2. Table of
Contents
Problem Statement
User Profiles
Site Analysis
Project Abstract
Design Concept
Citations
Introduction
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About Me
About Me
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Hi, I’m Madeline Mays, a driven senior at the University
ofNorthTexas,passionatelypursuingDesignManage-
ment with a minor in Marketing. My academic journey
has cultivated a deep-rooted belief in merging cre-
ativity with practicality to create impactful solutions
within business frameworks.
My dedication to people and improving lives, espe-
ciallyforwomen,servesasainspirationforthisproject.
This passion fueled the inception of this idea, driving
its focus towards sustainable and accessible solu-
tions in menstrual hygiene.
As a young creative eager to make a mark in the world
ofmarketing,Iimmersemyselfinvariouscreativeven-
tures. Merging innovative design thinking with strate-
gic project management, I aspire to drive meaningful
change and create compelling narratives that reso-
nate with diverse audiences.
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Brand Identity
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Marketing
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Prototype
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Conclusion
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3. Problem Statement
The goal for this project is to positively impact menstruating individuals by providing them with affordable and ac-
cessible products, thus improving their overall well-being. I also believe human-centered design like this can also
benefit society by reducing the stigma and challenges associated with menstruation. In return we can promote
gender equality, and foster a more inclusive and compassionate community within the United States.
The specific problem of menstrual product affordability has a profound impact on individuals’ lives, affecting their
physical and mental well-being. It was seen “In a study done by BMC Women about the struggles of Period Pov-
erty among college-age women, it was discovered that young women who experienced period poverty within the
last year were more likely to report having moderate to severe depression compared to those who have not expe-
rienced period poverty” (Krumperman, 2023). Educational, economic opportunities, and overall quality of life are
also factors.
Goals
The overarching wicked problem in of women’s reproduc-
tive health is “period poverty,” which is characterized by The
Journal of Global Health Reports as “a lack of access to men-
strual products, hygiene facilities, waste management, and
education” The negative consequences of this problem in-
clude compromised menstrual health, dignity, and well-be-
ing for affected individuals.
Evidence-based research supports this problem. Accord-
ing to ballardbrief.byu.edu, “Around 16.9 million people who
menstruate live in poverty in the United States. Among those
women, two-thirds said they struggled with affording men-
strual products in the last year, and 14% of college girls in a
study surveyed said they struggled to afford period prod-
ucts”, often having to choose between these products and
essential needs like food. In an even broader sense, studies
have shown that 500 million people in the United states lack
access to menstrual products and hygiene facilities (Michel
et al, 2022). When looking at a specific 2019 study of wom-
en in poverty in Missouri, “Nearly two thirds (64%) of women
were unable to afford needed menstrual hygiene supplies
during the previous year. Approximately one fifth of women
(21%) experienced this monthly”. (Kuhlmann et al, 2019) With
various other studies proving this point, it is obvious to see
that menstrual hygiene supplies are a basic necessity that
many low-income women lack.
Getty Images
College of Visual Arts & Design | ADES 4662 | Design Managment Integrated Capstone
Introduction
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Above is my mind-mapping process of the “wicked” problems of social injustices. This process allowed
me to have non-linear thinking and helped me expand my ideas on this subject. It also helped me see
connections between these related ideas. In the middle, there is my central topic and then I expanded
through branches of ideas that pertain to this issue. Through this process, I wrote injustices that came to
mind that I believe are occurring within America. A few many points I wanted to branch off from first were
This project explores the realm of wicked
problems.Whiletheterm“wicked”isoftenas-
sociatedwithevil,inthiscontext,itsignifiesthe
intricate nature of problems that resist easy
resolution. Wicked problems are character-
ized by their complexity, constantly changing
requirements, and inherent contradictions,
making them difficult, if not impossible, to
solve. Within this intricate landscape, we en-
counter various social injustices that plague
our society. Homophobia, sexism, and racism
are just a few examples of the deep-rooted
issuesthatpersist,leavingaprofoundimpact
on individuals and communities.
As I explored these wicked problems and the
injustices they encompass, the central focus
for my project emerged—women’s health-
care. It is within this problem that we find
a multitude of issues, ranging from repro-
ductive rights, to access to healthcare ser-
vices. Women face a multitude of obstacles
and disparities that impede their autonomy,
well-being, and fundamental rights.
4. Oregon will be selected as the initial site for this proj-
ect for strategic reasons. Oregon, nestled in the Pa-
cific Northwest region of the United States, offers a
unique confluence of factors that make it an ideal
starting point. This state analysis will delve into sev-
eral aspects that highlight Oregon’s characteristics.
Oregon’s liberal and progressive nature serves as a
pivotal backdrop for this project. The state has long
been recognized for its forward-thinking approach
to social issues. This inclusive thinking aligns with the
core values of addressing “period poverty” and ad-
vocating for reproductive health. It provides an envi-
ronment where solutions can be not only developed
but also embraced. Furthermore, Oregon’s bottle re-
turn laws are a crucial piece of the puzzle. These laws,
which allow individuals to return beverage contain-
ers for a refund, lay the foundation for the project’s
objectives.
Site
Why Oregon?
Culture
Tourism significantly contributes to Oregon’s economy, with outdoor recreation, historical sites, wine tour-
ism, and vibrant cities being prominent attractions. The state’s culture is characterized by indigenous
heritage, pioneer history, a burgeoning arts scene, and a strong emphasis on environmental responsibil-
ity. The frequent rainfall in Oregon has become an integral part of the local culture, reflecting the state’s
identity.
Delving into the historical elements of Oregon, it is evident that the state has a rich and multifaceted her-
itage. This includes deep-rooted Native American history, the iconic Oregon Trail, and a historical back-
drop of colonialism. The state’s labor movements and industrial development, particularly in logging and
manufacturing, have left a lasting imprint on its societal and economic landscape.
Griffin, Melaine Ryan. Skinner Butte Viewpoint. Euguene.
Map of Oregon | Oregon-map.org
College of Visual Arts & Design | ADES 4662 | Design Managment Integrated Capstone
Geography Weather
Demographics
Transportation
Oregon offers an extensive transportation network, includ-
ing well-developed road systems, public transit options in
major cities, and passenger train services like Amtrak Cas-
cades. The state also boasts cycling-friendly infrastructure
in many towns and provides boat transportation options
through its costal ports.
• The state experiences distinct seasons and heavy snowfall in mountainous regions.
• Temperature extremes are observed, with a greater annual and diurnal temperature range in central and east-
ern regions.
• Severe thunderstorms are infrequent in Oregon compared to other states in the nation.
• Some areas in the Coast Range receive over 100 inches of annual precipitation, while certain eastern desert re-
gions receive less than 10 inches.
• The proximity to the ocean influences the state’s weather patterns, including seasonal variations.
Oregon’s geography plays a pivotal role in shaping its
environment. The presence of the Cascade Range in the
western part of the state and the extensive Pacific Ocean
coastline significantly affect climate, weather patterns,
and accessibility. These geographical features have a
substantial impact on the region’s social and economic
dynamics.
• ForestsareaprominentfeatureinOregon,coveringabout
48% of the state’s land area, making it one of the most
forested states in the U.S.
• OregonboastsasizablecoastlinealongthePacificOcean
to the west, spanning approximately 363 miles.
• Oregon has diverse microclimates, including deserts,
and is susceptible to natural disasters such as wildfires
and earthquakes.
Site Analysis
Demographically, Oregon has a balanced gender distribution with half of the population is female. The popula-
tion is diverse, but the White individuals account for the majority. Furthermore, the majority of the population is
between the ages of 18-65 years old.
• 4.2 Million in Population
• Persons under 5 years, 4.9%, Persons under 18 years, 19.7%, Persons 65 years and over, 19.2%.
• Race and ethnicity (White alone 61.6%; Black alone 12.4%; Hispanic 18.7%; Asian alone 6%; Native American and
Alaska Native alone 1.1%; Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 0.2%; Some Other Race alone 8.4%;
Two or More Races 10.2%).
Source: Census.gov
Source: Statesummaries.ncics.org
Source: oregonforestfacts.org, statesummaries.ncics.org
Site Analysis
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5. This project’s primary users, who I will be referring to as
clients, encompass a diverse demographic ranging in
age, gender identities, socio-economic backgrounds, and
races. These clients need access to affordable menstru-
al products and inclusive and respectful support. When
looking at those who will benefit from this human-design,
we need to look at those who menstruate. These individ-
uals are usually female, transgender, or gender non-con-
forming individuals between the ages of 12-51. While the
start of a person’s first period to menopause varies, this is
the average age range for these clients. Socio-econom-
ic backgrounds play a huge role as well. While this design
will be for anyone to use, the clients who will be target-
ed are ones of low to moderate income and potentially
have a reliance on government assistance programs or
charitable organizations. According to Now.org, “Pads and
tampons are expensive, and many shelters are not only
overcrowded, but lack resources to provide more than a
few items per menstrual cycle.” Thus, there needs to be
another solution to this problem.
The dislikes of this user group include limited access to
products, financial burdens, and stigmatization. Clients’
needs include affordable products and inclusive support,
while they also have wants such as adesire for a wider va-
riety of product choices, more educational resources, and
private access to menstrual products.
Age
Education
Income
Race
• As of 2017, 43% of Oregon adults aged 25 years or older
had a post-secondary degree, 44% of that being wom-
en.
• The four-year high school graduation rate in 2017–2018
was 79%.
• 82% of girls within their class graduated
Source: Oregon.gov
• Those who are Black (35%) or Hispanic (36%) are more
likely to struggle with period poverty compared to those
who are White (23%).
Source: Ballardbrief.byuedu
• As of 2022, 50.1% of Oregon’s population are classified
as women and there are approximatly 900,000 women
and girls of menstruation age in Oregon.
• The average age of people who menstruate are be-
tween the ages of 12-51
Source: period-action.org| allianceforperiodsupplies.org
• Two-thirds of women struggled to afford period prod-
ucts in the preivous year
• Over 60% of minimum wage jobs are held by women.
• From 2014-2018, the share of women experiencing pov-
erty was 15%
• 4 in 10 are in deep poverty in Oregon
• 40% of black women are in poverty
• Women’s Median Annual Earnings for Full-Time, $39,000
Source: statusofwomendata.org| Ballardbrief.byu.edu
Who are the users?
College of Visual Arts & Design | ADES 4662 | Design Managment Integrated Capstone
In tackling the issue of period poverty through
a human-centered design approach, I aim to
shed light on a pressing problem that affects
many individuals in the state of Oregon and
advocate for a shift in the way we perceive and
address menstrual hygiene. My choice to ad-
dress this problem stems from a passion for
women’s reproductive health, building upon
my previous project addressing contraceptive
deserts. The specific problem I hope to tackle
is the issue of period poverty. I aim to devel-
op a hypothetical solution to make menstrual
products more accessible, but I now recognize
the complexity of this challenge. My approach
involves leveraging bottle laws within Oregon
that mandate a refundable 10-cent deposit on
drinking containers. Instead of receiving this
Project Abstract
amount in cash, individuals would have the op-
tion to receive a pad or tampon, which typical-
ly, the manufacturing cost is about 2 to 3 cents
per product.
By controlling design elements and measur-
ing the impact this will have on users, I intend
to create a solution that benefits those facing
period poverty. Some variables, such as leg-
islation around bottle laws and funding, are
beyond my control and can be ignored in the
context of this design project. The primary goal
is to raise awareness about period poverty and
advocate for menstrual products as more of a
fundamental right, not just a need. This proj-
ect’s success or failure can serve as an edu-
cational tool, hopefully inspiring others to take
action and explore alternative solutions to this
complex issue. By proposing a solution with-
in the framework of bottle laws, I hope to draw
attention to the intersection of environmental
sustainability and menstrual health. Even if this
specific solution is not implemented, it may
spark conversations and inspire others with-
in the industry of non-profits to consider inno-
vative approaches to address period poverty.
Successes and challenges will showcase the
complexity of addressing such a wicked prob-
lem like period poverty, serving as a source of
inspiration for others to take action and find
creative solutions.
Photographs: Left: Jovesa Naisua/The Guardian, Middle:
capecodtimes.com, Right: GettyImages
College of Visual Arts & Design | ADES 4662 | Design Managment Integrated Capstone
User Profile
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Culture
Oregon, especially Portland, is known for its indie scene
and cultural diversity, and DIY ethos. This approach per-
meates various aspects of life, resonating in art, music,
sustainability, and community initiatives. This state em-
braces a blend of indigenous heritage and pioneer history,
fostering a cultural identity that evolves through festivals
and art, reflecting inclusivity and innovation. Moreover, Or-
egon’s constant rain, far from mere weather, symbolizes
resilience and reverence for nature.
6. This design concept is a human-centered approach,
meticulously crafted to tackle period poverty while
spotlighting the environmental sustainability inher-
ent in Oregon’s Bottle Laws. It’s rooted in the ethos
of a DIY culture and the natural essence of Oregon’s
landscapes, drawing inspiration from retro design
work for an added touch of nostalgia. At its essence,
this concept introduces the Universal Refundable
Deposit System, akin to Oregon’s Bottle Laws, offer-
ing a choice for individuals of all genders and ages
to exchange refundable deposits on beverage con-
tainers for essential menstrual products. Crucially, it
sidesteps conventional, gender-specific symbolism,
fostering inclusivity and support for anyone impact-
ed by period poverty. To effectively communicate this
College of Visual Arts & Design | ADES 4662 | Design Managment Integrated Capstone
Design Statement Brand Identity
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Primary Logo
Logo Variations
Icons
Brandmark
Colors & Secondary Colors
The following is the brand identity of the “GreenCycle” bottle redemption machine. Visual elements include
the logo, variations of that logo, the brandmark, icons, colors, typography, brand image guidelines, and tag-
line. These are verstile and can be applied to various different media such as print advertising, the machine
itself, and mobile applications.
The primary colors of the brand are green, pink, and red.
Green, representing the earth and sustainability, within our vi-
sual identity. This signifying the commitment to responsible/
eco-friendly practices. Pink/red, symbolizing femininity, care,
and compassion. These will accompany the green to empha-
size the dedication to improving menstrual health and sup-
ported those affected by period poverty.
The secondary color palette expands the brand’s versatility
with shades of green and pink, as well as the addition of a
black and off-white. These colors allow the brand to convey
its mission and provide clarity to our visual communication.
These colors can also provide sharp contrast and highlight key
information.
#2D4739 #E58C8A #C1272D
#000000 #FFFCE9 #C3E8BD #8EB897 #EAAEB6
The logo uses the typeface Bunker and is a combination
of the works “Green” and “Cycle”. The “green” relates
back to sustainability efforts through recycling, and the
“cycle” is in reference to menstruation. The”period” in
the logo is a drop of blood, also relating back to the lat-
ter.
The brandmark combines the con-
cepts of sustainability and men-
struation. Drawing inspiration from
the recycling icon, it introduces a
unique twist by incorporating tam-
pons. The central focus showcases
the tampon string artfully forming
the shape of a uterus. This em-
blem not only represents the core
functions of the product but also
champions the battle against pe-
riod poverty.
Icons of the project to be used secondary to the brandmark.
The Icon uses elements from the primary logo and colors of
the brand. Can be used in a multitude of ways such as for so-
cial media use.
message, imagery and text will vividly illustrate the
transformative impact of this solution, supported
by educational material aimed at raising aware-
ness about the profound effects of period poverty
on a broader scale. The project involves repurpos-
ing pre-designed bottle return machines to align
withthisnewvision,infusingthemwithafreshmes-
sage that emphasizes inclusivity, eco-friendliness,
and sustainability. While the design inherently re-
volves around recycling containers, it strategically
weaves in themes of period poverty through visu-
als and text, all while championing positive envi-
ronmental impact. Furthermore, the design prior-
itizes user-friendliness and inclusivity, catering to
a diverse clientele, including those with disabili-
ties. It will incorporate features accommodating
a wide range of abilities, fostering independence
and confidence in its users. Ultimately, this concept
merges a DIY spirit with a natural, Oregon-inspired
aesthetic, drawing on retro design elements to
craft an innovative solution that not only address-
es period poverty and promotes sustainability but
also ensures a universally accessible and inviting
experience for all individuals involved.
images from pexels.com
Textures
Design Inspiration
Imagery Sketch/Quote/ Keywords
1. Empowerment:
2. Equality
3. Compassion
4. Dignity
5. Solidarity
6. Inclusivity
7.Sustainability
8. Education
9. Community
10. Impact
“Menstruation is not a luxury; it’s a
basic need.”
“Let’s erase the stigma, not the
period.”
Top Left / Right- Courtesy of Tampax, Bottom left - Pexles.com
Variations
7. Marketing
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Brand Identity
Heading- Abril Fatface 32pt
Subheading- Poppins Medium 20pt
Body- Poppins 12pt
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adip-
iscing e lit, sed diam nonummy n ibh euismod
tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna
Captions- Helvetica Light Obliquie 8pt
Typography
Tagline
“Waste To Welness”
The tagline, “Waste to Wellness”, serves as this project’s mes-
sage. It symbolizes the transformation of waster materials into
sources of wellness and empowerment. It could be prominent-
ly displayed on the machine, the logo, website, social media,
marketing materials, and even on promotional packaging
The chosen typefaces maintain consistency within the broader
brand identity. For “Greencycle,” the aim is to uphold a balance
between simplicity and a playful demeanor, aligning seam-
lessly with the DIY ethos and Oregon’s natural vibe. The head-
ing typeface exudes a feminine and playful essence through its
design, while the subheading and body typefaces embrace a
rounded, straightforward style that complements the brand’s
overall aesthetic of simplicity and nature-inspired charm.
Image Guidelines
Imagery should reflect empower-
ment, inclusiveness, and sustain-
ability. Showcasing individuals with
dignity and confidence. Highlighting
diversebackgroundsandexperienc-
es. They can also feature menstrual
products and eco-friendly practic-
es. Can be educational through im-
ages such as promoting menstrual
health awareness and community
support. Can also showcase envi-
ronmental contributions.
Key considerations in imagery in-
clude maintaining a constant style
the aligns with the brand, just as a
vintage feel . Integrating the col-
or palette and insuring high quality
images is also a factor. Encourag-
ing emotional resonance with the
audience is priority.
Pattern
The website serves as the initial gateway to “GreenCycle,” strategically positioned to meet the needs of individuals seeking accessible and sustainable options for free or dis-
counted period products. Establishing a strong online presence through this platform is crucial in embedding “GreenCycle” in the minds of those exploring such solutions.
Employing cutting-edge SEO techniques and innovative tools, the website functions as a powerful resource hub, seamlessly guiding customers towards locations where our
machines are available. Below is an example of what the landing page could look like for such website.
This hand-drawn pattern embodies the essence of the brand
identity. It weaves together motifs of pads and tampons,
crafted to resonate with our DIY ethos. Its versatile application
spans across multiple platforms, from website and social me-
dia to packaging and the machines themselves, infusing each
touchpoint with the unique, authentic vibe of our brand.
https://www.figma.com/file/gngS5DnJEfUsakLXRPvoDD/GCWEBSITE?type=design&node-id=0%3A1&mode=design&t=QQNyu4XXBVpk2253-1
8. Conclusion
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Prototype
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“GreenCycle” initiative is poised to revolutionize accessibility to sustainable and discounted period
products through an innovative approach that merges design, technology, and social impact. The
comprehensive brand identity, incorporating logos, brand marks, and visual elements, reflects a
cohesive and versatile representation across various media, from machine designs to online plat-
forms.The strategic focus on establishing a robust online presence via an SEO-optimized website
acts as the primary gateway, guiding individuals towards accessible solutions. By seamlessly in-
tegrating machine availability information, the website serves as an informative hub, advocating
for inclusivity and convenience. The prototype showcases user-centric features, ensuring ease of
use and accessibility for all individuals. Its interface and strategic placement emphasize our ded-
ication to inclusivity, fostering a more equitable and compassionate approach to menstrual hy-
giene. This initiative isn’t just about offering period products; it’s a broader mission aimed at ad-
dressing a pressing societal issue. “GreenCycle” embodies a human-centered design approach
that intertwines inclusivity, sustainability, and innovation, resonating with the ethos of the DIY cul-
ture and Oregon’s progressive nature. Through these strategic endeavors, “GreenCycle” aspires to
challenge the status quo, promote gender equality, and foster a compassionate community. This
project stands not only as an innovative solution but also as a catalyst for change, sparking con-
versations, inspiring action, and advocating for a fundamental shift in the perception of menstrual
hygiene and its accessibility.
Thank you for taking the time to explore and with the concept of “GreenCyle”
The basis of this design will start with a regular bottle return machine and will be paired with a this human-centered
approach to create something new. There will be a fresh look with new branding, messaging, and graphics, all while
keeping period poverty and the environment in mind. The goal is to make it approachable, not overly feminine, but still
convey undertones of femininity. The machine itself will maintain the core message of recycling but also include the
availability of menstrual products. This will help it stand out from other return machines with its updated design cen-
tered towards those who menstruate. An interactive screen will take center stage to ensure a user-friendly experience.
During idle moments, the screen will display captivating images, insightful statistics, and other visuals that resonate
with the core message of our design. When a consumer engages with the machine, they will find clear, step-by-step
instructions on its functionality. Additionally, the interface will be thoughtfully designed to cater to users with disabilities,
ensuring accessibility for those who are deaf or blind. The front of the machine will exude simplicity and clarity, aligning
closely with our established brand guidelines. There will be a designated slot for bottle insertion, a receipt dispener, and
options for receiving change or menstrual products.
9. Citations
Images
Page 3 - GettyImages
Page 4- Griffin, Melaine Ryan. Skinner Butte Viewpoint. Euguene.
Page 7- Left: Jovesa Naisua/The Guardian, Middle: capecodtimes.com, Right: GettyImages
Page 8- Pexels.com
Page 9- Istock.com
Page 10- Istock.com, Tampax
Page 12- Istock.com
Page 13- Istock.com
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Briney, Amanda. “Do You Know These Interesting Geographic Facts about Oregon?” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 23 Jan. 2020, www.thoughtco.com/geographic-facts-about-oregon-1435715.
“Educational Attainment.” Oregon.Gov, Oregon Health Authority, www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/ABOUT/Documents/indicators/educationalattainment.pdf. Accessed 23 Oct. 2023.
“Female Homelessness and Period Poverty - National Organization for Women.” National Organization for Women -, 22 Jan. 2021, now.org/blog/female-homelessness-and-period-poverty/.
Kindful. “11 Nonprofits That Are Advocating for Female Empowerment.” Kindful, 25 Aug. 2023, kindful.com/blog/nonprofit-womens-history-month/.
Krumperman, Katie. “Period Poverty in the United States.” Ballard Brief. February 2023. www.ballardbrief.byu.edu.
Lauren Manaker MS, RDN. “10% of College-Aged Women Are Struggling with Lack of Access to Menstrual Products.” Verywell Health, Verywell Health, 11 Feb. 2021, verywellhealth.com/period-poverty-col-
lege-women-5111870.
“Learn about the Enthralling History, Language and Culture in Oregon.” World Travel Guide, 26 May 2019, www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/north-america/united-states-of-america/oregon/history-lan-
guage-culture.
Marie Louise Juul Søndergaard. 2020. Troubling Design: A Design Program for Designing with Women’s Health. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 27, 4, Article 24 (August 2020), 36 pages. https://doi.
org/10.1145/3397199
Mechling, Audrey. “A Portrait of Poverty in Oregon.” Oregon Center for Public Policy, 7 Aug. 2020, www.ocpp.org/2020/08/07/poverty-oregon/.
“Menopause.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 25 May 2023, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397.
Michel, Janet, et al. “Period Poverty: Why It Should Be Everybody’s Business: Published in Journal of Global Health Reports.” Journal of Global Health Reports, International Society of Global Health, 22 Feb. 2022,
www.joghr.org/article/32436-period-poverty-why-it-should-be-everybody-s-business.
“Oregon - Portland, Oregon Trail & Mount Hood.” History.Com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/topics/us-states/oregon. Accessed 22 Oct. 2023.
“Periods (Menstruation).” NHS Inform, 30 Nov. 1BC, www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/womens-health/girls-and-young-women-puberty-to-around-25/periods-and-menstrual-health/periods-menstrua-
tion#:~:text=Periods%20usually%20begin%20at%20around,find%20their%20periods%20are%20regular.
Sebert Kuhlmann, Anne et al. “Unmet Menstrual Hygiene Needs Among Low-Income Women.” Obstetrics and gynecology vol. 133,2 (2019): 238-244. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003060
U.S. Census Bureau Quickfacts: United States, www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045222. Accessed 23 Oct. 2023.
“What Is a Bottle Bill?” TOMRA, www.tomra.com/en/reverse-vending/media-center/feature-articles/what-is-a-bottle-bill. Accessed 22 Oct. 2023.
