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1. ADVENTURES OF
UNDERWATER

2. ORGIN OF planet
THE BLUE PLANET, ONLY LIFE SUSTAINABLE
PLANET,ONLY EVER GREEN PLANET:
“THE EARTH”
 THE EARTH WHICH CONTAIN ALL ITS UNIC
FEATURESHAD BEEN CREATED OVER MILLON
YEARS AGO.

3.  ALTHOUGH,THE ORGIN OF EARTH IS STILL
NOW SOME-WHAT MYSTERIOUS .
 MOST EXPRIMENTS PROVE THAT THE BLUE
DOT THE EARTH HAD BEEN CREATED FROM
A BIG WELL KNOWN THEORY :
“ BIG BANG ”

4.  MOST OF US DO NOT DEFINGLY DO NOT UNDERSTAND THE TEARM
“BIG BANG. ”
The Big Bang and its associated theories try to explain or describe
the moment of change from nothingness and no time to the
existence of the universe filled with space and marked by time.
EARLY EXPRIMENTSON SUSTAINABILITYOF LIFE
IN EARLY 1953,STANLEY L.MILLER AND HAROLD C.UREY ASSEMBLED
AN EXPRIMENT ,THAT ATMOSPHERE TO THAT THOUGHT TO EXIST ON
EARLY EARTH (this had molecules like ammonia, methane and
hydrogen sulphide, but no oxygen)OVER WATER .THIS WAS
MAINTAINED AT A TEMPRATURE JUST BELOW 100 C AND SPARKS WERE
PASSED THROUGH THE MIXTURE OF GASES TO SIMULATE LIGHTNING
.AT END OF THE WEEK [15% OF CARBON HAD BEEN CONVERTED
TOSIMPLE COMPOUNDS OF CORBON INCLUDING AMINO ACID WHICH
MAKE UP PROTIEN MOLECULES.SO THAT’S HOW LIFE ARAISES.

5. THE ORIGIN OF WATER
LIFE MAY HAVE BEGUN INSIDE WARM,GENTLE
SPRINGS ON GENTLE SEA FLOOR,WHICH BUBBLE
MOY(MILLON OF YEARS)AGO WHEN EARTH’S OCEAN
TOOK OVER THE WHOLE PLANET.THE SPRINGS-AS
OPPOSED TO SCALDING HOT,ACEDIC HYDRO TERMAL
VENTS PROPOSED BY RESEARCHERS IN 1980’S ARE
COOLER AND ALKALINE.

6. ONE EXAMPLE OF THESE ALKALINE VENTS WHICH
WAS DUBBED THE LAST CITY WAS FOUND BY
ACCIDENT IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN IN 2000
MICHEAL RUSSELL,SAID:

7. "Life takes advantage of unbalanced states on the
planet, which may have been the case billions of years
ago at the alkaline hydrothermal vents. Life is the
process that resolves these disequilibria.“

9. What is coral?
 It’s a living organism!
 It is an invertebrate
 2 different types:
 Reef Building: Hermatypic
 Solitary: Ahermatypic
 Coral is cousins to jellyfish and anemones
(Cnidarians)
 Today we will talk mainly about reef building coral
Sun Coral Polyps

10. WhereCan YouFind Coral Reefs?
Coral is found all
over the world:
Tropical
Temperate
Polar
Only tropical
corals build reefs Coral reefs around the world

11. FORMATION OF CORAL REEF
 Most of the coral reefs we can see today were formed
after the last glacial period when melting ice caused
the sea level to rise and flood the continental shelves.
This means that most modern coral reefs are less than
10,000 years old. As communities established themselves
on the shelves, the reefs grew upwards, pacing rising sea
levels.

12. • Reefs that rose too slowly could become drowned reefs.
They are covered by so much water that there was
insufficient light. Coral reefs are found in the deep sea
away from continental shelves, around oceanic
islands and as atolls. The vast majority of these islands
are volcanic in origin. The few exceptions
have tectonic origins where plate movements have lifted
the deep ocean floor on the surface.

14. CORALS ARE CNIDARIANS
 Soft bodied.
 Carnivorous.
 Stinging tentacles
arranged in a circle
around their mouth.
 Body symmetry.
 Specialized tissues.

15. ANATOMY OF CORAL
The coral polyps
build a calcium
carbonate cup called
a corallite.
Coral has stinging
cells called
nematocysts.

16. ADVANTAGES OF REEFS
 Reefs provide structure and act as focal point for
secondary production .
 They provide important services:
 Reefs protect shoreline from coastal protection.
 Provide habitat for fish.
 They turn into commercial and recreational fishing,
diving and boating activities, tourist activities and a
source of bio-medical compounds.
 The National Marine Fisheries Service estimates the
commercial value of U.S. fisheries from coral reefs is over
$100 million.

17. Asexual Reproduction
 To reproduce coral can
reproduce asexually or
sexually.
 Asexual reproduction in
corals is called budding.
 A baby polyp will begin
growing off the adult.
 When it is ready it will
detach and live on its
own.
 This can not start new
colonies, only help the
old colony grow bigger.

18. Coral Reproduction
 Sexual reproduction is
called spawning.
 External fertilization.
 It can start new colonies.
 Sperm and eggs are
released into the water
column.
 The fertilized egg is then
called a planula.
 The planula swims until it
finds a good place to live.

19. Arguments for Artificial Reefs
It can help build
or rebuild a
reef.
It will increase
fish populations
by making new
habitats.