectTor
This document discusses several examples of secondary active transport mechanisms that use ion gradients to drive the movement of other molecules across cell membranes. It describes the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) in cardiac cells, sodium-glucose transporters in the small intestine and kidneys, and the role of the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter and other exchangers in urine production and neurotransmitter transport across membranes.
Maintain open airway and give breaths while compressions continue without pause. Switch roles every 2 minutes to limit fatigue and maintain effectiveness.
Place the heel of one hand on the center of the
chest, place the other hand on top and interlock fingers.
Compress the chest at least 1/3 the depth of the chest or
about 2 inches for infants and children.
Rate:
Infant: 100-120 compressions per minute
Child: 100-120 compressions per minute
Allow full chest recoil after each compression. Minimize
interruptions in chest compressions.
1) The ECG trace represents the electrical activity of the heart over one cardiac cycle and is made up of three distinct waves: the P wave from atrial depolarization, the QRS complex from ventricular depolarization, and the T wave from ventricular repolarization.
2) When interpreting an ECG, the clinician should check patient details, calibration, rate, rhythm, and abnormalities in each lead to identify any arrhythmias, conduction defects, or signs of myocardial infarction.
3) Common rhythms include normal sinus rhythm, sinus bradycardia/tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and various types of heart block. ST segment elevation in certain leads
This document is a presentation on melanoma and skin cancer. It defines skin cancers as cancers that arise from the skin due to the development of abnormal cells that can invade or spread. It notes that skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer, and that there are two main types: non-melanoma and melanoma. Early detection and treatment often lead to a favorable prognosis due to the visibility of skin lesions.
Leadership Ambassador club Adventist modulekakomaeric00
Aims to equip people who aspire to become leaders with good qualities,and with Christian values and morals as per Biblical teachings.The you who aspire to be leaders should first read and understand what the ambassador module for leadership says about leadership and marry that to what the bible says.Christians sh
Learnings from Successful Jobs SearchersBruce Bennett
Are you interested to know what actions help in a job search? This webinar is the summary of several individuals who discussed their job search journey for others to follow. You will learn there are common actions that helped them succeed in their quest for gainful employment.
Jill Pizzola's Tenure as Senior Talent Acquisition Partner at THOMSON REUTERS...dsnow9802
Jill Pizzola's tenure as Senior Talent Acquisition Partner at THOMSON REUTERS in Marlton, New Jersey, from 2018 to 2023, was marked by innovation and excellence.
Job Finding Apps Everything You Need to Know in 2024SnapJob
SnapJob is revolutionizing the way people connect with work opportunities and find talented professionals for their projects. Find your dream job with ease using the best job finding apps. Discover top-rated apps that connect you with employers, provide personalized job recommendations, and streamline the application process. Explore features, ratings, and reviews to find the app that suits your needs and helps you land your next opportunity.
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2. Aging is an inherently fascinating topic
It has captivated scientists and
philosophers throughout history
For Plato (428–347 bc), those who
lived longer reached a “philosophical
understanding of mortal life” which
led to the desire to understand
everlasting ideas and truths, beyond
the mortal world (Baars 2012)
“For wisdom and
assured true
conviction, a man is
fortunate if he
acquires them even
on the verge of old
age” (Cary, Davis,
and Burges 1852)
Most accurate description of the
general human perception of aging
comes from the Italian poet,
philosopher, and essayist Giacomo
Leopardi (1798–1837)
“Old age is the
supreme evil,
because it deprives
us of all pleasures,
leaving us only the
appetite for them
and it brings with it
all sufferings.
Nevertheless, we
fear death, and we
desire old age”
3. In its broadest sense
Aging broadly
encompasses the general
changes that occur during
an organism’s life span
Though the rate at which
these take place, as well
as the order and mode in
which they occur, varies
widely (Kirkwood 2005)
Such a definition
comprises changes that
are not necessarily
deleterious
Such as wrinkles and
graying hair in humans
Which do not affect the
individual’s viability
(although some might
disagree with such an
assertion)
Anton and coworkers
summarize it as an
equation (1.1) (Anton
et al. 2005)
In which the phenotype is
the end
Result of the interaction
between genotype and
external factors, namely,
diet, lifestyle, and the
surrounding environment
What, then, constitutes aging?
5. Changes that may be classified as innocuous must then be differentiated from
those that may lead to an increased risk of disease, disability, or death
A more precise term was coined by biogerontologists, scientists who work
in the subfield of gerontology concerned with the
Biological process of aging
Its evolutionary origins
Potential interventions in
the process: senescence
Senescence is therefore
Progressive deterioration of bodily functions over time
What is aging?
6. Normal human aging has been
associated with a loss of complexity
in multiple physiological processes
and anatomic structures, including
Blood pressure
Stride intervals
Respiratory cycles
Vision
Postural dynamics
All these detrimental consequences
of senescence ultimately lead to
Decreased fertility
Increased risk of
mortality
What is aging?
7. Since the knowledge about aging throughout the years has unexpectedly become increasingly complicated
Initial quest for one overall encompassing theory explaining both the reasons and the intrinsic
mechanisms of aging has given place to numerous processes, which may interact at multiple levels, for
explaining this phenomenon
Relatively young science of aging is now becoming of age, and with it has come the understanding
of some of the underlying biochemical mechanisms at the core of the aging process (Yin and Chen
2005)
Result of advanced analytical studies aimed at the observation and identification
of the “subtle, quiet” age-related changes that occur in living organisms
What is aging?
8. Aim is answering two questions
What is aging?
Why does it occur?
Aging theories
9. Before looking for a cure for aging, it is necessary
to determine whether aging is in fact a disease
Aging is a process _ no matter the cause or mechanism _ that is
characterized by various pathologies, which inevitably lead to death, by
the loss of homeostasis and the accumulation of molecular damage
Disease, on the other hand, is defined as a “disorder or abnormality of
structure and/or function”
Meaning that aging is not a disease, due to the fact that everyone
suffers from it, though disease and aging often overlap
Aging is
10. Process of aging has
been described as
Raging war
between chemical
and biochemical
processes although
a more suitable and
accurate description
might be that of a
complex and rather
interconnected gear
mechanism
On the basis of this
perspective aging is
Outcome of multiple
unwanted chemical
processes
Result in
spontaneous side
products of normal
metabolism
Less active, mutated,
and perhaps toxified
biomolecules such as
Lipids
Proteins
DNA, RNA
Other small
molecules
Aging is
11. There have been multiple
theories as to why most
organisms
The number of theories exceeded 300
and was classified in seven distinct
groups
Many of these theories have since
been discredited or have undergone
modifications and adaptations, while
others have stayed
Broadly speaking, aging has
been ascribed to
Free radical-induced damages
Telomere shortening
Molecular cross-linking
Changes in immunological functions
Senescence genes in the chromosomes
Aging theories
12.
13. Enzymes act as
catalysts to speed
up the biochemical
reactions
It is difficult to slow
them down
Unless mutated or
genetically modified
Side reactions take
place
These result in
build-up of
undesirable side
products
Biomolecules are
thermodynamically
unstable
They become
susceptible to
nonenzymatic
conversion
Can impact orderly
biochemical process
Fundamental reason
at the heart of the
damage-based
theories of aging
There are
reparation
mechanisms
Such mechanisms
are seldom 100%
effective
What does seem to work against biochemistry is chemistry itself
14.
15.
16. There is no clear, undisputed evidence of which changes (molecular,
cellular, or physiological) are the most important drivers of senescence
and/or
how
they
influence
one
another
Consequently, such restricted approaches may thwart the
full appreciation of how different physiological, cellular,
and/or molecular components interact with one another
Each mechanism tends to be, in total or in part,
supported by data
Indicating that they may play a role in the overall
process
Multiple changes take place at numerous levels of the biological hierarchy
17. The goal of an integrative approach will be the compilation of the acquired
knowledge into a single depiction of how the aging process takes place
Ideally capable of characterizing the phenotype at a systemic/organism
level
This goal can only be achieved through a multidisciplinary approach
relying on the overall identification of
Key genes, biochemical pathways, and interactions that are
involved in the aging process
Integrative approach
18. It is also necessary to study
inheritable genetic diseases that
Affect the “speed” of the
aging process
Often resulting in
premature aging
(e.g., Hutchinson–Gilford
syndrome, commonly
referred as progeria)
Physiological experiments
targeted at effectively decreasing
this rate of aging
Such as caloric intake
restriction
Molecular and cellular biology
will be decisive contributors in
unveiling the changes that
organisms undergo during
senescence and the underlying
causes
The multitude of
available data,
especially from high-
throughput studies, will
require a systems
biology approach,
making use of
computational and
mathematical modeling
Integrative approach
19. Between 1/5th and
1/3rd of the total
variation in the adult life
span may be attributed
to genetic variation
Which makes a key
feature for
survival,
particularly at
advanced age
Multiple studies have
focused on the
elucidation of the
genetic basis of
senescence
Looking for
distinct
“signatures” of the
aging process
Many gene-centric
studies have resulted
Identification of
genes whose
expression leads
to significant
alteration in
senescent cells
In spite of the clearly
identified changes in
gene expression, these
studies have so far failed
to unequivocally
demonstrate
If such alterations
are unique and
causal to
senescence or
If they are a
nonspecific
consequence of
reduced or
nonexistent cell
proliferation
Most dramatic age-related changes occur at the molecular level
20. Often carried out
in animal models
May have a limited
contribution to the
elucidation of the
underlying aging
mechanisms in
humans
Senescence
pathways
Are significantly
different among
cells from different
species
Limitation associated with studies
21. Mouse fibroblasts
express telomerase
Display very long
telomeres
In contrast to human
fibroblasts
When cultured,
mouse fibroblasts
undergo senescence
Which takes place
independent of
telomere shortening
Even within the same
species, cells can
exhibit significant
differences in their
senescence pathways
Human fibroblasts
undergo senescence
After a finite number
of divisions
Telomerase expression
has been
demonstrated to
avoid this halt in
proliferation
Difference among species
22. Human mammary epithelial
cells reach a growth arrest
state that is not related to
telomere shortening
They are
mediated by a
tumor
suppressing
protein p16
Importance of p16 in growth
arrest was confirmed by
Immortalization
of these cells by
resorting to
short hairpin
RNA (shRNA),
targeted at p16
Taken as a whole
Data strongly
suggest that
there exist
various
pathways to
senescence
Various pathways to senescence
23. Established and emerging omics strategies and technologies
For a more detailed and comprehensive characterization of the
molecular changes that take place during aging
It will be possible to link these changes to specific cellular and
physiological processes
Improving our understanding of aging
Post-genome era
24. Omics research heavily relies on bioinformatics tools
Such software packages and databases are continuously updated
Meaning that
results should be
constantly
“revisited”
To date, no standard guidelines for “revisiting” are available, as well as no
protocols for their comprehensive reanalysis exist, although some recent
attempts have been carried out
Establishing such procedural rules, guidelines, and protocols and
successfully implementing them could yield potential key discoveries
toward the understanding of relevant biological processes, namely, aging
Post-genome era
25.
26. Occur in all organ systems with aging
Aging is usually accompanied by a decrease in cardiac output and an
increase in blood pressure
Which leads to
arteriosclerosis
Movement impairment is also frequent attributable
to
Degenerative changes that
take place in joints
Combined with the loss of
muscle mass
Physiological changes
27. It was described a positive
correlation between the
hypodermal layer atrophy with age
It should be emphasized that this
was a “regional change”
Commonly affecting the face and
back of hands but not other parts
of the anatomy, such as the waist
Generally held belief that there is a
global neuron loss with age when
In fact, the difference in total
neuron number between the ages
of 20 and 90 is less than 10%
There are some morphological
changes, namely, the significant
decrease of synapses, axon
demyelination, or loss of dendritic
spines
Physiological changes
28.
29. Structural and functional changes produced during specific biological processes, are not
always easily identifiable
What distinguishes pathological from “normal” age-related changes is,
consequently, somewhat fleeting and not clearly defined
The normal, mild changes in neurologic functions that go with aging, and which
do not substantially interfere with everyday activities, unless disease prevails
There are, macroscopic, clearly visible changes in the aging brain, including the
thickening of the arachnoid, the increased ventricular volume, and variable degrees of
white and cortical matter atrophy, that are almost universal
Pathological changes
30. It is also necessary to critically evaluate what may sometimes be
reported as age-related pathological incidences
Positive correlation between hip fracture incidence and age
among postmenopausal women has been reported
This may be a mere
consequence of the
reduced movement
coordination and
visual acuity
observed in older
ages
In other words, these impairments may result in
Higher rate of falls and collisions, which in turn may have resulted in the
reported high frequency of hip (and other) fractures
Pathological changes
31.
32. Considerations pertaining to the psychology of aging inevitably lead to
sociological considerations
Concrete analyses yielding tangible results may be carried out, such as
Evaluating
altered sleep
patterns
Measurements
of cognitive
deficits
Psychological age-related changes are also
intrinsically interlaced with the physiological changes
Individually, as well as collectively, aging members of society
“must learn to age”
Psychological changes
33. Popular culture is youth
oriented
We strive to preserve
our younger self,
resorting to a wide
variety of hyped age-
delaying strategies
Sometimes willing to
undergo surgical
procedures to look
younger and healthy
As a result, older people are
often considered to have
some physical and/or mental
degree of limitation
Stereotypes that the
ever-popular
television does little
to contradict
There are defined and
quantifiable variations that
take place at a psychological
level with aging
Such changes being
observed in the
functional
neuroanatomy
That result in
alterations in speech
production
Psychological changes
34.
35. Those opposed often emphasize the obvious concerns about overpopulation and inequality,
economic collapse due to increasing healthcare needs, and a perhaps “purist” view of
biology, noting that aging is natural and should not be tampered with
On the other side of the spectrum, life extension research advocates underline that
curing aging is not scientifically implausible and that we may soon reach Longevity
escape velocity
Stage of medical
progress at which the
delay in age-related
degeneration
overcomes death to an
extent that allows for
additional research
seeking more effective
therapies later on
There should be little disagreement regarding the need to fight
illnesses, including those that are age-related/caused and
comorbidities
Should we cure aging?
36. It has been known since the 1930s that restricting calories (caloric
restriction [CR]) resulted in life extension in rodents
Also related to CR, it has been shown that modern diets are largely
based on heat-processed foods which may result in
Consumption of
high quantities
of advanced
glycation end-
products (AGEs)
AGEs can affect almost every type of cell in the
organism
Are thought to play a pivotal role in aging and in age-related
illnesses
CR & AGEs
37. AGEs
Proteins and lipids that
covalently bond to sugars
Without the controlling
mechanisms of enzymes
Advanced Glycation End-products
38. It is uncertain whether a low-calorie diet or a reduced intake of
AGEs has a major effect in aging
Animal models suggest that the high levels of AGEs in the
CR-high diet compete with the benefits of CR
Mechanisms of action of these is still
uncertain
CR & AGEs
39. There is the potential for
using pharmacological
agents that act as
Blockers of the cross-linking reactions
leading to AGEs
Blockers of their actions
To fight AGEs and their
potentially deleterious
consequences
Aminoguanidine
Benfotiamine
Metformin
Inhibitors of the reni-angiotensin
system
Aspirin
Pharmacological agents
40. ALT-711 has received much
attention as a next-
generation antiaging agent.
This compound acts by
Catalytically breaking
AGE crosslinks
Has been demonstrated to
have a beneficial effect in
Heart failure
Diabetic nephropathy
Type II diabetes
Age-associated ventricular
and vascular stiffness
There is still the need to
adequately and
exhaustively determine
Potential effects and side
effects of these drugs
ALT-711
41. Initially considered as only harmful to organisms, reactive oxygen species (ROS)
have been recognized to contribute to cellular signaling and homeostasis
These highly reactive chemical species, formed as a natural by-product of the
normal metabolism of oxygen, do exert numerous damaging effects over
lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
These are counteracted by a diverse array of endogenous cellular
antioxidant systems
Whose action may be enhanced by the ingestion of exogenous
antioxidants
Antioxidants
42. The most commonly recognized antioxidants by the general
public are vitamins
A, C, & E
Coenzyme Q10 advertised in beauty creams
Though it has also been described as having a positive
effect in the preservation of mitochondrial respiratory
function in aged rat skeletal and cardiac muscles
Antioxidants
43. Antioxidants do not delay or halt the aging process
They contribute to
increasing
longevity
More worrisome is the increasing commercialization of
dietary supplements containing high concentrations of
these compounds
Some have been
implicated in the
accelerated cancer
development in
mice
Cumulatively, the intake of high-dose
antioxidant supplements
May in fact be more
harmful than good
Due to the fact that
ROS play a role in cell
signal and
homeostasis
At some level, may
have a positive role in
life span
Antioxidants
44. Stem cells therapies have also been heralded as potential treatments of
age-related diseases and rejuvenation
Recently, platelet-rich plasma was used for the recovery of stem cell
senescence in mice
Transplantation of restored stem cells in aged individuals could be
achieved
Which could be applied in the treatment of age-related
diseases
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)
45. It has been clearly
demonstrated that telomere
extension
Increased cellular
proliferative capacity
in vitro
Positively
contributed to the
reversal of tissue
degeneration in mice
Hyped potential of such
strategies, particularly by the
media
Remaining unproven
This has not barred
pharmaceutical companies from
actively looking for viable age-
prolonging telomerase-based
therapies, such as
TA-65®, a telomerase
activator, already
available
Telomere-based therapies
46. In spite of failing to increase life span, it has positive effects on
Immune
remodeling
Beneficial outcomes over bone, cardiovascular, and
metabolic health
Some precaution is required, as enhanced telomerase
expression has been closely associated with
Cell proliferation Tumor growth
Telomere-based therapies
47. Patients with growth hormone (GH)
and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-
1) deficiencies exhibit signs of early
aging
There are some experimental
data reporting on the benefits
of human GH having beneficial
effects in the elderly
hGH supplements have had a
positive effect over muscle
mass and the strengthening of
the immune system
There have also been reports
detailing the effects of such
supplements over body composition
and metabolism, also resulting in
High blood and intracranial
pressure
Development of diabetes
Hormonal-based therapies
48. Immunosuppressant
rapamycin has been shown
to
Extend maximal life span in
male mice
With limited effects on the
consequences of aging
Rapamycin exhibits serious
side effects, including
Nephrotoxicity
Severe decrease in platelet
numbers
Steep elevation in the levels
of lipids (hyperdyslipidemia)
Rapamycin
49. Another potential
route of intervention
is through the
manipulation of the
klotho gene
This gene codes for
one membrane
protein and one
secreted transcript
Which acts as a
circulating
hormone
Mutations in the
klotho gene have
resulted in
Accelerated aging
in mice
Overexpression of
klotho has been
accompanied by an
Extension in life
span by about 30%
The action
mechanism of this
gene remains unclear
Insulin/IGF-1
signaling pathways
may be involved
More research is
needed to confirm
the role of the
klotho gene in the
aging process
Klotho gene
50. Most futuristic antiaging therapy is that based on the use of
nanotechnology
In spite of the many promises that nanotechnology still holds in a vast
array of applications, the nanotechnology-based biomedical therapies
remain elusive
They entail a level of technological advances that will be a reality in
the near future, but are not yet fully available
There are promising works, such as development of a nanodevice consisting of capped
silica nanoparticles devised to selectively release drugs in aged human cells with an
enormous potential in the treatment of, for example, cancer and Alzheimer’s
Nanotechnology
51. Nanostructures may, in the future, be able to drive chemical reactions that
can ultimately result in the slowing down of the aging process
Or even
completely
revert
senescence
For now the science of antiaging is very much in its
infancy and the road to longevity is still long
The multifactorial nature of the aging process suggests
that
The long searched Fountain of Youth will remain out of our
collective reach for quite some time
Future & now