Achievements
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This document summarizes the achievements of several ancient civilizations including Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. It describes some of Mesopotamia's achievements like inventing the wheel and developing early literature. For Egypt it notes the development of geometry, a 360-day calendar, and early medical practices. India is credited with developing the concept of zero in math and understanding that the earth is round. China made advancements in infrastructure like roads and canals, set legal standards, and invented technologies such as gunpowder, the compass, and movable type printing. Overall it presents that ancient civilizations advanced technology and those with strong education and governments made the most progress.
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Africa has diverse geography, including mountains along the northern coast and eastern region, the Sahara Desert, savannas with unreliable rainfall, and rainforests with warm temperatures and heavy rainfall. The Great Rift Valley contains deep canyons surrounded by mountains. Several early African kingdoms emerged, including Ghana near the west coast which traded gold for salt with Muslims and engaged in ivory and slave trades with Berber nomads. Mali rose as a strong empire along the same region as Ghana, trading salt and gold; under Mansa Musa's rule from 1312 to 1337, Mali doubled in size and Timbuktu became a center of Muslim learning. Later, Songhai conquered Timbuktu and
Sub saharan
Africa has diverse geography, including mountains along the northern coast and eastern region, the Sahara Desert, savannas with unreliable rainfall, and rainforests with warm temperatures and heavy rainfall. The Great Rift Valley contains deep canyons surrounded by mountains. Several early African kingdoms emerged, including Ghana near the west coast which traded gold for salt with Muslims and engaged in ivory and slave trades with Berber nomads. Mali rose as a strong empire along the same region as Ghana, trading salt and gold; under Mansa Musa's rule from 1312 to 1337, Mali doubled in size and Timbuktu became a center of Muslim learning. Later, Songhai conquered Timbuktu and
Alexander the great
Alexander the Great was born in 356 BC in Macedon, Greece. He was a skilled military commander who conquered many territories across Asia and India. Some of his major conquests included defeating King Darius III of Persia and conquering the powerful Indian ruler Porus. Alexander died at the age of 33 in 323 BC in Babylon, leaving behind an empire but no clear heir to his throne.
Protestant reformation
Martin Luther was a Catholic monk who began to disagree with some of the Church's teachings after intensely studying the Bible. He compiled a list of 95 issues with the Catholic Church known as the 95 theses and nailed them to the door of a church. This angered the Catholic Church, who excommunicated Luther. While in hiding, Luther translated the Bible into German so more people could read it, influencing the Protestant Reformation and formation of new Christian denominations separate from Catholic authority.
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther was an educated man who studied law but later became a monk where he devoted himself to studying the Bible. He began to disagree with Catholic Church teachings, believing salvation came from faith alone rather than good deeds. Luther compiled a list of 95 issues with the Church and nailed it to a church door, known as the 95 Theses. This angered the Church and Luther was excommunicated. While in hiding, Luther translated the Bible to German and his teachings influenced the formation of new Christian denominations as part of the Protestant Reformation, separate from the Catholic Church's power.
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther was a Catholic monk who began to disagree with some of the Church's teachings after intensely studying the Bible. He took issue with the Church's practice of selling indulgences to forgive sins and gain favor with God, as well as the idea that salvation comes from good deeds rather than faith alone. In 1517, Luther wrote 95 theses criticizing these practices and had them nailed to the door of a church, sparking the Protestant Reformation. The Catholic Church excommunicated Luther in response, but his writings influenced many people and new Protestant denominations formed independent of Catholic authority.
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of military campaigns launched between 1095 and 1291 CE in response to Pope Urban II's call for Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem for Christians in 1099 CE, though later crusades struggled, including the Second Crusade's failure and Saladin's capture of Jerusalem in 1187 CE. The Third Crusade recaptured some territory but failed to retake Jerusalem, while the Fourth Crusade saw Christians regain control of the city.
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Achievements
- 10. Where is China located?
- 13. As you can see, even ancient civilizations moved forward with technology. Those civilizations that have the most achievements are usually educating their people and have a strong government. You will learn more about the achievements of different civilizations throughout this course.