This document summarizes research on the eutectic behavior of binary mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure the melting points and fusion enthalpies of acenaphthene-fluorene and fluorene-phenanthrene mixtures of varying compositions. The enthalpies of fusion of the eutectic mixtures were found to be lower than predicted for ideal mixtures, indicating an interaction energy between the compounds. Future work will further investigate the degrees of deviation from ideal mixture behavior and intermolecular forces involved.
Increasing the temperature of a reaction increases the kinetic energy of the reactant particles, leading to more frequent and more energetic collisions between particles. This results in more collisions possessing sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier and form reaction products, thereby increasing the reaction rate. Similarly, factors that increase collision frequency or the proportion of collisions with sufficient energy, such as reducing particle size, addition of a catalyst, or exposure to light, will also increase the reaction rate.
Accelerated generation of free radicals by iron oxide nanoparticles in the pr...Catherine Oliver
1) Iron oxide nanoparticles are capable of generating reactive oxygen species through Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions when exposed to an alternating magnetic field, which increases the temperature locally around the nanoparticles.
2) The study observed an increase in degradation of methylene blue by magnetite nanoparticles in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and an alternating magnetic field, indicating increased reactive oxygen species generation.
3) The increase in reactive oxygen species generation compared to the predicted temperature-dependent rate showed a decrease with increased nanoparticle concentration and exposure time due to agglomeration, which decreases surface area available for reaction.
This document discusses various experimental methods used to study chemical kinetics, including conductometry, potentiometry, optical methods like spectrophotometry and polarimetry. It focuses on spectrophotometry, explaining how it works based on Beer's law which states that the amount of light absorbed is dependent on the concentration and path length of the absorbing substance. It describes how a spectrophotometer can be used to measure reaction rates by monitoring changes in absorbance of reactants or products over time at specific wavelengths.
The document discusses a study that measured the electrical conductivity of solutions of sodium polystyrenesulphonate in mixed solvent systems of 2-ethoxyethanol and water at varying concentrations, temperatures, and solvent compositions. The results showed that equivalent conductivity increased slightly with decreasing polymer concentration. Equivalent conductivity also increased with increasing temperature and relative permittivity of the solvent system. However, the experimentally determined conductivities did not fully match what was predicted by Manning's counterion condensation theory. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
This document reports on a conductometric study of several 1-1 electrolytes (potassium thiocyanate, ammonium thiocyanate, sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate) in the solvent 2-ethoxyethanol. Precise conductivity measurements were made at various temperatures. The data were analyzed using the 1978 Fuoss conductance equation to determine limiting molar conductivity, association constant, and cosphere diameter. Strong ion association was found for all electrolytes. The cations were substantially solvated by 2-ethoxyethanol while the anions had only weak interaction with the solvent molecules.
The document describes an experimental study that measured the electrical conductances of sodium polystyrenesulfonate solutions in mixed solvent media containing varying proportions of 2-ethoxyethanol and water, in the presence of sodium chloride at different temperatures. The conductance data is analyzed based on an equation developed to model conductivity of polyelectrolyte solutions with added salts. There is excellent agreement between experimental results and those predicted by the developed equation.
The document summarizes the results of a study that measured the standard enthalpies of ionization of 21 substituted anilinium ions using calorimetry. It found that both the enthalpies and entropies of ionization correlated well with the Gibbs free energies of ionization. The experimental results were analyzed according to Hepler's theory of substituent effects and compared to predictions of electrostatic theory.
Topic 1 formulae, equations and amount of substancethahseen_rafe
The document provides an overview of key chemistry concepts related to formulae, equations, and amount of substance including:
1) Definitions of common chemistry terms like elements, compounds, atoms, molecules, and ions.
2) Explanations of relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass, molar mass, moles, and the Avogadro constant.
3) How to write and balance chemical equations, including state symbols, and derive ionic equations from full equations.
4) Calculations involving molar concentration, mass concentration, empirical and molecular formulae, reacting masses from equations.
5) Use of the ideal gas law, molar volume of gases, and calculations involving
Increasing the temperature of a reaction increases the kinetic energy of the reactant particles, leading to more frequent and more energetic collisions between particles. This results in more collisions possessing sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier and form reaction products, thereby increasing the reaction rate. Similarly, factors that increase collision frequency or the proportion of collisions with sufficient energy, such as reducing particle size, addition of a catalyst, or exposure to light, will also increase the reaction rate.
Accelerated generation of free radicals by iron oxide nanoparticles in the pr...Catherine Oliver
1) Iron oxide nanoparticles are capable of generating reactive oxygen species through Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions when exposed to an alternating magnetic field, which increases the temperature locally around the nanoparticles.
2) The study observed an increase in degradation of methylene blue by magnetite nanoparticles in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and an alternating magnetic field, indicating increased reactive oxygen species generation.
3) The increase in reactive oxygen species generation compared to the predicted temperature-dependent rate showed a decrease with increased nanoparticle concentration and exposure time due to agglomeration, which decreases surface area available for reaction.
This document discusses various experimental methods used to study chemical kinetics, including conductometry, potentiometry, optical methods like spectrophotometry and polarimetry. It focuses on spectrophotometry, explaining how it works based on Beer's law which states that the amount of light absorbed is dependent on the concentration and path length of the absorbing substance. It describes how a spectrophotometer can be used to measure reaction rates by monitoring changes in absorbance of reactants or products over time at specific wavelengths.
The document discusses a study that measured the electrical conductivity of solutions of sodium polystyrenesulphonate in mixed solvent systems of 2-ethoxyethanol and water at varying concentrations, temperatures, and solvent compositions. The results showed that equivalent conductivity increased slightly with decreasing polymer concentration. Equivalent conductivity also increased with increasing temperature and relative permittivity of the solvent system. However, the experimentally determined conductivities did not fully match what was predicted by Manning's counterion condensation theory. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
This document reports on a conductometric study of several 1-1 electrolytes (potassium thiocyanate, ammonium thiocyanate, sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate) in the solvent 2-ethoxyethanol. Precise conductivity measurements were made at various temperatures. The data were analyzed using the 1978 Fuoss conductance equation to determine limiting molar conductivity, association constant, and cosphere diameter. Strong ion association was found for all electrolytes. The cations were substantially solvated by 2-ethoxyethanol while the anions had only weak interaction with the solvent molecules.
The document describes an experimental study that measured the electrical conductances of sodium polystyrenesulfonate solutions in mixed solvent media containing varying proportions of 2-ethoxyethanol and water, in the presence of sodium chloride at different temperatures. The conductance data is analyzed based on an equation developed to model conductivity of polyelectrolyte solutions with added salts. There is excellent agreement between experimental results and those predicted by the developed equation.
The document summarizes the results of a study that measured the standard enthalpies of ionization of 21 substituted anilinium ions using calorimetry. It found that both the enthalpies and entropies of ionization correlated well with the Gibbs free energies of ionization. The experimental results were analyzed according to Hepler's theory of substituent effects and compared to predictions of electrostatic theory.
Topic 1 formulae, equations and amount of substancethahseen_rafe
The document provides an overview of key chemistry concepts related to formulae, equations, and amount of substance including:
1) Definitions of common chemistry terms like elements, compounds, atoms, molecules, and ions.
2) Explanations of relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass, molar mass, moles, and the Avogadro constant.
3) How to write and balance chemical equations, including state symbols, and derive ionic equations from full equations.
4) Calculations involving molar concentration, mass concentration, empirical and molecular formulae, reacting masses from equations.
5) Use of the ideal gas law, molar volume of gases, and calculations involving
This document discusses spontaneous and nonspontaneous reactions. It explains that a spontaneous reaction favors the formation of products under specified conditions, while a nonspontaneous reaction does not favor the formation of products under the same conditions. It provides the example that photosynthesis is a nonspontaneous reaction that requires an input of energy. The document also discusses entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy in the context of spontaneous reactions.
The document discusses the Linear Free Energy Relationship known as the Hammett Equation. It describes how the Hammett Equation can be used to investigate organic reaction mechanisms by studying the effects of substituents on reaction rates. The key aspects are:
1) The Hammett Equation relates the logarithm of reaction rates or equilibrium constants to substituent constants (σ) using the reaction constant (ρ).
2) σ values describe electronic properties of substituents, with electron-withdrawing groups having positive σ and electron-donating groups having negative σ.
3) ρ indicates how sensitive a reaction is to substituents, relating the electronic demand of the reaction transition state. Its sign and magnitude provide insight into
1. This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on chemical reactions including formula weight, moles, balancing equations, stoichiometry, percent yield, and oxidation-reduction reactions.
2. Key topics covered include calculating molar mass, determining the limiting reactant and theoretical yield of a reaction, and identifying oxidation and reduction in redox reactions.
3. The chapter also discusses solubility rules, writing net ionic equations, and the heat absorbed or released by exothermic and endothermic reactions.
This opinion article aims to highlight the use of the Word Association technique (WA) as a food safety tool, as evidenced in the article by J.M. Latorres and coauthors.
Thermodynamic laws describe the flows and interchanges of heat, energy and matter.
Almost all chemical and biochemical processes are as a result of transformation of energy.
Laws can provide important insights into metabolism and bioenergetics.
The energy exchanges between the system and the surroundings balance each other.
There is a hierarchy of energetics among organisms
General Chemistry and Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Module 1 Pharmacist ...Senyora Ouf'ra
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of the pharmacist licensure exam, which covers various topics in pharmaceutical chemistry. It will be the first module administered on the first day of the exam from 8-10 AM. The module will include questions from general chemistry, inorganic and organic medicinal chemistry, analytical chemistry, and other related chemical topics. The document emphasizes that Module 1 will be the most difficult and important module to study for. It then provides examples of key topics covered, such as atomic structure, types of chemical bonds, gas laws, and thermodynamics.
The document provides instructions for an activity involving forming groups of 7-8 people and using a gaming buzzer. It does not provide enough context to summarize the overall purpose or goals of the activity.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry and organic medicinal chemistry. It discusses general chemistry topics including the definition of chemistry, classification of matter, physical and chemical properties, and acid-base properties. It also covers organic chemistry topics such as the difference between inorganic and organic chemistry, functional groups, isomerism, and reactions. The document is intended to serve as a refresher course on these fundamental concepts.
The synthesis of julolidines was optimized using a microwave synthesizer by varying reaction time, temperature, power, and amount of starting materials. The best results were obtained at 200°C, 300 Watts for 60 minutes, producing the product in higher yields with shorter reaction times compared to conventional heating methods. Further experiments will test different aniline derivatives under these optimized conditions and determine yields to fully characterize the improved synthesis method using microwave irradiation.
Pharmaceutical chemistry of inorganic medicinalsEnter Exit
This document provides an introduction to chemical kinetics and equilibrium. It defines chemical kinetics as the study of reaction rates and mechanisms. It describes factors that influence reaction rates, such as the nature of reactants, physical state, concentration, temperature, catalysts and pressure. It then discusses collision theory and activation energy. The document also explains chemical equilibrium, including the law of mass action and Le Chatelier's principle. Finally, it covers pH, pOH, pKa and pKb calculations and their relationships to acid/base ionization constants.
Current applications of isothermal titration calorimetry to the study of prot...PaReJaiiZz
This document describes the use of isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to study protein complexes. ITC directly measures the heat absorbed or released during a biomolecular process like protein binding. This allows determination of binding affinity and thermodynamic parameters like enthalpy and entropy from a single experiment. The document reviews the principles of ITC and provides examples of its use in studying protein-ligand binding, including determining binding stoichiometry and distinguishing between binding to different sites on a protein with varying affinities.
This document provides an overview of chemical thermodynamics and ideal and real gases. It discusses key concepts such as:
- Physical chemistry and thermodynamics, which deals with the application of physics to chemical systems and the relationship between heat and other forms of chemical energy.
- Ideal gases, which obey gas laws at all conditions, versus real gases, which deviate from ideal behavior at high pressures and low temperatures due to intermolecular forces and molecular volumes.
- Equations of state, such as the ideal gas law, which relate pressure, volume, temperature and amount of substance for gases. Van der Waals proposed corrections for real gas behavior accounting for excluded molecular volume and attraction forces.
5.4 exothermic and endothermic reactionsMartin Brown
This document discusses exothermic and endothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions release heat, while endothermic reactions absorb heat. Combustion reactions of hydrocarbons like methane and propane are exothermic, producing carbon dioxide, water vapor, and large amounts of heat. The heat of reaction, ΔH, indicates whether a reaction is exothermic (negative ΔH) or endothermic (positive ΔH). Bond energies represent the energy required to break bonds, while heat of combustion measures the heat released from complete combustion. A bomb calorimeter is used to accurately measure heats of combustion by igniting samples in excess oxygen. Hess's law states that the heat change of a reaction depends only on
This document provides an overview of chemical reactions and energetics for a 10th grade IGCSE course. It discusses exothermic and endothermic reactions in relation to energy changes and temperature. It also covers the factors that affect reaction rates, including concentration, particle size, catalysis, and temperature. The document defines oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer and identifies redox reactions. It provides examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions and discusses how catalysts can lower the activation energy and increase reaction rates. Interactive links are included to illustrate and reinforce the concepts.
Another productive school presentation. Again, it contains mostly icons or pictures since when i do reporting, words come out either directly from my mouth or from the participants. it will be easy if you read super duper much first before you consider this presentation. BTW, i called it, ENERGY UTILIZATION.
Happy days are coming your life!!!
Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates and how they are affected by various factors. There are five main factors that affect reaction rates: the nature of reactants, surface area, concentration, temperature, and catalysts. The document goes on to explain how each of these factors can influence the speed of chemical reactions through concepts like collision theory.
This document summarizes the key differences between exothermic and endothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions release heat to their surroundings and decrease in energy, while endothermic reactions absorb heat from their surroundings and increase in energy. Examples of each type of reaction are also provided.
The document discusses bonding and intermolecular forces in covalent molecular substances. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Bonding in covalent molecular substances involves strong intramolecular forces within molecules and weaker intermolecular forces between molecules.
2. The main types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole attractions, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces. Hydrogen bonding is the strongest and London dispersion forces are the weakest.
3. The kinetic molecular theory describes gases as small particles in constant random motion, with repulsive and attractive intermolecular forces between particles. The theory relates properties like pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas.
The effect of dielectric constant on the kinetics of reaction between plasm...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of increasing ethanol concentration on the rate of reaction between plasma albumin and formaldehyde. The rate constant was determined at various dielectric constants and temperatures by measuring absorption in ethanol-water mixtures containing plasma albumin and formaldehyde. The rate constant decreased with increasing ethanol concentration. Activation energy and other thermodynamic parameters also decreased with decreasing dielectric constant (increasing ethanol proportion). A linear relationship was observed between the log of the rate constant and the reciprocal of dielectric constant, indicating three mechanistic changes. The rate increased in water but decreased in ethanol, suggesting reaction rates were slowed by progressive ethanol addition. In conclusion, the reaction was second-order and its rate decreased with increasing ethanol concentration in accordance with
The document discusses the Indian medical devices industry. It notes that India imports 75% of its medical devices and the domestic manufacturing is limited and not recognized to international standards. The aim of the study is to understand factors affecting the development of the Indian medical devices industry and actions needed to meet local demand and enable exports. It hypothesizes that factors like government policies, manufacturers' willingness to invest, production capacity, and perceptions of Indian-made devices influence the industry's growth. The research methodology involves both quantitative and qualitative approaches.
This document discusses spontaneous and nonspontaneous reactions. It explains that a spontaneous reaction favors the formation of products under specified conditions, while a nonspontaneous reaction does not favor the formation of products under the same conditions. It provides the example that photosynthesis is a nonspontaneous reaction that requires an input of energy. The document also discusses entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy in the context of spontaneous reactions.
The document discusses the Linear Free Energy Relationship known as the Hammett Equation. It describes how the Hammett Equation can be used to investigate organic reaction mechanisms by studying the effects of substituents on reaction rates. The key aspects are:
1) The Hammett Equation relates the logarithm of reaction rates or equilibrium constants to substituent constants (σ) using the reaction constant (ρ).
2) σ values describe electronic properties of substituents, with electron-withdrawing groups having positive σ and electron-donating groups having negative σ.
3) ρ indicates how sensitive a reaction is to substituents, relating the electronic demand of the reaction transition state. Its sign and magnitude provide insight into
1. This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on chemical reactions including formula weight, moles, balancing equations, stoichiometry, percent yield, and oxidation-reduction reactions.
2. Key topics covered include calculating molar mass, determining the limiting reactant and theoretical yield of a reaction, and identifying oxidation and reduction in redox reactions.
3. The chapter also discusses solubility rules, writing net ionic equations, and the heat absorbed or released by exothermic and endothermic reactions.
This opinion article aims to highlight the use of the Word Association technique (WA) as a food safety tool, as evidenced in the article by J.M. Latorres and coauthors.
Thermodynamic laws describe the flows and interchanges of heat, energy and matter.
Almost all chemical and biochemical processes are as a result of transformation of energy.
Laws can provide important insights into metabolism and bioenergetics.
The energy exchanges between the system and the surroundings balance each other.
There is a hierarchy of energetics among organisms
General Chemistry and Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Module 1 Pharmacist ...Senyora Ouf'ra
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of the pharmacist licensure exam, which covers various topics in pharmaceutical chemistry. It will be the first module administered on the first day of the exam from 8-10 AM. The module will include questions from general chemistry, inorganic and organic medicinal chemistry, analytical chemistry, and other related chemical topics. The document emphasizes that Module 1 will be the most difficult and important module to study for. It then provides examples of key topics covered, such as atomic structure, types of chemical bonds, gas laws, and thermodynamics.
The document provides instructions for an activity involving forming groups of 7-8 people and using a gaming buzzer. It does not provide enough context to summarize the overall purpose or goals of the activity.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry and organic medicinal chemistry. It discusses general chemistry topics including the definition of chemistry, classification of matter, physical and chemical properties, and acid-base properties. It also covers organic chemistry topics such as the difference between inorganic and organic chemistry, functional groups, isomerism, and reactions. The document is intended to serve as a refresher course on these fundamental concepts.
The synthesis of julolidines was optimized using a microwave synthesizer by varying reaction time, temperature, power, and amount of starting materials. The best results were obtained at 200°C, 300 Watts for 60 minutes, producing the product in higher yields with shorter reaction times compared to conventional heating methods. Further experiments will test different aniline derivatives under these optimized conditions and determine yields to fully characterize the improved synthesis method using microwave irradiation.
Pharmaceutical chemistry of inorganic medicinalsEnter Exit
This document provides an introduction to chemical kinetics and equilibrium. It defines chemical kinetics as the study of reaction rates and mechanisms. It describes factors that influence reaction rates, such as the nature of reactants, physical state, concentration, temperature, catalysts and pressure. It then discusses collision theory and activation energy. The document also explains chemical equilibrium, including the law of mass action and Le Chatelier's principle. Finally, it covers pH, pOH, pKa and pKb calculations and their relationships to acid/base ionization constants.
Current applications of isothermal titration calorimetry to the study of prot...PaReJaiiZz
This document describes the use of isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to study protein complexes. ITC directly measures the heat absorbed or released during a biomolecular process like protein binding. This allows determination of binding affinity and thermodynamic parameters like enthalpy and entropy from a single experiment. The document reviews the principles of ITC and provides examples of its use in studying protein-ligand binding, including determining binding stoichiometry and distinguishing between binding to different sites on a protein with varying affinities.
This document provides an overview of chemical thermodynamics and ideal and real gases. It discusses key concepts such as:
- Physical chemistry and thermodynamics, which deals with the application of physics to chemical systems and the relationship between heat and other forms of chemical energy.
- Ideal gases, which obey gas laws at all conditions, versus real gases, which deviate from ideal behavior at high pressures and low temperatures due to intermolecular forces and molecular volumes.
- Equations of state, such as the ideal gas law, which relate pressure, volume, temperature and amount of substance for gases. Van der Waals proposed corrections for real gas behavior accounting for excluded molecular volume and attraction forces.
5.4 exothermic and endothermic reactionsMartin Brown
This document discusses exothermic and endothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions release heat, while endothermic reactions absorb heat. Combustion reactions of hydrocarbons like methane and propane are exothermic, producing carbon dioxide, water vapor, and large amounts of heat. The heat of reaction, ΔH, indicates whether a reaction is exothermic (negative ΔH) or endothermic (positive ΔH). Bond energies represent the energy required to break bonds, while heat of combustion measures the heat released from complete combustion. A bomb calorimeter is used to accurately measure heats of combustion by igniting samples in excess oxygen. Hess's law states that the heat change of a reaction depends only on
This document provides an overview of chemical reactions and energetics for a 10th grade IGCSE course. It discusses exothermic and endothermic reactions in relation to energy changes and temperature. It also covers the factors that affect reaction rates, including concentration, particle size, catalysis, and temperature. The document defines oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer and identifies redox reactions. It provides examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions and discusses how catalysts can lower the activation energy and increase reaction rates. Interactive links are included to illustrate and reinforce the concepts.
Another productive school presentation. Again, it contains mostly icons or pictures since when i do reporting, words come out either directly from my mouth or from the participants. it will be easy if you read super duper much first before you consider this presentation. BTW, i called it, ENERGY UTILIZATION.
Happy days are coming your life!!!
Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates and how they are affected by various factors. There are five main factors that affect reaction rates: the nature of reactants, surface area, concentration, temperature, and catalysts. The document goes on to explain how each of these factors can influence the speed of chemical reactions through concepts like collision theory.
This document summarizes the key differences between exothermic and endothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions release heat to their surroundings and decrease in energy, while endothermic reactions absorb heat from their surroundings and increase in energy. Examples of each type of reaction are also provided.
The document discusses bonding and intermolecular forces in covalent molecular substances. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Bonding in covalent molecular substances involves strong intramolecular forces within molecules and weaker intermolecular forces between molecules.
2. The main types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole attractions, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces. Hydrogen bonding is the strongest and London dispersion forces are the weakest.
3. The kinetic molecular theory describes gases as small particles in constant random motion, with repulsive and attractive intermolecular forces between particles. The theory relates properties like pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas.
The effect of dielectric constant on the kinetics of reaction between plasm...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of increasing ethanol concentration on the rate of reaction between plasma albumin and formaldehyde. The rate constant was determined at various dielectric constants and temperatures by measuring absorption in ethanol-water mixtures containing plasma albumin and formaldehyde. The rate constant decreased with increasing ethanol concentration. Activation energy and other thermodynamic parameters also decreased with decreasing dielectric constant (increasing ethanol proportion). A linear relationship was observed between the log of the rate constant and the reciprocal of dielectric constant, indicating three mechanistic changes. The rate increased in water but decreased in ethanol, suggesting reaction rates were slowed by progressive ethanol addition. In conclusion, the reaction was second-order and its rate decreased with increasing ethanol concentration in accordance with
The document discusses the Indian medical devices industry. It notes that India imports 75% of its medical devices and the domestic manufacturing is limited and not recognized to international standards. The aim of the study is to understand factors affecting the development of the Indian medical devices industry and actions needed to meet local demand and enable exports. It hypothesizes that factors like government policies, manufacturers' willingness to invest, production capacity, and perceptions of Indian-made devices influence the industry's growth. The research methodology involves both quantitative and qualitative approaches.
Este documento presenta la idea de un proyecto para implementar el uso de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en la cría de cerdos en una institución educativa agropecuaria. El proyecto busca llevar registros digitales del proyecto de cría de cerdos usando Excel para demostrar la viabilidad económica del proyecto a través del seguimiento de métricas como la conversión de alimentos, pesos, medicamentos e inseminación. Se necesita construir corrales para los cerdos y se ha conseguido el apoyo
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) in India, particularly in the medical devices sector. It provides background on FDI policies in India since 1991. In January 2015, the government allowed up to 100% FDI through the automatic route in the medical devices industry. Previously, FDI in medical devices was considered part of the pharmaceutical sector, where existing companies required approval. The change aims to promote local manufacturing, as India currently imports 70% of its medical devices. It may also lead to more co-investment in existing medical device projects and import substitution. However, some experts note that policies need to support domestic manufacturing to compete with cheaper imports.
Seeking Experts In UAV Technology; Systems And Usages For Short Term Project Integrating Unmanned Aerial Systems Into Airports Contact: projects@tachyon.org.uk
Analog Camera, Indoor Dome Camera, Outdoor Bullet Camera, Day/Night Camera, IR Dome Camera, IR Bullet Camera, IP Camera (Megapixel), PTZ Camera, HD Camera, HDCVI Camera
Investigación sobre herramientas online para hacer presentaciones0861maricarmen
Este documento resume 10 herramientas en línea para crear presentaciones, incluyendo PowerPoint en línea, Knovio, Prezi, Google Docs, Zoho Show y SlideShare. El objetivo principal es crear y compartir presentaciones dinámicas con multimedia para uso personal, educativo y empresarial. Las herramientas ofrecen varias características como edición en tiempo real, inserción de videos e imágenes, y compatibilidad con dispositivos móviles. La mayoría son gratuitas mientras que algunas ofrecen suscripciones de pago con más func
Este documento presenta 24 ejercicios de razonamiento matemático sobre analogías y distribuciones para estudiantes de 4to grado. Los ejercicios involucran completar series numéricas y tablas mediante el reconocimiento de patrones. El objetivo es que los estudiantes desarrollen habilidades para deducir números faltantes basados en la lógica subyacente en cada problema.
Sistema de Orientacion Interactiva SOI UDESJuan Godoy
Este documento presenta el desarrollo de un Sistema de Orientación Interactivo (SOI) para la Universidad de Santander (UDES) en Bucaramanga, Colombia. El SOI busca mejorar la orientación de usuarios internos y externos en el campus mediante tecnologías de información. El documento describe el problema actual de orientación, objetivos, marco teórico, metodología, análisis, resultados y recomendaciones. Se identificaron factores humanos y tecnológicos clave y se desarrolló un prototipo del SOI bas
Este documento describe las diferencias fundamentales entre ciencia y tecnología, y explica cómo la resolución de problemas es tanto un contenido como una metodología en educación tecnológica. También analiza cómo la resolución de problemas en tecnología se enfoca en identificar y resolver problemas reales para satisfacer necesidades humanas, a diferencia de otras disciplinas donde se enfoca más en aplicar fórmulas o seguir métodos científicos.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document summarizes a research study on the thermoluminescence properties of nanocrystalline europium-doped barium sulfate (BaSO4:Eu) phosphor. Key findings include:
1) Nanocrystalline BaSO4:Eu powder was successfully synthesized via a chemical co-precipitation technique and characterized using XRD and TEM analysis.
2) TL measurements showed a single prominent dosimetric peak around 456 K, above room temperature, making the material suitable for radiation dosimetry.
3) The material exhibited a linear dose response up to 100 Gy. Deconvolution of the TL glow curve identified two trap centers responsible for the observed luminescence
This document summarizes an investigation into the low-temperature oxidation reactions of 2-phenylethanol using photoionization mass spectrometry. The reaction was initiated using 248 nm photolysis of chlorine at 298 K and 550 K, with and without oxygen present. A variety of reaction products were identified using mass spectrometry coupled to synchrotron radiation. Key findings include that the aromatic ring remains intact, all chemistry occurs on the side chain, and decomposition explains products with lower mass-to-charge ratios. More products need to be identified to determine branching fractions.
Lect w3 152_d2 - arrhenius and catalysts_alg (1)chelss
The document summarizes key concepts about the effects of temperature and catalysts on reaction rates:
1) Increasing temperature generally increases reaction rate because more molecules have enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier.
2) Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed, allowing reactions to occur more quickly via a different mechanism.
3) Enzymes are biological catalysts that regulate metabolic reactions in living organisms and act to reduce activation energies.
Study of Ammonia Borane - Polyvinylpyrrolidonesahithya pati
This study examines ammonia borane (AB) and its composite with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for hydrogen storage applications. Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements were performed on the AB, PVP and various AB-PVP composites. The addition of PVP was found to decrease the enthalpy and entropy of the phase transition of AB, indicating an interaction between AB and PVP. PVP also decreased the hydrogen release temperatures of the composites compared to pure AB, demonstrating its ability to enhance the kinetics of AB decomposition for hydrogen release. Further studies on different composite compositions and their kinetic properties are planned.
The document analyzes deviations from ideality in a methanol-water solution through measurements of heat of mixing, volume of mixing, and partial pressures of mixing. The heat of mixing was exothermic and deviations increased near a 1:1 ratio. Volume upon mixing did not equal the sum of individual volumes. Partial pressures deviated from ideality due to increased vaporization from exothermic mixing. Modifications varying temperature and substituting isopropanol showed more ideal behavior at higher temperatures and with isopropanol.
This is presentation is useful for the M. Sc. I students from Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University Amravati. It includes Collision Theory its Derivation and Limitations
A kinetic study is reported for the homologation of methanol to give ethanol. Cobalt carbonyl and iodine or cobalt iodide were used as catalyst systems with tri-n-butylphosphine as ligand. The reaction was investigated in 1,4-dioxane in a batch unit at (CO + H2) pressures between 3 and 15 MPa, with H2/CO ratios in the range of 0.33
to 3. The temperature was varied over the range of 150 to 210°C. The reaction rate was found to be first order with respect to methanol and cobalt concentrations and CO partial pressure. A rate expression is derived. A reaction mechanism is proposed in which the rate-determining step is suggested to be the reaction of methanol with a CO-rich cobalt complex existing in low concentration with regard to cobalt used.
The document describes the development of a dynamic model of an industrial packed bed multi-tubular reactor used for producing ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide is produced through the catalytic oxidation of ethylene with oxygen over a silver-based catalyst. The model is developed using a system of non-linear partial differential equations and is benchmarked against plant data from an industrial ethylene oxide reactor. Both a heterogeneous two-phase model and a reduced homogeneous single-phase model are considered and compared against plant data.
The document describes the development of a dynamic model of an industrial packed bed multi-tubular reactor used to manufacture ethylene oxide through the catalytic oxidation of ethylene with oxygen. A system of non-linear partial differential equations is used to model the highly exothermic gas phase reactions. The model is benchmarked against plant data and reasonably predicts the reactor behavior. The heterogeneous two phase model is reduced to a single phase homogeneous model for simplicity. A comparison shows the homogeneous model provides accurate predictions of the reactor performance.
This document presents 5 theoretical chemistry problems. Problem 1 involves identifying compounds containing element X based on provided information about mass percentages and oxidation states. Key compounds identified are:
A is ClF. B and Z1 contain Cl, F, and O. Z1 is ClOF3.
The document also involves writing chemical equations, identifying possible isomers, explaining conductivity, and writing hydrolysis equations.
Influence of temperature on the liquid liquid equilibria of methanol benzene ...Josemar Pereira da Silva
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ACS PAH Eutectic Poster FINAL
1. Longjiaxin
Zhong1,
Erica
Gunn
Ph.D.2,
Jillian
L.
Goldfarb
Ph.D.3
1. Department
of
Chemistry,
Boston
University,
590
Commonwealth
Ave,
Boston
MA
02215
2.
Department
of
Chemistry,
Simmons
College,
300
The
Fenway,
Boston,
MA
02115
3.
Department
of
Mechanical
Engineering
,
Division
of
Materials
Science
&
Engineering,
Boston
University,
110
Cummington
Mall,
Boston
MA
02215
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Image
Munich
city
lantern
ward
Wilhelm
Schuepfer
lights
a
gas
street
light
in
July,
1961.
RED
GRANDY/STARS
AND
STRIPES
Fluorene
+
Acenaphthene
Eutec7c
Behavior
of
Binary
Polycyclic
Aroma7c
Hydrocarbon
Mixtures
U n i n t e n d e d
c o n s e q u e n c e s
o f
industrializa2on:
PAH
abound
at
the
former
m a n u f a c t u r e d
g a s
plants
that
lit
the
way
to
our
modern
society.
Eutec7c
Systems
• Phase
diagram
at
low
temperatures
dominated
by
a
two-‐phase
field
of
two
different
solid
structures,
one
enriched
in
component
A,
other
in
component
B
• Stable,
intermediate
mixtures
form
between
the
extremes
of
pure
component
A
and
pure
component
B
Solid&A&+&B&
Melt&
Tme&
TmA&
TmB&
TA+B!&AB&
Melt&
+&A&
Melt&&
+&B&
100%&A&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&100%&B&
Abstract
Polycyclic
aromahc
hydrocarbons
(PAH)
are
byproducts
of
incomplete
combushon.
Despite
their
ubiquitous
environmental
and
industrial
posihoning,
likle
is
known
about
the
phase
behavior
of
PAH
mixtures,
which
is
important
in
predichng
their
fate
and
transport,
and
in
industrial
crystallizahon
processes.
These
compounds
precipitate
during
hydrocracking,
underscoring
the
need
to
fully
understand
their
solid-‐liquid
equilibrium
behavior
and
the
intermolecular
forces
at
play.
Phase
diagrams
of
binary
polycyclic
aromahc
hydrocarbon
(PAH)
mixtures
display
single
and
mulhple
eutechc
points
depending
on
the
compounds.
We
studied
the
behavior
of
acenaphthene-‐fluorene
and
fluorene-‐phenanthrene
mixtures
of
varying
composihon
using
differenhal
scanning
calorimetry
to
measure
their
melhng
points
and
fusion
enthalpies.
As
is
omen
the
case
with
interachng
components,
the
enthalpies
of
fusion
of
these
eutechc
mixtures
are
lower
than
those
calculated
by
an
ideal
mixture
of
the
sum
of
the
individual
components.
Fluorene
+
Phenanthrene
Degrees
of
Devia7on
from
Ideal
Mixtures
and
Future
Work
Ideal
Mixtures
• If
there
were
no
intermolecular
interachons
in
a
mixture,
we
expect
the
enthalpy
of
fusion
to
be
sum
of
its
individual
components
• Eutechc
enthalpies
of
fusion
omen
considerably
lower
than
ideal
predichons
due
to
an
interachon
energy
between
the
compounds
Materials
&
Methods
• Compounds
from
TCI
America
at
minimum
purity
of
98%;
frachonally
sublimed
to
remove
impurihes
• Mixtures
fabricated
by
weighing
on
microbalance,
melted
together
on
hot
plate
at
2°C
above
lowest
melhng
point
• Melhng
points
and
enthalpies
of
fusion
of
pure
components
and
mixtures
determined
on
a
TA
Instruments
Q2000
Differenhal
Scanning
Calorimeter
(DSC)
using
hermehcally
sealed
aluminum
pans
he ability of a binary mixture to form an ideal solution stems from the constituents’ molecular sizes and,
more importantly in the case of these similar sized PAH, specific intermolecular interactions between the
components (Dorset et al. 1989). In an ideal solution, we would expect the liquidous curve to follow the
Schröder equation for freezing point depression, representing the melting point of the mixture, T, as
!" !! = −
∆!!!
!
1
!
−
1
!!,!
(1)
where R is the universal gas constant; x1 is the mole fraction of component 1 (e.g. the solvent); ΔHf1 its
corresponding enthalpy of fusion at an absolute temperature of Tm,1. The same relation would hold for
component 2 as in the binary mixture x2 = 1 – x1. The eutectic temperature, Te, of an ideal binary mixture
is found by setting x1 = xe and T=Te (Hsu and Johnson 1974).
In a similar vein, if there were no intermolecular interactions, one might expect the enthalpy of fusion of a
mixture to be the sum of the individual components, such that:
∆!!!"#,!"#$%
= !!∆!!!
+ !!∆!!!
(5)
However, this if often not the case; the enthalpies of fusion of eutectic mixtures are often considerably
lower than those calculated by equation (5), attributed to an interaction energy between the compounds,
equal to the difference between the measured and mixing law prediction (Gupta et al. 2012).
xi
=
Mole
frachon
of
component
i
ΔHfi
=
Enthalpy
of
fusion
component
I
n, if there were no intermolecular interactions, one might expect the enthalpy of fusion of a mixture to be
the sum of the individual components, such that:
∆!!!"#,!"#$%
= !!∆!!!
+ !!∆!!!
(5)
However, this if often not the case; the enthalpies of fusion of eutectic mixtures are often considerably
lower than those calculated by equation (5), attributed to an interaction energy between the compounds,
equal to the difference between the measured and mixing law prediction (Gupta et al. 2012).
∆!!"#$%&'#!(" = ∆!!!"#,!"#$%&"'
− ∆!!!"#,!"#$%
(6)
Sample Calculation (Acenaphthene-fluorene mixture in 50:50):
[Not pretty sure how to use this equation]
66.55℃ = 339.7!K
Fluorene
C13H10
Molecular
Weight:
166.2185
Acenaphthene
C12H10
Molecular
Weight:
154.2078
g/mol
Heat/Cool
Thermal
cycle
at
5°C/min,
50wt%
(0.14mol%)
Fluorene
69.5°C
64.3°C
56.5°C
51.5°C
49.3°C
46.0°C
44.5°C
48.5°C
50.5.3°C
55.3°C
51.5°C
67.5°C
72.0°C
72.8°C
Cooling
and
reheahng
of
mixture.
Some
evidence
of
low
temperature
phase
growing
back
in
at
low
temperature,
and
then
re-‐converhng
as
the
sample
is
heated.
RT# 50.8#°#C# 55.0#°#C#
55.5#°#C#
(b)#
66.0°#C# 67.0#°#C#
(b)#
Sample
quenched
from
melt
between
coverslips.
(b)
Images
taken
between
crossed
polarizers;
crystalline
material
appears
bright,
melt
appears
dark.
Appearance
changes
with
temperature,
but
sample
remains
crystalline.
Changes
very
possibly
due
to
solid-‐solid
phase
transformahon,
which
completes
around
66°C.
1mm
Mixtures
of
40-‐60wt%
(46-‐63mol%)
acenapthene
in
fluorene
show
single
melhng
points
across
composihon
range
Mixtures
of
40-‐60wt%
(46-‐63mol%)
acenapthene
in
fluorene
have
enthalpies
of
fusion
similar
to
that
predicted
by
an
ideal
mixture.
Outside
of
this
range,
we
find
negahve
interachon
enthalpies.
Fluorene
C13H10
Molecular
Weight:
166.2185
Phenanthrene
C14H10
Molecular
Weight:
178..2292
Conclusions
&
Implica7ons
Mixtures
with
more
than
20wt%
of
either
compound
show
single
melhng
points
Enthalpies
of
fusion
are
fairly
close
to
ideal
mixture
predichons
Fluorene
+
Phenanthrene
mixtures
show
considerably
lower
enthalpies
of
interachon
than
Fluorene
+
Acenaphthene
mixtures
The degree to which a mixture deviates from ideal behavior can also be described by
excess functions for enthalpy (ΔHE
), Gibbs free energy (ΔGE
), and entropy (ΔSE
).
∆!!
= −!!!
!!
!"#!!
!"
+ !!
!"#!!
!"
(7)
∆!!
= !" !!!"!! + !!!"!! (8)
∆!! = −! !!!"!! + !!!"!!+!!!
!"#!!
!"
+ !!!
!"#!!
!"
(9)
!
The
degree
to
which
a
mixture
deviates
from
ideal
behavior
can
also
be
described
by
excess
funchons
for
enthalpy
(ΔHE),
Gibbs
free
energy
(ΔGE),
and
entropy
(ΔSE).
We
will
explore
the
degree
to
which
deviahons
from
ideality
stem
from
entropic
versus
enthalpic
contribuhons
based
on
Gibbs
minimizahon
at
the
eutechc
The
acenaphthene-‐fluorene
system
exhibits
both
single
and
double
melhng
peaks
from
low
mass
frachon
to
high
mass
frachon.
The
fluorene-‐phenanthrene
mixture
goes
from
eutechc
to
non-‐eutechc
and
then
going
back
to
eutechc
behavior.
As
a
result,
the
range
of
acenaphthene’s
mass
frachon
across
the
single
phase
melhng
for
the
acenaphthene-‐fluorene
mixture
was
between
44.6
and
64.3%,
and
the
range
of
temperature
of
the
eutechcs
was
between
67.5
and
66.6
°C.
The
range
of
fluorene’s
mass
frachon
to
achieve
this
eutechc
for
the
fluorene-‐phenanthrene
mixture
is
between
5.27
to
54.89%
and
79.89
to
95.06%,
and
the
eutechcs
formed
for
these
mass
frachons
between
97.98
and
114.85
°C.
The
fluorene-‐phenanthrene
system
has
a
considerably
broader
eutechc.
As
is
omen
the
case
with
interachng
components,
the
enthalpies
of
fusion
of
these
eutechc
mixtures
are
lower
than
those
calculated
by
an
ideal
mixture
of
the
sum
of
the
individual
components.