1. Acute inflammation can be indicated by local signs like redness, swelling, pain, or systemic signs like fever and loss of appetite. It is classified as suppurative or non-suppurative. 2. Suppurative inflammation is caused by bacteria and results in pus formation. It includes localized abscesses or diffuse types like phlegmonous inflammation. 3. Non-suppurative inflammation includes mild types like serous or catarrhal, characterized by fluid exudates. More severe types are membranous or gangrenous inflammation.

1. Acute inflammation:
1. How can you indicate the inflammation?
By local signs (redness, hotness, swelling, pain, loss of function)
or by systemic manifestations (fever, malaise, loss of appetite
and weight, leukocytosis, changes in plasma proteins level)
2. Classify acute inflammation?
ٍ◌ ٍ◌SuppurativeNon Suppurative
‐ localized : abscess
‐ diffuse :
Phlegmonous inflammation
In a body cavity
In lumen of an organ
Cellulitis
‐ catarrhal
‐ serous
‐ serofibrinous
‐ membranous
‐ hemorrhagic
‐ allergic
‐ gangrenous
3. Define suppurative inflammation?
Inflammation is a Local reaction of vascularized living tissue to
an injurious agent provided that the stimulus is not so strong to
cause immediate cell death
Suppurative inflammation is a type of inflammation caused by
pyogenic bacteria, characterized by formation of pus.
4. Demonstrate the components of suppurative
inflammation?
Inflammatory cells, inflammatory exudate, pus
5. Demonstrate the components of Pus?

2. Living & dead bacteria & their toxins, living & dead neutrophils,
necrotic cells, macrophages, exudate.
6. What's suppurative inflammation characterized by?
Formation of pus (yellow, turbid, odorless, thick, alkaline fluid)
7. Why doesn't pus (fluid of suppurative inflammation)
clot on standing?
Because its fibrinogen is destroyed by proteolytic enzymes
8. Demonstrate the pathogenesis of suppurative
inflammation?
Pathogenesis of acute inflammation in addition to pus
formation by
Toxins of microorganisms (excessive necrosis, chemotaxins)
Pus cells/neutrophils (liquefaction of necrotic tissue)
9. Enumerate the types of suppurative inflammation?
‐ Localized (abscess)
‐ Diffuse (Phlegmonous inflammation, in a body cavity, in
lumen of an organ, Cellulitis)
10. Classify suppurative inflammation?
Same answer as 9
11. Give an account about:
• Abscess suppurative inflammation

3. Localized area of suppuration characterized by cavity formation
full of pus. Caused commonly by staphylococcus aureus that
release coagulase enzyme
• Diffuse suppurative inflammation
Wide area of suppuration can happen in a hollow organ, body
cavity, lumen of an organ, connective tissue. Caused commonly
by streptococcus hemolyticus that release streptokinase and
hyaluronidase enzymes.
12. Define abscess?
Localized area of suppuration characterized by cavity formation
full of pus. Caused commonly by staphylococcus aureus that
release coagulase enzyme
13. What is abscess characterized by?
Cavity formation full of pus (yellow, turbid, odorless, thick,
alkaline fluid).
14. Mention the causation of abscess?
Staphylococcus aureus that release coagulase enzyme
15. Which enzymes are involved in:
• Abscess formation
Coagulase enzyme
• Non clotting of pus
Streptokinase
• Pathogenesis of pus formation

4. Proteolytic enzymes
• Cellulitis
Streptokinase and hyaluronidase enzymes.
16. Demonstrate the pathogenesis of abscess
formation?
Pus formation by
Toxins of microorganisms (excessive necrosis, chemotaxins)
Pus cells/neutrophils (liquefaction of necrotic tissue)
17. Demonstrate the morphology of abscess?
Central large necrotic area composed of pus, rimmed by layer
of living neutrophils, surrounded by zone of dilated vessels and
fibroblastic proliferation
18. Enumerate some special types of abscess?
Boil, stye, carbuncle
19. Give an account on:
• Boil
Small abscess related to hair follicle or sebaceous gland
• Stye
Abscess in eyelid related to eyelashes
• Carbuncle
Multiocular abscess in skin or subcutaneous tissue discharging
pus through multiple openings.

5. 20. Mention the positions of the body that is usually
affected by:
• Boil
Face, neck, back, axilla
• Stye
Eyelid
• Carbuncle
Back of the neck especially in diabetics
21. Enumerate the types of diffuse suppurative
inflammation?
Phlegmonous inflammation, diffuse suppuration in a body
cavity, collection of pus I in lumen of an organ, cellulitis
22. Give an account on:
• Phlegmonous inflammation
Acute diffuse suppurative inflammation of a hollow organ. Ex.
Phlegmonous appendicitis
• Diffuse suppurative in body cavities
Suppurative pleuritis, pericarditis, peritonitis, meningitis
• Collection of pus in the lumen of the organ
Ex. Empyema of gall bladder
• Cellulitis

6. Suppurative inflammation spreads in connective tissue, caused
by streptococcus hemolyticus, happens in loose, areolar
connective tissue
23. Demonstrate the mechanisms produced by
Cellulitis?
Prevents fibrin formation by streptokinase enzyme
Destroys tissue cements by hyaluronidase enzymes
These enzymes are produced by streptococcus bacteria
24. Compare between the causes of abscess and
Cellulitis?
Abscess ……. Staphylococcus aureus
Cellulitis …….. Streptococcus hemolyticus
25. Define Phlegmonous inflammation?
Acute diffuse suppurative inflammation of a hollow organ.
26. Which types of non‐suppurative inflammation
affect:
• Mucous membranes
Catarrhal, membranous inflammation
• Serous membranes
Serous, serofibrinous inflammation
27. Classify non‐suppurative acute inflammation?
Catarrhal, serous, serofibrinous, fibrinous, membranous,
hemorrhagic, allergic, gangrenous.

7. 28. Demonstrate the severity of:
• Catarrhal inflammation: Mild
• Serous inflammation: Mild
• Membranous inflammation: Severe
• Allergic inflammation: It is due to hypersensitivity
reaction which causes tissue injury and exudate rich in
eosinophils.
• Gangrenous inflammation: Severe
• Serofibrinous & fibrinous inflammation:
• Hemorrhagic inflammation: It is characterized by a
cellular exudate rich in RBCs. It is usually associated with
vascular damage.
29. Give an account on:
• Serous inflammation
Mild inflammation affects serous cavities and skin,
characterized by excessive clear watery fluid with variable
protein content but no fibrin.
Ex. Blisters of burn
• Catarrhal inflammation
Mild inflammation affects any mucous surfaces, characterized
by excessive mucus secretion.
Ex. Common cold, some forms of colitis
• Hemorrhagic inflammation

8. Usually associated with vascular damage, characterized by
exudate rich in RBCs.
Ex. Hemorrhagic pancreatitis
• Membranous inflammation
Bacterial toxins on mucosal surfaces cause mucosal necrosis
and inflammation of the submucosa, characterized by
formation of false membrane on the mucous surface.
Ex. Bacillary dysentery
• Allergic inflammation
Due to hypersensitivity reaction, characterized by exudate rich
in eosinophils.
• Gangrenous inflammation
Complicated acute inflammation with superadded death and
putrefaction of tissues.
Ex. Gangrenous appendicitis.
• Serofibrinous & fibrinous inflammation
Affects serous cavities, joints, lung alveoli.
Characterized by exudate rich in fibrin.
30. Enumerate the positions of catarrhal inflammation?
Mucous surface: nasal passage, bronchi, GIT.
Ex. Common cold, some forms of colitis.
31. Mention the manifestation of catarrhal
inflammation?
Excessive mucus secretion
32. Enumerate the characteristics of serous
inflammation?
Excessive clear watery fluid with variable protein content but
no fibrin.

9. 33. What does serous inflammation affect?
Serous cavities, skin.
34. Demonstrate the morphology of Serofibrinous &
fibrinous inflammation? (Grossly &
Microscopically).
Grossly: pinkish yellow mantle exudate covering serous lining,
like bread and butter appearance.
Microscopically: fibrin network surrounding inflammatory cells.
35. What is membranous inflammation characterized
by?
Formation of false membrane on the mucous surface.
36. Demonstrate the pathogenesis of membranous
inflammation?
Bacterial toxins on mucosal surfaces cause mucosal necrosis
and inflammation of the submucosa
37. Demonstrate the morphology of membranous
inflammation?
Grossly: superficial dull opaque yellowish white membrane
leaves a bleeding surface when peeled off.
Microscopically: membrane is formed of necrotic mucosal cells,
bacteria, inflammatory cells, held together by fibrin network.
38. What is hemorrhagic inflammation characterized
by?
Exudate rich in RBCs.
39. Demonstrate the characteristics of cellular exudate
of:
• Allergic inflammation
Rich in eosinophils
• Hemorrhagic inflammation
Rich in RBCs.

10. 40. What is the most severe type of non‐suppurative
inflammation? Give an account on it?
Membranous inflammation
41. Which type of suppurative inflammation is caused
by?
• Streptococcus hemolyticus
Cellulitis (diffuse suppurative inflammation)
• Staphylococcus aureus
Abscess (localized suppurative inflammation)
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