Accounting Principle 6th Edition Weygandt Test Bank
Accounting Principle 6th Edition Weygandt Test Bank
Accounting Principle 6th Edition Weygandt Test Bank
Accounting Principle 6th Edition Weygandt Test Bank
Accounting Principle 6th Edition Weygandt Test Bank
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CHAPTER 10
CURRENT LIABILITIESAND PAYROLL
SUMMARY OF QUESTIONS BY STUDY OBJECTIVES AND BLOOM’S
TAXONOMY
Item SO BT Item SO BT Item SO BT Item SO BT Item SO BT
Exercises
1. 1 AP 6. 1 AP 11. 2 AP 16. 3 AN 21. 5 AN
2. 1 AP 7. 1,3,4 AN 12. 2 AP 17. 4 AP 22. 5 AN
3. 1 AP 8. 2 AP 13. 2,3,4 AN 18. 4 AP *23. 6 AP
4. 1 AP 9. 2 AP 14. 2,5 AP 19. 4 AP *24. 6 AP
5. 1 AP 10. 2 AP 15. 3 E 20. 5 AN *25. 6 AP
Note: AN = Analysis AP = Application E = Evaluation
6.
SUMMARY OF QUESTIONSBY LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY (LOD)
Item SO LOD Item SO LOD Item SO LOD Item SO LOD Item SO LOD
Exercises
1. 1 M 6. 1 M 11. 2 M 16. 3 M 21. 5 E
2. 1 E 7. 1,3,4 E 12. 2 H 17. 4 E 22. 5 E
3. 1 E 8. 2 E 13. 2,3,4 M 18. 4 E *23. 6 H
4. 1 M 9. 2 M 14. 2,5 H 19. 4 M *24. 6 M
5. 1 E 10. 2 M 15. 3 M 20. 5 M *25. 6 M
Note: E = Easy M = Medium H=Hard
7.
CHAPTER STUDY OBJECTIVES
1.Account for determinable or certain current liabilities. Liabilities are present
obligations arising from past events, to make future payments of assets or services.
Determinable liabilities have certainty about their existence, amount, and timing—in
other words, they have a known amount, payee, and due date. Examples of
determinable current liabilities include operating lines of credit, notes payable, accounts
payable, sales taxes, unearned revenue, current maturities of long-term debt, and
accrued liabilities such as property taxes, payroll, and interest.
2. Account for estimated liabilities. Estimated liabilities exist, but their amount or timing
is uncertain. As long as it is likely the company will have to settle the obligation, and the
company can reasonably estimate the amount, the liability is recognized. Product
warranties, customer loyalty programs, and gift cards result in liabilities that must be
estimated. They are recorded either as an expense (or as a decrease in revenue) or a
liability in the period when the sales occur. These liabilities are reduced when repairs
under warranty or redemptions occur. Gift cards are a type of unearned revenue as they
result in a liability until the gift card is redeemed. As some cards are never redeemed, it
is necessary to estimate the liability and make adjustments.
3. Account for contingencies. A contingency is an existing condition or situation that is
uncertain, where it cannot be known if a loss (and a related liability) will result until a
future event happens, or does not happen. Under ASPE, a liability for a contingent loss
is recorded if it is it likely a loss will occur and the amount of the contingency can be
reasonably estimated. Under IFRS, the threshold for recording the loss is lower. It is
recorded if a loss is probable. Under ASPE, these liabilities are called contingent
liabilities, and under IFRS, these liabilities are called provisions. If it is not possible to
estimate the amount, these liabilities are only disclosed. They are not disclosed if they
are unlikely.
4. Determine payroll costs and record payroll transactions. Payroll costs consist of
employee and employer payroll costs. In recording employee costs, Salaries Expense is
debited for the gross pay, individual liability accounts are credited for net pay. In
recording employer payroll costs, Employee Benefits Expense is debited for the
employer’s share of CPP, EI, workers’ compensation, vacation pay, and any other
deductions or benefits provided. Each benefit is credited to its specific current liability
account.
5. Prepare the current liabilities section of the balance sheet. The nature and amount
of each current liability and contingency should be reported in the balance sheet or in the
notes accompanying the financial statements. Traditionally, current liabilities are
reported first and in order of liquidity. International companies sometimes report current
liabilities on the lower section of the balance sheet and in reverse order of liquidity.
8.
6. Calculate mandatorypayroll deductions (Appendix 10A). Mandatory payroll
deductions include CPP, EI, and income taxes. CPP is calculated by multiplying
pensionable earnings (gross pay minus the pay period exemption) by the CPP
contribution rate. EI is calculated by multiplying insurable earnings by the EI contribution
rate. Federal and provincial income taxes are calculated using a progressive tax scheme
and are based on taxable earnings and personal tax credits. The calculations are very
complex and it is best to use one of the CRA income tax calculation tools such as payroll
deduction tables.
9.
EXERCISES
Exercise 1
Leung PropertiesCo. paid $5,600 for property taxes in the 2013 calendar year. In 2014, Leung
receives its property tax bill on May 1 for $6,200 which is payable on June 30, 2014.
Instructions
Calculate the prepaid or property taxes payable that Leung will report on its balance sheet if
Leung’s year end is
a. February 28, 2014
b. May 31, 2014
c. September 30, 2014
d. December 31, 2014.
Solution Exercise 1 (10 min.)
a. Property taxes payable ($5,600 x 2÷12)........................................ $ 933
b. Property taxes payable ($6,200 x 5÷12)........................................ $ 2,583
c. Prepaid property taxes ($6,200 x 3÷12) ........................................ $ 1,550
d. Both Prepaid property taxes and property taxes payable are ........ $ 0
Exercise 2
Chu Company billed its customers a total of $2,655,500 for the month of November. The total
includes 13% HST (Harmonized Sales Tax).
Instructions
a. Determine the proper amount of revenue to report for the month.
b. Prepare the general journal entry to record the revenue and related liabilities for the month.
Solution Exercise 2 (5 min.)
a. $2,655,500 ÷ 1.13 = $2,350,000 is the total sales revenue.
b. $2,350,000 × .13 = $305,500 is the HST (Harmonized Sales Tax) liability.
Journal Entry:
Accounts Receivable..................................................................... 2,655,500
Sales Revenue....................................................................... 2,350,000
HST Payable.......................................................................... 305,500
Exercise 3
On April 1, Hoadley Company borrows $90,000 from Northwest Provincial Bank by signing a 6-
month, 6%, interest-bearing note. Hoadley’s year end is August 31.
Instructions
Prepare the following entries associated with the note payable on the books of Hoadley
Company:
10.
a. The entryon April 1 when the note was issued.
b. Any adjusting entries necessary on May 31 in order to prepare the quarterly financial
statements. Assume no other interest accrual entries have been made.
c. The adjusting entry at August 31 to accrue interest.
d. The entry to record payment of the note at maturity.
Solution Exercise 3 (10 min.)
a. Apr 1 Cash ............................................................................. 90,000
Notes Payable........................................................ 90,000
b. May 31 Interest Expense ........................................................... 900
Interest Payable ..................................................... 900
($90,000 × 6% × 2÷12)
c. Aug 31 Interest Expense ........................................................... 1,350
Interest Payable ..................................................... 1,350
($90,000 × 6% × 3÷12)
d. Oct 1 Notes Payable............................................................... 90,000
Interest Payable ($900+$1,350) .................................... 2,250
Interest Expense ($90,000 x 6% x 1÷12)....................... 450
Cash....................................................................... 92,700
Exercise 4
Walters Accounting Company receives its annual property tax bill for the calendar year on
May1, 2015. The bill is for $32,000 and payable on June 30, 2015. Walters paid the bill on June
30, 2015. The company prepares quarterly financial statements and had initially estimated that
its 2015 property taxes would be $30,000.
Instructions
Prepare all the required journal entries for 2015 related to the property taxes.
Solution Exercise 4 (15 min.)
Mar 31 Property Tax Expense ($30,000 × 3÷12) ........................... 7,500
Property Tax Payable.................................................. 7,500
Jun 30 Property Tax Expense ($32,000 × 6÷12 - $7,500).............. 8,500
Property Tax Payable ........................................................ 7,500
Prepaid Property Tax ($32,000 x 6÷12) ............................. 16,000
Cash .......................................................................... 32,000
Sep 30 Property Tax Expense ($32,000 × 3÷12) ........................... 8,000
Prepaid Property Tax ................................................. 8,000
Dec 31 Property Tax Expense ($32,000 × 3÷12) ........................... 8,000
Prepaid Property Tax .................................................. 8,000
Exercise 5
11.
Elliott Company hadthe following transactions during March:
Mar 1 Purchased computer equipment by issuing a $15,000, 6-month, 8% note payable.
Interest is due at maturity.
Mar 5 Provided services to customers for $9,800 plus 5% GST; customers paid cash.
Mar 15 Purchased supplies on account from Grand and Toy for $3,500. Supplier terms are
2/10, n/30.
Mar 31 Paid the Grand and Toy account in full.
Instructions
a. Record the transactions.
b. Record any adjusting entries required at March 31 related to these liabilities.
Solution Exercise 5 (5 min.)
a.
Mar 1 Computer Equipment......................................................... 15,000
Note Payable (6 month) .............................................. 15,000
Mar 5 Cash………….................................................................... 10,290
GST Payable ($9,800 x 5%)........................................ 490
Service Revenue......................................................... 9,800
Mar 15 Supplies………. ................................................................. 3,500
Accounts Payable ....................................................... 3,500
Mar 31 Accounts Payable .............................................................. 3,500
Cash…......................................................................... 3,500
b.
Mar 31 Interest Expense ($15,000 x 8% x 1÷12) ........................... 100
Interest Payable.......................................................... 100
Exercise 6
During April 2014, DMZ Company incurred the following transactions. This is DMZ’s first period
of operations, and they plan to use the periodic method of accounting for inventory.
Apr 1 Purchased a new automobile for $36,500; the automobile was paid for with a 2-year
5% note payable. Interest is due monthly on the 1st day of each month and the
principal due as follows: 50% due in 1 year, the remainder due in 2 years.
Apr 5 Sold merchandise to Customer A on account for $72,000 plus 5% GST; terms n/30.
Apr 6 Customer A returns one-half of the merchandise purchased on Apr 5 and receives a
credit on account.
Apr 13 Customer A paid their account balance in full.
Apr 25 Sold merchandise to Customer B for $102,900 including 5% GST; terms n/30.
Apr 28 Received $22,000 from Customer C for services to be provided in May.
Apr 30 Recorded any adjusting entries required related to April transactions.
In addition to liabilities arising from the above transactions, DMZ’s Accounts Payable balance at
April 30, 2014 is $65,000.
12.
Instructions
a. Record theabove transactions.
b. Prepare the current liabilities portion of DMZ’s balance sheet at April 30, 2014.
Solution Exercise 6 (25 min.)
a.
Apr 1 Automobile…….................................................................. 36,500
Note Payable .............................................................. 36,500
Apr 5 Accounts Receivable – Customer A................................... 75,600
GST Payable (72,000 x 5%)........................................ 3,600
Sales Revenue............................................................ 72,000
Apr 6 Sales Returns and Allowances ($72,000 x ½).................... 36,000
GST Payable ($3,600 x ½)................................................. 1,800
Accounts Receivable – Customer A............................ 37,800
Apr 13 Cash ($75,600-37,800)...................................................... 37,800
Accounts Receivable – Customer A............................ 37,800
Apr 25 Accounts Receivable – Customer B................................... 102,900
GST Payable (102,900 x 5÷105)................................. 4,900
Sales Revenue............................................................ 98,000
Apr 28 Cash………….................................................................... 22,000
Unearned Revenue..................................................... 22,000
Apr 30 Interest Expense ($36,500 x 5% x 1÷12) ........................... 152
Interest Payable.......................................................... 152
b.
DMZ Company
Balance Sheet (partial)
April 30, 2014
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Accounts payable.......................................................................... 65,000
GST Payable ($3,600 – 1,800 + 4,900)......................................... 6,700
Interest payable............................................................................. 152
Unearned revenue ........................................................................ 22,000
Current portion of long term debt ($36,500 x ½)............................ 18,250
Total current liabilities ................................................................... $112,102
Exercise 7
Fiddler Music Company, which prepares annual financial statements, is preparing adjusting
entries on December 31. Analysis indicates the following:
1. The company is the defendant in an employee discrimination lawsuit involving $50,000 of
13.
damages. Legal counselbelieves it is unlikely that the company will have to pay any
damages.
2. December 31st is a Friday. The employees of the company have been paid on Monday,
December 27th for the previous week which ended on Friday, December 24th. The
company employs 30 people who earn $80 per day and 15 people who earn $120 per day.
All employees work 5-day weeks.
3. Employees are entitled to one day's vacation for each month worked. All employees
described above in 2. worked the month of December.
4. The company is a defendant in a $750,000 product liability lawsuit. Legal counsel believes
the company probably will have to pay the amount requested.
5. On November 1, Fiddler signed a $10,000, 6-month, 8% note payable. No interest has
been accrued to date.
Instructions
Prepare any adjusting entries necessary at the end of the year.
Solution Exercise 7 (12 min.)
1. No entry—loss is not likely.
2. Wages Expense............................................................................ 21,000
Wages Payable ...................................................................... 21,000
30 × $80 × 5 = $12,000
15 × $120 × 5 = 9,000
$21,000
3. Vacation Benefits Expense ........................................................... 4,200
Vacation Benefits Payable [(30 × $80) + (15 × $120)] ............ 4,200
4. Loss from Lawsuit ......................................................................... 750,000
Estimated Liability from Lawsuit ............................................. 750,000
5. Interest Expense ($10,000 × 8% × 2 ÷ 12) .................................... 133
Interest Payable ..................................................................... 133
Exercise 8
During the month of July, Toys to Go started a new promotion. The company offered to reward
their customers for all sales made on Barbie dolls or Toy Trucks during the month of July. For
each sale made, the customer will receive a 1% reward of the sales price which can be
redeemed on future purchases until December of the current year. During the month of July,
$250,000 of Barbie dolls and Toy Trucks were sold. There was $755 worth of redemptions in
August.
Instructions
a. Prepare the journal entries to record all transactions related to the reward promotion.
b. Identify any liabilities that would be reported on the August 31, 2014 balance sheet.
Solution Exercise 8 (10 min.)
a. July 31 Sales Discounts for Redemption Rewards Issued ......... 2,500
Redemption Rewards Liability ................................ 2,500
14.
(250,000 x .01)
Aug31 Redemption Rewards Liability ....................................... 755
Cash....................................................................... 755
b. Redemption Reward Liability ($2,500-755).................................... $1,745
Exercise 9
The following situations are independent:
1. During the Christmas season, Betty’s Spa sold $15,000 worth of gift certificates for spa
treatments. In accordance with Canadian legislation, these gift certificates have no expiry
date. During the first year, 75% of the gift certificates are redeemed by customers.
2. Bill’s Car Service sells coupon books for oil changes. The books sell for $300 and include
10 coupons. Without a coupon, the price of an oil change is $35. During the first year of the
coupon book sales, Bill’s sold 200 books, and by the end of the year, 400 coupons had
been claimed. According to Bill’s research, 90% of coupons will eventually be claimed. The
coupons have no expiry date.
Instructions
For each situation, calculate the related liability at the end of the first year.
Solution Exercise 9 (10 min.)
1. Total liability .................................................................................. $ 15,000
Less amounts claimed ($15,000 x 75%)........................................ 11,250
Remaining liability ......................................................................... $ 3,750
2. Total liability for coupons sold (200 books x 10 coupons x $35) .... $70,000
Less 10% will remain unclaimed ................................................... 7,000
Net……………............................................................................... 63,000
Less coupons already claimed (400 x $35) ................................... 14,000
Remaining liability ......................................................................... $ 49,000
Exercise 10
Duane Herman sells exercise machines for home use. The machines carry a 4-year warranty.
Past experience indicates that 6% of the units sold will be returned during the warranty period
for repairs. The average cost of repairs under warranty is $45 for labour and $75 for parts per
unit. During 2015, 2,500 exercise machines were sold at an average price of $800. During the
year, 60 of the machines that were sold were repaired at the average price per unit. The
opening balance in the Warranty Liability account is zero.
Instructions
a. Prepare the journal entry to record the repairs made under warranty.
b. Prepare the journal entry to record the estimated warranty expense for the year. Determine
the balance in the Warranty Liability account at the end of the year.
Solution Exercise 10 (10 min.)
15.
a. Labour onrepaired units: $45 × 60 = $2,700
Parts on repaired units: $75 × 60 = $4,500
Warranty Liability........................................................................... 7,200
Repair Parts ........................................................................... 4,500
Wages Payable ...................................................................... 2,700
To record honouring of 60 warranty contracts
b. 2,500 units × 6% = 150 units
150 units × ($45+$75) = $18,000
Warranty Expense......................................................................... 18,000
Warranty Liability.................................................................... 18,000
To record estimated cost of honouring 150 warranty contracts
The balance in Warranty Liability at year end is $10,800 ($18,000 – $7,200), which equals the
expected cost of honouring the 90 remaining warranty contracts.
Exercise 11
Hardin Manufacturing began operations in January 2014. Hardin manufactures and sells two
different computer monitors.
Monitor A, is a flat panel hi-definition monitor, which carries a two-year manufacturer's warranty
against defects in workmanship. Hardin's management project that 8% of the monitors will
require repair during the first year of the warranty while approximately 6% will require repair
during the second year of the warranty. Monitor A sells for $400. The average cost to repair a
monitor is $80.
Monitor B is a regular LED monitor that retails for $150. Hardin has entered into an agreement
with a local electronics firm who charges Hardin $20 per monitor sold and then covers all
warranty costs related to this monitor.
Sales and warranty information for 2014 is as follows:
Sold 2,000 monitors (800 monitor A and 1,200 monitor B); all sales were on account.
Actual warranty expenditures for monitor A were $4,000.
Instructions
a. Prepare journal entries that summarize the sales and any aspects of the warranty for 2014.
b. Determine the balance in the Warranty Liability account at the end of 2014.
Solution Exercise 11 (5 min.)
a. To record sales
Accounts Receivable..................................................................... 500,000
Sales Revenue—A (800 × $400)............................................ 320,000
Sales Revenue—B (1,200 × $150)......................................... 180,000
Related to the cost of the maintenance contract on monitor B
Warranty Expense (1,200 × $20)................................................... 24,000
Cash....................................................................................... 24,000
16.
To estimate costof warranty on monitor A
Warranty Expense (800 × 14% × $80) .......................................... 8,960
Warranty Liability.................................................................... 8,960
To record actual warranty costs on monitor A
Warranty Liability........................................................................... 4,000
Cash....................................................................................... 4,000
b. $8,960 – $4,000 = $4,960
Exercise 12
During the year, Canada Ski Cross Ltd. instituted a customer rewards program. The company
sells skis which are specially used for the latest type of skiing, ski cross. For every $250 of ski
cross equipment purchased by a customer, the company will rebate $50 towards the cost of
purchasing a ski cross helmet. In January, the company had ski cross equipment sales of
$64,000. There were no helmets purchased. In February, there were sales of $32,600 and there
were 135 helmets sold.
Instructions
a. Prepare journal entries for January. What is the ending balance in the liability account for
the end of January?
b. Prepare journal entries for February. What is the ending balance in the liability account for
the end of February?
Solution Exercise 12 (10-13 min.)
a. January Entries
Cash ............................................................................................. $64,000
Sales...................................................................................... $64,000
Sales Discounts for Redemption Rewards .................................... 12,800
Redemptions Rewards Liability .............................................. 12,800
($64,000 ÷ $250 x $50)
Liability end of January = $12,800
b. February Entries
Cash ............................................................................................. $32,600
Sales...................................................................................... $32,600
Sales Discounts for Redemption Rewards .................................... 6,520
Redemptions Rewards Liability .............................................. 6,520
($32,600 ÷ $250 x $50)
Redemptions Rewards Liability ..................................................... 6,750
Cash....................................................................................... 6,750
(135 x 50)
Liability end of February ($12,800 + $6,520 – $6,750) = $12,570
Male man isnot in danger of passing out of existence but one
variety of man is doomed, the type which has always wished to mate
with the two types of women which, in the preceding chapter, I
declared doomed, the doll and the flirt.
The Wise Husband. That almost extinct species is the
type of husband who speakes of HIS wife, who knows "women" and
what is "good" for them, the home Jehovah, all-knowing and all-
powerful, who must be served and obeyed, who, on his return from
work must find his wife ready to entertain him if so he wishes, or to
plunge back into the depths of the kitchen if his mood so requires,
the husband who knows that he is the aim and goal of his wife's
existence.
A ridiculous old man, abandoned by his too young wife, made to
the reporters a statement betraying sadly the infinite conceit of that
type: "She will return to me because I love her so."
A most unprepossessing man was bewailing in my office the fact
that his wife had grown sexually indifferent to him. I advised him not
to compel her to have intercourse with him against her will,
especially as he was diseased. He naïvely remarked: "But she is my
wife."
That type of husband, in other words, considers a wife as a
chattel, to be submitted to any sort of legal indignity because she is
"only a female." He may force motherhood upon her to demonstrate
his doubtful virility or to protect his jealous egotism. He would
accept with enthusiasm Goldschmidt's theories which I presented for
what they were worth in the chapter on Virginity, and according to
which, woman is soft wax and characterless, waiting to be shaped
into a personality by her husband's caresses.
Scientific investigators of a more reliable type than Goldschmidt
and who avoid drawing "yellow" conclusions from their labors, have
supplied the reading world with facts which should cause the
Jehovah husband to fear for his lofty position.
19.
Is the MaleIndispensable? Jacques Loeb and
others have demonstrated that as far as the physical results of love,
the continuance of the race, is concerned, the male may not be
absolutely indispensable.
Loeb had shown that almost anything which causes the
protoplasm of the egg to separate itself from its membrane is
sufficient to introduce "life" into that curious organism which until
then only holds possibilities of life.
Nature, in order to produce one individual demands two
principles, one male and one female principle. She must have one
egg which is modified by some product of the male organism, pollen
or sperm.
Modern Scientists Have Beaten Nature at
Her Own Game of creation; they have taken one egg, the
female principle and proceeded to fertilise that egg without any male
product whatsoever.
The experiment has only been made on low forms of animal life,
sea urchins and the like, but the egg of the sea urchin is not
different in any essential respect from the egg of the human species.
By taking unfecundated eggs and placing them for two minutes
in a mixture of sea water and acetic, or butyric, or valerianic acid,
then placing them back in sea water and twenty minutes later,
immersing them for about an hour in hypertonic sea water or sugar
solution, and finally returning them to sea water, Loeb was able to
bring to life young larvæ. A French scientist, Delage, repeating the
same experiments managed to keep those larvæ alive until the time
of their sexual maturity.
Loeb also succeeded in fertilising eggs by placing them in the
blood serum of cows, sheep, pigs or rabbits.
Mathews has fertilised some by shaking them gently for a period
of time.
20.
Twins To Order.Loeb and others have gone further even
than that and produced not only single individuals but twins, triplets,
etc.
The secrets of nature's laboratory are being revealed more and
more clearly from day to day.
The conceited fathers who imagine that the bringing into life of
twins is a symptom of their powerful virility must learn that a mere
chemical phenomenon called osmosis is responsible for the over-
fertility of some wives.
Remove from sea water sea urchin's eggs and place them for
fifteen minutes or so in ordinary water. The density of water being
lower than that of sea water, the eggs will absorb a great deal of
water and burst open. A drop of protoplasm will come out at the
break in the membrane. Replace the exploded egg into sea water
and two larvæ will hatch out of it. Separate the two portions of the
exploded egg and the twins will be as healthy as tho they had been
allowed to grow for a while in Siamese style.
By repeating the experiment, Loeb has produced not only twins
but triplets and quadruplets, all normal and growing out of the same
egg which was only meant originally to produce one urchin.
One can understand how a variation in the pressure of the
liquids surrounding the human egg may lead to the same result.
While scientists have created living beings by using the female
principles as a basis, they have not thus far attained any results by
experimenting with the male principle alone.
The Mother is the Race apparently and the
stubbornness of man in claiming and fighting for the principle of
masculine superiority is apparently due to his obscure feeling that
after all he is not indispensable.
The more vociferous the claim, the weaker generally the basis
for that claim. In certain forms of insanity, the more the organism is
destroyed by disease the more extravagant the statements are
21.
which the insaneman makes about himself, claiming power, wealth,
health, youth, beauty, etc.
At least one animal species, the bees, have placed the male on
that footing. The male bee represents a convenient and pleasant
means of bringing about the fecundation of the eggs. After his
chemical part has been played, however, no one takes him seriously
and his official existence ends. Certain spiders and other insects
consider the male in the same light, some of them killing and eating
the male as soon as his fecundating activities have come to an end.
The feminine domination, if it should ever implant itself into our
world would undoubtedly lead to the absurdities, the exaggerations
and the repressions which are the result of our man made
civilisation.
Matriarchal Communities of the Past in which
the woman was the head of the family and probably of the state and
matriarchial groups of Tibet have not left visible tokens of their
worth as a family system. As they preceded the present family
system however, it may be that all traces of their achievements have
been obliterated by time. The Tibetan experiment may have been
blighted by unfavorable geographical conditions and rendered as
barren as the Mongolian patriarchal experiments in a neighboring
part of the world.
Man as a means of fecundation is not likely to be discarded by
normal women but his prestige is likely to decrease as the secret of
his mysterious power becomes better known.
The passing of the smug, self satisfied Jehovah husband, a
neurotic in every case, is in sight and his passing will facilitate the
adaptation of some of the inadapted women I mentioned in the
preceding chapter, some of whom fail to find love, and some of
whom do not dare to seek it.
The Successful Modern Woman is Rather
Conceited. Some of the things I said about female artists
22.
applies in agreat measure to the woman who in business or in a
profession has managed to make her mark.
After struggling years for a certain object which she has at last
attained, she is naturally loath to surrender her personality to the
average husband of the self-styled masculine type.
She at times resorts to homosexualism in an effort to retain her
independence and yet satisfy her love cravings without submitting to
a domination which she feels to be unjustified.
The Terrors of The Climateric. The passing of the
Jehovah husband will also ease a process of woman's (and man's)
life which has to this day held countless terrors to the uninitiated,
the climacteric.
To the old-fashioned and the gullible woman, the change of life
meant the end of life as a female. The stupid man, who is constantly
endeavoring to subdue his mate thru disparagement and kills
speedily her youth, her enthusiasm and her hopes by repeating
constantly the trashy "At your age, my dear," is in a great measure
responsible for transforming that harmless phenomenon into a
painful crisis, mental and physical.
The crisis of the "Dangerous Age," to use Karin Michaelis's
expression, is generally due to the clash of a weak masochistic
female with a weak and sadistic male, a clash in which, owing to age
and the staleness of the mates, affection has no redeeming,
consoling physical features.
The Masculine Man is in No Danger of
Passing Away and he will for ever be as attractive to woman
as the feminine woman is to him.
As Shaw said, what has been killed in men by the growth of
feminism is "not masculinity but boorishness," a characteristic, not of
the strong but of the weak, who is trying to compensate for his
weakness and to conceal it. What has been killed in woman is not
23.
feminine sweetness butoverfeminine silliness which woman used as
a deceptive weapon against the domineering male.
In a world which grants equal opportunities to men and women,
no husband will be able to justify or excuse his treatment of a
woman by saying "She is my wife." He will have to remain her lover
in order to hold her. No wife will be able to make the home hideous
and, at the same time, brandish over her husband's head the
certificate of enslavement called a marriage license. She will have, in
order to compete with the free women whose personality will impose
itself upon her environment, to remain his mistress.
Every step ahead which the world takes fortunately proves a
new step which love takes in the direction of completeness and
freedom from sordidness and ugliness.
24.
CHAPTER XXXI
Perfect MatrimonialAdjustments
While marriage, regardless of whatever form it may assume,
has always been mentioned in this book as unavoidably related to
love, we must not blink the fact that marriage and love are two
absolutely different things forced into frequent association by social
and economic necessity.
Love is an involuntary and compulsory craving which draws a
male and a female into the closest possible union for the purpose of
mutual sexual gratification, generally followed by conception and
reproduction.
Marriage a Compromise. Marriage on the other hand
is merely a compromise between the positive individual cravings
which demand the most complete and frequent gratification of the
love urge, regardless of its consequences, and the negative feeling
which causes the community to shirk all possible responsibilities
incurred by the individual, among others, the support of pregnant or
lactating females and of helpless infants.
Unless the community owns mother and child and can exploit
their labor or receive their cash value (slavery system), it demands
that their owner, the impregnator of the woman and procreator of
the child, supply food and shelter for both.
Marriage is also a compromise between two individual cravings
which may not be synchronised, as the male's desire for the female
may subside before her desire for him does, or reciprocally.
Through the institution of marriage the community protects
itself against new burdens directly by penalties (sentences against
wife deserters or those who abandon children) and indirectly by
25.
protecting the matesagainst their own cravings for whose duration
they are not responsible (laws against bigamy or adultery, etc.).
Considering the Artificial Character of the
Marriage Union, and at the same time the psychological
importance of its durability as far as the mental health of the off-
spring is concerned, one of the most pressing duties of the
community (and one which it never performs), should be to devise
all the possible ways and means whereby the sex cravings of both
mates could be helped to retain their freshness and strength as long
as possible.
Attractiveness an Asset. The first thought which
should be forced into the minds of modern men and women is that
attractiveness is a positive asset not only to woman but to man. In
classic Greece, a man could not be merely good, he had to be
beautiful too. By "good" the Greek meant "fit" but in the compound
word which implied both qualities, kalos, beauty came first.
Cravings being awakened and kept alive by certain fetishes, the
individual should be trained to recognize his and his mate's fetishism
and to make all possible efforts to retain, if necessary by artificial
means, the fetishes which lead to the awakening of erotism between
him and his mate.
The Average Man or Woman of Forty is a
Sorry Sight. Yet a little intelligence would compel them to
retain or regain the physical idiosyncrasies they exhibited at the time
of their marriage.
Too many women consider it sinful to devote much time to their
physical appearance and the care of their body. In a man, any
attempt to make himself attractive is considered in stupid middle-
class circles as a stigma of effeminacy.
The "pretty" man has always been despised by men and
women, and endocrinology has confirmed their judgment by
26.
revealing to usthat he is a glandular weakling. Between the pretty
man and the attractive man, however, there is a far cry.
While the American movies, generally speaking, are catering to
the weak-minded and the unimaginative, they have, in their search
for a bait where-with to catch audiences, rendered mankind a signal
service by starring the kind of man which would have passed muster
in ancient Greece, beautiful and fit.
Athletic, if not Acrobatic, Movie Idols present
to the female part of the audience a complex of physical qualities
which women will gradually demand from their mates. It is
regrettable that women should not attend prize fights in large
numbers, for the sight of the godlike participants in those affrays
would force them to institute enlightening comparisons between
professional fighters and the average male.
Besides retaining or regaining their fetishes, human beings
should make a special effort not to let those fetishes lose their
power.
The Worst Foe of Married Happiness. Balzac in
his "Physiology of Marriage" says that the married have to wage a
constant fight with a monster which devours everything: Habit.
Every stimulus, as we know, pleasant or unpleasant, loses its power
when applied continuously or too frequently.
It is only for the first minute or so that the ice cold shower
causes our naked skin to tingle with excitement. As soon as the
reaction sets in and the capillaries fill with red blood, the pleasant
sensation of the water needles becomes dulled.
After holding our hand for a minute in hot water, we no longer
realise the high temperature of the liquid and in order to continue to
experience the feeling of heat we must continually raise the
temperature of the water.
And likewise we may grow so accustomed to one source of
erotic stimulation that we become indifferent to it.
27.
Friendship May Survivethe Death of Sexual
Love, provided the sex desire has died in both mates at the same
time. When desire dies off in the wife first and is not replaced by
aversion, the situation may be very simple for she can still satisfy her
more ardent mate and derive some gratification therefrom.
When the man's desire dies first, on the other hand, there may
arise unpleasant complications. A man may be impotent with a
woman whom he loves tenderly but no longer desires sexually and
yet be potent with some other woman to whom he is not completely
"accustomed."
Jealousy on the part of the wife may then prevent the advent of
the platonic friendship which is not uncommon between old married
mates, altho Montaigne denies the possibility of its existence.
Modern mates, conscious of that danger, have now and then
devised ways and means to combat Balzac's monster.
Not so long ago a well-known woman writer announced that
she was planning to marry a certain man with whom, however, she
did not intend to live day after day. The experiment has many
chances of success if jealousy does not complicate the situation.
I suggested to reporters last summer, when two famous artists
parted company, that their union might have been of longer duration
if one of them had lived at the Plaza while the other was stopping at
the St. Regis.
Married People Should Separate for Periods
of Variable Duration in order that a fresh stimulation may
emanate from their fetishes when they meet again. By leading more
individual lives and having separate sets of friends, they would,
besides, bring to each other a new sort of mental pabulum and
stimulation day after day. Conversation becomes futile and
unnecessary between a husband and wife who always pay and
receive calls together, attend the same spectacles and hence always
see the same side of life. Now and then we read of couples who
28.
separate and afew years later remarry. Those few years spent apart
from each other mean for both new experiences which enrich their
mind and their conversation and make them again interesting to
each other.
The Play Function of Love. Another factor which the
monstrous hypocrisy of puritanism makes very difficult to discuss
openly and honestly and which wrecks many promising unions is the
ignorance, more common than we suspect among married couples,
of what Maurice Parmelee in his "Personality and Behavior" has
called the Play Function of Love, a term which has been given a
broader meaning by Havelock Ellis in an article for the Medical
Review of Reviews for March 1921.
The average man or woman is tragically ignorant of the mission
of sex.
The average man, as Ellis writes, has two aims: "to prove that
he is a man and to relieve a sexual tension.
"He too often considers himself, from traditional habits, as the
active partner in love and his own pleasure as the prime motive of
the sex communion.
"His wife, naturally adopts the complementary attitude, regards
herself as the passive partner and her pleasure as negligible.
"She has not mastered the art of love, with the result that her
whole nature remains ill-developed and unharmonized, and that she
is incapable of bringing her personality (having indeed no achieved
personality to bring) to bear effectively on the problems of society
and the world around her."
I have described in "Sex Happiness" the tragedies which result
from that form of ignorance, especially the tragedy of the unsatisfied
wife, her restlessness, her gradual dislike of her mate, her curiosity
as to what feelings she might experience if married to another man,
when some other man seems to awaken her erotism, and then the
29.
dilemma, repression leadingto neurosis, or indulgence leading into
the divorce court.
Psychoanalysis to the Rescue. "In this matter,"
Ellis writes, "we may learn a lesson from the psychoanalysts of today
without any implication that psychoanalysis is necessarily a desirable
or even possible way of attaining the revelation of love. The wiser
psychoanalysts insist that the process of liberating the individual
from outer and inner influences that repress or deform his energies
and impulses is effected by removing the inhibitions on the free play
of his nature.
"It is a process of education in the true sense, not of the
suppression of natural impulses nor even of the instillation of sound
rules and maxims for their control, not of the pressing in but of the
leading out of the individual's special tendencies.
"It removes inhibitions, even inhibitions that were placed upon
the individual, or that he consciously or unconsciously placed upon
himself, with the best moral intentions, and by so doing it allows a
larger and freer and more natively spontaneous morality to come
into play.
"It has this influence above all in the sphere of sex, where such
inhibitions have been most powerfully laid on the native impulses,
where the natural tendencies have been most surrounded by taboos
and terrors, most tinged with artificial stains of impurity and
degradation derived from alien and antiquated traditions.
"Thus the therapeutical experience of the psychoanalysts
reinforce the lessons we learn from physiology and psychology and
the intimate experiences of life."
Wounded Egotism. Love in marriage is endangered
from another quarter: The greatest foe of sexual desire, as I have
stated several times in this book, is wounded egotism.
A perfect matrimonial adjustment does not mean the
modification of either mate's personality. We have seen in the
30.
chapters on glandsthat the normal personality is practically
inadaptable, that is, nothing short of serious sickness or a surgical
operation can transform an active person into a sluggish one and
vice versa.
It is only the neurotic personality which can be adapted by the
removal of certain unconscious fears which prevent it from attaining
social and biological balance and happiness.
All psychoanalysis does in such cases is to teach the patient to
accept everything which is biologically normal in his personality.
We must then have an absolute respect for personality in
ourselves and others. We must find a socially acceptable outlet for
all our idiosyncrasies, a difficult, but never impossible task.
Lack of an outlet means a neurotic disturbance. The so-called
adaptable people are those who succeed in repressing temporarily
their cravings and denying their existence, a result which they attain
at the cost of much suffering to themselves and, indirectly, to their
environment.
Democracy in the Home is the prerequisite of every
perfect matrimonial adjustment.
The autocratic government of the home by a male bully of a
female nag leads to either a revolution (divorce) or to the
destruction of human material after a bitter strife, (neurotic
ailments).
The bullied wife and the henpecked husband fill the offices of
neurologists, gynaecologists, psychoanalysts and sexologists. This is
the way in which the wounded ego of the defeated mate avenges
itself.
The defeated mate becomes sexually disabled.
The results of maladjustment of the mates are strikingly
summed up by Kempf in his monumental work "Psychopathology":
31.
"Upon marriage asubtle if not overt struggle occurs between
the mates for the dominant position in the contract. The big,
aggressive wife and the timid, little husband attest to the importance
of organic superiority in the adjustment, but the average marriage
does not show such organic differences. The sadistic or masochistic
husband and the masochistic or sadistic wife will certainly adjust to
please their reciprocating cravings, no matter what influence this
may have upon their children, and a sadistic wife and sadistic
husband, although both are cruel in their pleasures, will divorce each
other on the charge of the other being cruel; but it is the
commonplace adjustment which interests us most, because it is
most predominant.
"Nature places an unerring punishment upon the woman, who,
by incessantly using every whim, scheme or artifice, finally succeeds
in dominating her husband. By forcing him to submit to her
thousand and one demands and coercions, within a few years, he
unconsciously becomes a submissive type and loses his sexual
potency with her as the love-object. If he does not have secret love
interests which stimulate him to strive for power, he finally loses his
initiative and sexual potency completely and must live always at a
commonplace level, the servant of more virile men: the counterpart
of the subdued impotent males of the animal herd.
"His more aggressive, selfish mate, if periodically heterosexually
erotic, will become neurotic if her moral restraints are insurpassable,
or seek a new mate whom she will again attempt to subdue. Never
is she able to realise that her selfishness makes her sexually
unattractive. The psychopathologist meets many such women whose
husbands have evaded domination by secretly depending upon the
affections of another more suitably adjusted woman."
In "The New Horizon in Love and Life," Mrs. Havelock Ellis
writes "It is more than probable that the evolved relationship of the
future will be monogamy—but a monogamy wider and more
beautiful than the present caricature of it, as the sea is wider and
more delicious than a duck pond.
32.
"The lifelong, faithfullove of one man for one woman is the
exception and not the rule. The law of affinity being as subtle and as
indefinable as the law of gravitation, we may, by and by, find it
worth while to give it its complete opportunity in those realms where
it can manifest itself most potently. We are on the wrong bridge if
we imagine that laxity is the easiest way to freedom. The bridge
which will bear us must be strong enough to support us while
experiments are tried.
"What is the gospel in this matter of sexual emancipation for
men and women in the new world where love has actually come of
age? It is surely the complete economic independence of women.
While man is economically free and woman still a slave, either
physically, financially or spiritually, mankind as a whole must act as if
blindness, maimness and deafness constituted health.
"The complete independence of husband and wife is the gospel
of the new era of marriage. This is the actual matter which
philosophers, parents, philanthropists and pioneers so often ignore
when teaching the new ideals of morality. When a woman is kept by
a man she is not a free individuality either as child, wife or mistress.
Imagine for a moment a man kept by a woman as women are kept
by men and a sense of humor illuminates the absurdity of the
situation between any class of evolved human beings."
As a clever patient of mine whom I regret I cannot mention by
name said one day: "married happiness, to be lasting, requires more
than sexual cooperation of both mates, it must resolve itself into
cooperative egotism."
33.
Footnotes
[1] See MarySinclair's "The Life and Death of Harriet Freau."
[2] Kings. I, 1-2.
[3] Birth Control Review, April 1922.
THE END
Suggestive draperies, 125
Sutteecustom, 142
Syphilophobiacs, 80
Tall types, 235
Taste, 59
Teeth, 237
Telegony, 116
Test of love, 75
Third sex, 158 sqq.
Thyroid, 230
Touch, 60
Transvestites, 159
Triplets, 310
Twins, 309
Type, parent, 39
Ultrafeminine, 93
Unadapted women, 288
Uniform fetishism, 25
Vamps, 213
Varietism, 84
Vital Force, 266
Vomiting, in pregnancy,
243
Von Kupfer, 181, 182
Wagner, 252
Walker, Dr. Mary, 160
War prisoners, 70
46.
Whipping, 202
Wifehood, aprofession,
282
Wilde, Oscar, 180
Will-to-be-the-first, 115
Winckelman, 176
Wise husbands, 306
Women Sadists, 210
Women who enjoy a
beating, 209
Wounded egotism, 324
Wulffen, 193
47.
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