Thomas Paine was an English-American political activist and philosopher. He was born in 1737 in England and died in 1809 in New York City. Paine is known for writing influential pamphlets and papers that advocated for American independence and challenged institutionalized religion. Some of his most notable works include Common Sense, published in 1776, which was instrumental in promoting revolutionary ideas in the American colonies. Paine also wrote The Age of Reason and Rights of Man, which criticized institutionalized religion and advocated for liberalism and republicanism. He influenced many American and French revolutionaries with his writings and political ideas.