Phi Beta Kappa is America's oldest academic honor society, founded in 1776 at the College of William & Mary. Its mission is to recognize excellence in liberal arts and sciences. The society's key symbol originated from the initials of its Greek motto and symbols of its founding principles. Chapters were later established at other colleges to continue the society's work of recognizing scholarship.
W.E.B. Du Bois was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard University. He faced little racial discrimination growing up but faced greater challenges as he pursued higher education, becoming the first African American valedictorian of his high school and earning advanced degrees from Fisk University, Harvard, and the University of Berlin. Du Bois emphasized the importance of developing talented African American leaders through education to guide social progress. In his study The Philadelphia Negro, Du Bois aimed to prove that social conditions rather than race caused negative perceptions of African Americans. He stressed the role of exceptional teachers in lifting up African American communities.
Lane Hall, the University of Michigan's home to the Women’s Studies Department and the Institute for Research on Women and Gender, opened in 1917. This slideshow was created by IRWG staff with materials and support from the Bentley Historical Library at U-M, for an exhibit in the early 2000s (exact year is unknown).
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) was an American founding father who made significant contributions to education. He wrote the Bill for More General Diffusion of Knowledge in 1779 to establish public schools in Virginia and promote universal education, though it did not pass. As president, he advocated for federal support of education. Jefferson also helped establish the Library of Congress after the original collection was destroyed, and founded the University of Virginia, where he was heavily involved in its design, curriculum, and administration. Jefferson's educational pursuits reflected his belief that an educated citizenry was essential to democracy.
This document summarizes a workshop on facilitating global participation and intercultural citizenship for students. It begins with an introduction and definitions of key terms. Participants then shared reflections on their institution's current approaches. Next, they engaged in blue sky thinking with post-it notes and shared ideas. Participants chose three takeaways and provided feedback to close the workshop.
1) In 1844, Reverend John Shipherd founded Olivet College in Eaton County, Michigan with the progressive mission of being open to all students regardless of gender, race or financial status.
2) A student named Ture Farwell spent over a year organizing the Olivet College archives and uncovered information on the first African American and female graduates.
3) Olivet College graduated its first class in 1863 which was composed entirely of three women. The archives research continues to uncover more about early female and minority students and athletes at the pioneering college.
The document discusses the debate between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois over African American higher education in the late 19th/early 20th century. Washington believed African Americans should focus on industrial education and integrating into society through vocational skills. Du Bois advocated for liberal arts education and challenging racial injustices. Both men worked to advance opportunities for African Americans but disagreed on the approach.
The document provides an overview of life and culture in America during the 1920s. Some key points covered include:
- Urbanization accelerated and more Americans lived in cities than rural areas for the first time. New York and Chicago saw major population growth.
- Prohibition launched with the 18th Amendment in 1920, banning alcohol production and sale. However, speakeasies and bootlegging flourished illegally while organized crime expanded. Support faded and Prohibition was repealed in 1933.
- The Scopes "Monkey" Trial in 1925 pitted religious fundamentalists against secular thinkers accepting evolution, increasing tensions between science and religion.
- Women gained new independence as "flappers" during the era
This document provides an overview of a workshop presented by Rob Darrow on school libraries and LGBTQ youth. Some key points:
- Darrow discusses his background and experience working with LGBTQ youth. He notes the lack of LGBTQ inclusion in many educational programs.
- Around 10-20% of youth identify as LGBTQ, and many face bullying. New state frameworks and laws aim to promote inclusion of LGBTQ topics and history.
- The workshop defines important terms like gender, sexual orientation, and transgender. It discusses concepts like gender fluidity and the gender binary.
- Brief histories of activists like Frank Kameny and cases like David Schroer's help illustrate discrimination faced by the LGBT
W.E.B. Du Bois was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard University. He faced little racial discrimination growing up but faced greater challenges as he pursued higher education, becoming the first African American valedictorian of his high school and earning advanced degrees from Fisk University, Harvard, and the University of Berlin. Du Bois emphasized the importance of developing talented African American leaders through education to guide social progress. In his study The Philadelphia Negro, Du Bois aimed to prove that social conditions rather than race caused negative perceptions of African Americans. He stressed the role of exceptional teachers in lifting up African American communities.
Lane Hall, the University of Michigan's home to the Women’s Studies Department and the Institute for Research on Women and Gender, opened in 1917. This slideshow was created by IRWG staff with materials and support from the Bentley Historical Library at U-M, for an exhibit in the early 2000s (exact year is unknown).
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) was an American founding father who made significant contributions to education. He wrote the Bill for More General Diffusion of Knowledge in 1779 to establish public schools in Virginia and promote universal education, though it did not pass. As president, he advocated for federal support of education. Jefferson also helped establish the Library of Congress after the original collection was destroyed, and founded the University of Virginia, where he was heavily involved in its design, curriculum, and administration. Jefferson's educational pursuits reflected his belief that an educated citizenry was essential to democracy.
This document summarizes a workshop on facilitating global participation and intercultural citizenship for students. It begins with an introduction and definitions of key terms. Participants then shared reflections on their institution's current approaches. Next, they engaged in blue sky thinking with post-it notes and shared ideas. Participants chose three takeaways and provided feedback to close the workshop.
1) In 1844, Reverend John Shipherd founded Olivet College in Eaton County, Michigan with the progressive mission of being open to all students regardless of gender, race or financial status.
2) A student named Ture Farwell spent over a year organizing the Olivet College archives and uncovered information on the first African American and female graduates.
3) Olivet College graduated its first class in 1863 which was composed entirely of three women. The archives research continues to uncover more about early female and minority students and athletes at the pioneering college.
The document discusses the debate between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois over African American higher education in the late 19th/early 20th century. Washington believed African Americans should focus on industrial education and integrating into society through vocational skills. Du Bois advocated for liberal arts education and challenging racial injustices. Both men worked to advance opportunities for African Americans but disagreed on the approach.
The document provides an overview of life and culture in America during the 1920s. Some key points covered include:
- Urbanization accelerated and more Americans lived in cities than rural areas for the first time. New York and Chicago saw major population growth.
- Prohibition launched with the 18th Amendment in 1920, banning alcohol production and sale. However, speakeasies and bootlegging flourished illegally while organized crime expanded. Support faded and Prohibition was repealed in 1933.
- The Scopes "Monkey" Trial in 1925 pitted religious fundamentalists against secular thinkers accepting evolution, increasing tensions between science and religion.
- Women gained new independence as "flappers" during the era
This document provides an overview of a workshop presented by Rob Darrow on school libraries and LGBTQ youth. Some key points:
- Darrow discusses his background and experience working with LGBTQ youth. He notes the lack of LGBTQ inclusion in many educational programs.
- Around 10-20% of youth identify as LGBTQ, and many face bullying. New state frameworks and laws aim to promote inclusion of LGBTQ topics and history.
- The workshop defines important terms like gender, sexual orientation, and transgender. It discusses concepts like gender fluidity and the gender binary.
- Brief histories of activists like Frank Kameny and cases like David Schroer's help illustrate discrimination faced by the LGBT
This document summarizes and discusses several items related to the American Revolution from recent issues of the Sons of the Revolution newsletter, including:
1) An itinerary for the replica ship L'Hermione's voyage along the East Coast of the US and Canada in 2015.
2) The passing of renowned genealogist Timothy Field Beard and his contributions to genealogical research.
3) A new book that features 150 important locations related to the American Revolution.
4) The 40th anniversary of the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail Association.
5) A rare botanical printing block from the 18th century that was used by Benjamin Franklin and found by a researcher.
This document provides biographical information about Phoebe Apperson Hearst and her son William Randolph Hearst. Phoebe was a teacher and philanthropist who donated land and money to establish libraries and schools. She was particularly interested in access to education for women. Her son William inherited millions from his parents and became a prominent newspaper publisher and owner of Hearst Castle. Both Hearsts played an important role in philanthropy, especially supporting libraries, education, and the arts.
This document discusses the emergence and growth of African American fraternal groups in the United States from the late 18th century through the early 20th century. It describes several major fraternal organizations founded by African Americans that paralleled existing white groups, as well as fraternal groups that were distinctive to the African American community. These groups played an important role in providing social services and insurance to their members and advocating for equal rights.
The document discusses the distinction between free people of color and former slaves after the end of slavery. Free people of color often provided leadership to newly freed slaves due to their advantages in education and experience. In both Haiti and the post-Civil War United States South, leaders of the free black community like Toussaint Louverture and elected officials were often former free men of color. Many educated northern free blacks also moved South after the Civil War to help the freed slaves.
The document provides a detailed overview of African American history and culture from the first arrival of Africans in America as explorers and settlers alongside European explorers, through slavery, the civil rights movement, and prominent figures and developments. Key events and periods discussed include the Revolutionary War, Nat Turner's Rebellion, the Dred Scott decision, the Underground Railroad, emancipation, Jim Crow laws, the civil rights movement, the Harlem Renaissance, prominent musical, literary, and artistic contributions, the role of the black church, and important civil rights and political leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Barack Obama.
The document summarizes important African American historical sites in Brooklyn, New York. It describes locations such as the first property purchased by an African American in Brooklyn (41 Hicks St), several Colored Schools established in the 1800s, churches like Bridge Street African Wesleyan Methodist Episcopal Church that were stops on the Underground Railroad, and community organizations like the Weeksville Society that works to preserve the historic Weeksville neighborhood.
Chapter 17 Daily Life in the Gilded Age PowerpointThomas Melhorn
This document provides an overview of daily life and key events in the Gilded Age. It discusses popular forms of entertainment like baseball and the growth of schools and universities. It also examines the discrimination faced by African Americans during this time. Laws like the Jim Crow statutes legalized racial segregation following the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court ruling, which upheld the doctrine of "separate but equal".
5 What Kind of Revolution JUSTIFICATIONS FOR REBELLIONHISTORIC.docxalinainglis
5 What Kind of Revolution?: JUSTIFICATIONS FOR REBELLION
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
Independence movements were everywhere at the end of the last century. Many French-speaking Canadians sought independence for Quebec, while the majority of the country denounced separation. In Eastern Europe, Bosnians, Serbs, and Croats killed one another in the name of self-rule. The former Soviet Union no longer exists because its ethnic groups—Ukranians, Armenians, Lithuanians, and others—demanded independence. In Africa, competing ethnic factions vied for recognition. Muslims in India demanded greater autonomy from the Hindu majority, while the movement to free Tibet from Chinese rule gained international support.
Although calls for liberty and self-determination have wide appeal, the road to self-rule is often littered with the debris of internal strife, mob violence, and even civil war. Nevertheless, the desire of ethnic, national, and religious groups for autonomy—sometimes in opposition to powerful colonialist or imperialist nations—often becomes an irresistible force in the world.
One of the critical questions facing all humans in such crises is when and under what circumstances rebellions against established authorities are justified. This was the great question that confronted theEnglish subjects who lived in America during the decade of the 1770s. After months of intense debate, during which many ideas were presented, considered, and rejected, the Americans declared the colonies to “be free and independent states.” With this declaration, they launched the first national rebellion against colonial rule in modern times.
The American War of Independence began first in people’s minds. Before a shot was fired, the colonists had to break the laws that governed them and to deny the right of those who had ruled them to do so any longer—in short, to reject what they had accepted for decades. Their intellectual work of justifying rebellion has inspired other people around the world for over two hundred years.
Years of controversy between the colonies and England divided the colonists into several schools ofthought. On the one extreme were the militants, who vowed never to yield to British pretensions. In themiddle were the moderates, who, while denouncing British encroachments on their liberties, saw benefits from their association with England and favored policies of conciliation. At the other extreme were theTories, who desired to remain loyal to the Crown. These groups were roughly equal in numbers.
When the First Continental Congress opened in September 1774, the delegates debated and then rejected aplan of compromise proposed by Joseph Galloway of Pennsylvania. In its stead, the militants within thecongress pushed through a Declaration of Rights and Grievances that attacked England’s right to tax thecolonists and demanded the repeal of several acts viewed by the delegates as “intolerable.” The ensuing spring, the British Parliament considered the American quest.
The counterculture movement of the 1960s originated from young Americans rebelling against mainstream values and priorities. They believed society's values were hollow and its focus was misplaced. Inspired by the Beat generation of the 1950s, the counterculture movement grew out of opposition to the Vietnam War, racial discrimination, and environmental pollution. They advocated for a culture based on peace and love as an alternative to the mainstream.
The document summarizes the roles of Parker Cleaveland and Sacagawea in aiding the development of the early United States. Cleaveland gained fame as part of a generation of intellectuals who helped develop a uniquely American identity through education. Sacagawea, though not considered learned, provided crucial assistance to the Lewis and Clark expedition through her knowledge of languages and geography of the western territories. However, creating a single American national identity proved difficult due to racial, class, and gender differences that were prominent in the young nation.
Chapter 12 ReflectionCharles Grandison Finney – an evangelistic .docxcravennichole326
Chapter 12 Reflection
Charles Grandison Finney – an evangelistic Presbyterian minister who became the most influential revival leader of the 1820s and 1830s.
Frederick Douglass – the greatest African American of all – and one of the most electrifying orators of his time, black or white – was Frederick Douglass. Born a slave in Maryland, Douglass escaped to Massachusetts in 1838, became an outspoken leader of anti-slavery sentiment. On his return to the United States in 1847, Douglass purchased his freedom from his Maryland owner and founded an antislavery newspaper, the North Star, in Rochester, New York. Douglass demanded for African Americans not only freedom but full social and economic social equality as well.
Henry David Thoreau – leading Concord transcendentalist. Thoreau went even further in repudiating the repressive forces of society. He produced the ideas that individuals should work for self-realization by resisting pressures to conform to society’s expectations and responding instead to their instincts. Thoreau’s own efforts to free himself – immortalized in is most famous book, Walden – led him to build a small cabin in the Concord woods on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived alone for two years as simply as he could.
Horace Mann – the greatest of educational reformers was Horace Mann, the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, which was established in 1837. To Mann, education was the only way to “counterwork this tendency to the domination of capital and the servility of labor.” He reorganized the Massachusetts school system, lengthened the academic year (to six months, doubled teachers’ salaries, enriched the curriculum, and introduced new methods of professional training for teachers.
Joseph Smith - Mormonism began in upstate New York as a result of the efforts of Joseph Smith, a young, energetic, but economically unsuccessful man, who had spent most oh his twenty-four years moving restlessly through New England and the Northeast. In 1830, he published the Book of Mormon that told a story of an ancient and successful civilization in America, peopled by one of the lost tribes of Israel who had found their way to the New World centuries before Columbus.
Shakers – made a redefinition of traditional sexuality and gender roles central to their society and even embraced the idea of a God who was not clearly male or female.
Transcendentalism - idealistic philosophical and social movement that taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity.
Walt Whitman - the self-proclaimed poet of American democracy, was the son of a Lon Island carpenter and lived for many years roaming from place to place, doing odd jobs, while writing poetry. In his large body of poems, Whitman not only helped liberate verse from traditional, restrictive conventions but also helped express the soaring spirit of individualisms that characterized his age.
Ralph Waldo Emerson – a Unitarian minister in his youth, Emerson left the church i ...
The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival movement in the early 1800s that spread across America. It revived old churches like the Methodists and Baptists and attracted many converts. Circuit-riding preachers traveled across the frontier to spread the gospel. Charles Finney was a leading preacher of this movement who advocated for social reforms like abolishing slavery and allowing women to pray aloud in church. Joseph Smith claimed to receive golden plates from an angel and founded Mormonism in 1830, publishing the Book of Mormon. However, Mormonism faced opposition and controversy over beliefs like polygamy and modern prophets. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 was an important event that began the movement for women's rights in America. Transc
- Public education became a major focus of reformers in the early-mid 1800s as they sought to establish tax-supported schools that would promote social harmony and civic engagement. However, schools often remained inefficient with untrained teachers.
- Horace Mann was a leading advocate for educational reform as Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education in the 1830s-40s. He campaigned for longer school years, improved facilities, higher teacher pay and an expanded curriculum.
- Women's access to education also expanded during this time through the establishment of schools like Emma Willard's Troy Female Seminary in 1821 and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in 1837, though coeducation remained controversial.
This document provides a chronological summary of the history of Historical Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in the United States from the 1600s to present day. It traces the origins of HBCUs from the antebellum era, when some slaves were educated secretly, to the proliferation of HBCUs after the Civil War to provide education opportunities for freed slaves. The document also discusses important events like the Morrill Land Grant Acts of 1862 and 1890, Supreme Court decisions around desegregation, and the role of HBCUs in continuing to provide higher education opportunities for African Americans.
Woodville Elementary School held a Black History Month event honoring Black leaders and the school's history of desegregation. The event featured presentations on influential Black figures like Harriet Tubman, George Washington Carver, and Martin Luther King Jr. It also highlighted local leaders involved in Tallahassee's bus boycott like Reverend Charles Kenzie Steele and Patricia Stephens Due. The school traced its own history from a one-room schoolhouse to its desegregation in the 1960s. The event aimed to teach students about the struggles and accomplishments of Black Americans.
The Temple Israel Brotherhood Collection contains materials from 1913-1997 documenting the Brotherhood organization and the Lt. Herschel L. Guttmann Foundation. The Brotherhood was established in 1913 to encourage men's participation in the Jewish community through social and educational programs. The collection includes records of events, finances, newsletters, and information on the Guttmann Foundation which provided scholarships for underprivileged students in the 1950s-1970s.
Thomas Jefferson was the 3rd president of the United States and a prominent founding father. He drafted the Declaration of Independence and was a major proponent of the separation of church and state. The Thomas Jefferson Memorial in Washington D.C. honors Jefferson with a neoclassical design that reflects his architectural tastes. It contains inscriptions of passages from his writings and a statue of the former president.
The Roaring Twenties saw many social changes in America. Women gained more opportunities through women's suffrage and being elected to political office. They also joined the workforce in greater numbers. Flappers rebelled against traditional norms. African Americans migrated north during the Great Migration, and Harlem became a center of Black culture and arts during the Harlem Renaissance. New forms of popular culture like movies, radio, and sports emerged while literature captured the era.
Colonial children received education through public or dame schools, where they learned reading, writing, and arithmetic. Literature developed with the works of early poets like Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatley. The Great Awakening was a religious revival movement in the 1730s-1740s that increased tolerance of religious differences and led to the rise of new denominations. New ideas from the Enlightenment, such as natural rights philosophy and separation of powers, influenced colonial political thought.
Bill Drayton was born in 1943 in New York City. He attended prestigious schools like Phillips Academy and Harvard University. After graduating from Yale Law School, he worked as a management consultant for McKinsey & Company for almost ten years. During the Carter administration, he was an Assistant Administrator at the EPA where he launched emissions trading programs. In 1980, he founded Ashoka, an organization that supports social entrepreneurs with solutions to social issues. Drayton believes that social entrepreneurs can play a key role in addressing society's biggest challenges through innovative approaches.
This document summarizes and discusses several items related to the American Revolution from recent issues of the Sons of the Revolution newsletter, including:
1) An itinerary for the replica ship L'Hermione's voyage along the East Coast of the US and Canada in 2015.
2) The passing of renowned genealogist Timothy Field Beard and his contributions to genealogical research.
3) A new book that features 150 important locations related to the American Revolution.
4) The 40th anniversary of the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail Association.
5) A rare botanical printing block from the 18th century that was used by Benjamin Franklin and found by a researcher.
This document provides biographical information about Phoebe Apperson Hearst and her son William Randolph Hearst. Phoebe was a teacher and philanthropist who donated land and money to establish libraries and schools. She was particularly interested in access to education for women. Her son William inherited millions from his parents and became a prominent newspaper publisher and owner of Hearst Castle. Both Hearsts played an important role in philanthropy, especially supporting libraries, education, and the arts.
This document discusses the emergence and growth of African American fraternal groups in the United States from the late 18th century through the early 20th century. It describes several major fraternal organizations founded by African Americans that paralleled existing white groups, as well as fraternal groups that were distinctive to the African American community. These groups played an important role in providing social services and insurance to their members and advocating for equal rights.
The document discusses the distinction between free people of color and former slaves after the end of slavery. Free people of color often provided leadership to newly freed slaves due to their advantages in education and experience. In both Haiti and the post-Civil War United States South, leaders of the free black community like Toussaint Louverture and elected officials were often former free men of color. Many educated northern free blacks also moved South after the Civil War to help the freed slaves.
The document provides a detailed overview of African American history and culture from the first arrival of Africans in America as explorers and settlers alongside European explorers, through slavery, the civil rights movement, and prominent figures and developments. Key events and periods discussed include the Revolutionary War, Nat Turner's Rebellion, the Dred Scott decision, the Underground Railroad, emancipation, Jim Crow laws, the civil rights movement, the Harlem Renaissance, prominent musical, literary, and artistic contributions, the role of the black church, and important civil rights and political leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Barack Obama.
The document summarizes important African American historical sites in Brooklyn, New York. It describes locations such as the first property purchased by an African American in Brooklyn (41 Hicks St), several Colored Schools established in the 1800s, churches like Bridge Street African Wesleyan Methodist Episcopal Church that were stops on the Underground Railroad, and community organizations like the Weeksville Society that works to preserve the historic Weeksville neighborhood.
Chapter 17 Daily Life in the Gilded Age PowerpointThomas Melhorn
This document provides an overview of daily life and key events in the Gilded Age. It discusses popular forms of entertainment like baseball and the growth of schools and universities. It also examines the discrimination faced by African Americans during this time. Laws like the Jim Crow statutes legalized racial segregation following the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court ruling, which upheld the doctrine of "separate but equal".
5 What Kind of Revolution JUSTIFICATIONS FOR REBELLIONHISTORIC.docxalinainglis
5 What Kind of Revolution?: JUSTIFICATIONS FOR REBELLION
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
Independence movements were everywhere at the end of the last century. Many French-speaking Canadians sought independence for Quebec, while the majority of the country denounced separation. In Eastern Europe, Bosnians, Serbs, and Croats killed one another in the name of self-rule. The former Soviet Union no longer exists because its ethnic groups—Ukranians, Armenians, Lithuanians, and others—demanded independence. In Africa, competing ethnic factions vied for recognition. Muslims in India demanded greater autonomy from the Hindu majority, while the movement to free Tibet from Chinese rule gained international support.
Although calls for liberty and self-determination have wide appeal, the road to self-rule is often littered with the debris of internal strife, mob violence, and even civil war. Nevertheless, the desire of ethnic, national, and religious groups for autonomy—sometimes in opposition to powerful colonialist or imperialist nations—often becomes an irresistible force in the world.
One of the critical questions facing all humans in such crises is when and under what circumstances rebellions against established authorities are justified. This was the great question that confronted theEnglish subjects who lived in America during the decade of the 1770s. After months of intense debate, during which many ideas were presented, considered, and rejected, the Americans declared the colonies to “be free and independent states.” With this declaration, they launched the first national rebellion against colonial rule in modern times.
The American War of Independence began first in people’s minds. Before a shot was fired, the colonists had to break the laws that governed them and to deny the right of those who had ruled them to do so any longer—in short, to reject what they had accepted for decades. Their intellectual work of justifying rebellion has inspired other people around the world for over two hundred years.
Years of controversy between the colonies and England divided the colonists into several schools ofthought. On the one extreme were the militants, who vowed never to yield to British pretensions. In themiddle were the moderates, who, while denouncing British encroachments on their liberties, saw benefits from their association with England and favored policies of conciliation. At the other extreme were theTories, who desired to remain loyal to the Crown. These groups were roughly equal in numbers.
When the First Continental Congress opened in September 1774, the delegates debated and then rejected aplan of compromise proposed by Joseph Galloway of Pennsylvania. In its stead, the militants within thecongress pushed through a Declaration of Rights and Grievances that attacked England’s right to tax thecolonists and demanded the repeal of several acts viewed by the delegates as “intolerable.” The ensuing spring, the British Parliament considered the American quest.
The counterculture movement of the 1960s originated from young Americans rebelling against mainstream values and priorities. They believed society's values were hollow and its focus was misplaced. Inspired by the Beat generation of the 1950s, the counterculture movement grew out of opposition to the Vietnam War, racial discrimination, and environmental pollution. They advocated for a culture based on peace and love as an alternative to the mainstream.
The document summarizes the roles of Parker Cleaveland and Sacagawea in aiding the development of the early United States. Cleaveland gained fame as part of a generation of intellectuals who helped develop a uniquely American identity through education. Sacagawea, though not considered learned, provided crucial assistance to the Lewis and Clark expedition through her knowledge of languages and geography of the western territories. However, creating a single American national identity proved difficult due to racial, class, and gender differences that were prominent in the young nation.
Chapter 12 ReflectionCharles Grandison Finney – an evangelistic .docxcravennichole326
Chapter 12 Reflection
Charles Grandison Finney – an evangelistic Presbyterian minister who became the most influential revival leader of the 1820s and 1830s.
Frederick Douglass – the greatest African American of all – and one of the most electrifying orators of his time, black or white – was Frederick Douglass. Born a slave in Maryland, Douglass escaped to Massachusetts in 1838, became an outspoken leader of anti-slavery sentiment. On his return to the United States in 1847, Douglass purchased his freedom from his Maryland owner and founded an antislavery newspaper, the North Star, in Rochester, New York. Douglass demanded for African Americans not only freedom but full social and economic social equality as well.
Henry David Thoreau – leading Concord transcendentalist. Thoreau went even further in repudiating the repressive forces of society. He produced the ideas that individuals should work for self-realization by resisting pressures to conform to society’s expectations and responding instead to their instincts. Thoreau’s own efforts to free himself – immortalized in is most famous book, Walden – led him to build a small cabin in the Concord woods on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived alone for two years as simply as he could.
Horace Mann – the greatest of educational reformers was Horace Mann, the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, which was established in 1837. To Mann, education was the only way to “counterwork this tendency to the domination of capital and the servility of labor.” He reorganized the Massachusetts school system, lengthened the academic year (to six months, doubled teachers’ salaries, enriched the curriculum, and introduced new methods of professional training for teachers.
Joseph Smith - Mormonism began in upstate New York as a result of the efforts of Joseph Smith, a young, energetic, but economically unsuccessful man, who had spent most oh his twenty-four years moving restlessly through New England and the Northeast. In 1830, he published the Book of Mormon that told a story of an ancient and successful civilization in America, peopled by one of the lost tribes of Israel who had found their way to the New World centuries before Columbus.
Shakers – made a redefinition of traditional sexuality and gender roles central to their society and even embraced the idea of a God who was not clearly male or female.
Transcendentalism - idealistic philosophical and social movement that taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity.
Walt Whitman - the self-proclaimed poet of American democracy, was the son of a Lon Island carpenter and lived for many years roaming from place to place, doing odd jobs, while writing poetry. In his large body of poems, Whitman not only helped liberate verse from traditional, restrictive conventions but also helped express the soaring spirit of individualisms that characterized his age.
Ralph Waldo Emerson – a Unitarian minister in his youth, Emerson left the church i ...
The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival movement in the early 1800s that spread across America. It revived old churches like the Methodists and Baptists and attracted many converts. Circuit-riding preachers traveled across the frontier to spread the gospel. Charles Finney was a leading preacher of this movement who advocated for social reforms like abolishing slavery and allowing women to pray aloud in church. Joseph Smith claimed to receive golden plates from an angel and founded Mormonism in 1830, publishing the Book of Mormon. However, Mormonism faced opposition and controversy over beliefs like polygamy and modern prophets. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 was an important event that began the movement for women's rights in America. Transc
- Public education became a major focus of reformers in the early-mid 1800s as they sought to establish tax-supported schools that would promote social harmony and civic engagement. However, schools often remained inefficient with untrained teachers.
- Horace Mann was a leading advocate for educational reform as Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education in the 1830s-40s. He campaigned for longer school years, improved facilities, higher teacher pay and an expanded curriculum.
- Women's access to education also expanded during this time through the establishment of schools like Emma Willard's Troy Female Seminary in 1821 and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in 1837, though coeducation remained controversial.
This document provides a chronological summary of the history of Historical Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in the United States from the 1600s to present day. It traces the origins of HBCUs from the antebellum era, when some slaves were educated secretly, to the proliferation of HBCUs after the Civil War to provide education opportunities for freed slaves. The document also discusses important events like the Morrill Land Grant Acts of 1862 and 1890, Supreme Court decisions around desegregation, and the role of HBCUs in continuing to provide higher education opportunities for African Americans.
Woodville Elementary School held a Black History Month event honoring Black leaders and the school's history of desegregation. The event featured presentations on influential Black figures like Harriet Tubman, George Washington Carver, and Martin Luther King Jr. It also highlighted local leaders involved in Tallahassee's bus boycott like Reverend Charles Kenzie Steele and Patricia Stephens Due. The school traced its own history from a one-room schoolhouse to its desegregation in the 1960s. The event aimed to teach students about the struggles and accomplishments of Black Americans.
The Temple Israel Brotherhood Collection contains materials from 1913-1997 documenting the Brotherhood organization and the Lt. Herschel L. Guttmann Foundation. The Brotherhood was established in 1913 to encourage men's participation in the Jewish community through social and educational programs. The collection includes records of events, finances, newsletters, and information on the Guttmann Foundation which provided scholarships for underprivileged students in the 1950s-1970s.
Thomas Jefferson was the 3rd president of the United States and a prominent founding father. He drafted the Declaration of Independence and was a major proponent of the separation of church and state. The Thomas Jefferson Memorial in Washington D.C. honors Jefferson with a neoclassical design that reflects his architectural tastes. It contains inscriptions of passages from his writings and a statue of the former president.
The Roaring Twenties saw many social changes in America. Women gained more opportunities through women's suffrage and being elected to political office. They also joined the workforce in greater numbers. Flappers rebelled against traditional norms. African Americans migrated north during the Great Migration, and Harlem became a center of Black culture and arts during the Harlem Renaissance. New forms of popular culture like movies, radio, and sports emerged while literature captured the era.
Colonial children received education through public or dame schools, where they learned reading, writing, and arithmetic. Literature developed with the works of early poets like Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatley. The Great Awakening was a religious revival movement in the 1730s-1740s that increased tolerance of religious differences and led to the rise of new denominations. New ideas from the Enlightenment, such as natural rights philosophy and separation of powers, influenced colonial political thought.
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About Phi Beta Kappa
1. The Phi Beta Kappa Society Traveling Exhibit overview of images and text
2. The Phi Beta Kappa Key Phi Beta Kappa is America’s oldest academic honor society and the country’s first Greek-letter society. Its mission is to foster and recognize excellence in undergraduate liberal arts and sciences. The BK key is the Society’s official insignia and emblem of membership. The original key was a square silver medal engraved on one side with the letters SP, the initials of the Latin words Societas Philosophiae , and on the other side with BK, the initials of the Greek motto ί ί ή or “Love of learning is the guide of life.” A pointing finger and three stars symbolized the ambition of the founders and the three distinguishing principles of their Society — friendship, morality, and learning. Later a stem was added to the medal, converting it into a watch key. The contemporary gold key incorporates all of the symbols on the original eighteenth-century medal, and the Society’s founding date, the member’s name, college or university, and year of induction are engraved on the back of each key.
3. The Christopher Wren Building at the College of William & Mary Phi Beta Kappa was founded December 5, 1776, at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. The Christopher Wren Building, or simply “College Building,” was the school’s primary academic structure. The founders of the Phi Beta Kappa Society would have studied in its rooms. Construction on the building began August 8, 1695, two years after the school was chartered. The design has long been credited to the famed English architect for whom the building is named. Destroyed several times by fire, the building now appears much as it did in 1732, as BK’s first members would have recognized it. The Christopher Wren Building is the oldest academic structure still in use in America today and the oldest of the restored public buildings in Williamsburg. Sources: The College of William & Mary and The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Etching by Professor Thomas Thorne of the College of William & Mary.
4. John Heath (1758-1810) John Heath was the son of a prominent Virginia planter studying at the College of William & Mary in 1776. Only 15 years old at the time, he determined to develop a student society that would be much more serious-minded than its predecessors at William & Mary. He was, essentially, the creator and the first president of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. he first college fraternity to bear a Greek-letter name, BK introduced the essential characteristics of the Greek societies that followed it: an oath of secrecy, a badge, mottoes in Greek and Latin, a code of laws, an elaborate form of initiation, a seal, and a special handshake. Later, Heath became a lawyer and a politician representing Virginia in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1793 to 1797. The town of Heathsville in the northern Tidewater region of Virginia is named for him.
5. The Old Raleigh Tavern in Williamsburg, Virginia “ On Thursday, the 5 th of December in the year of our Lord God one thousand seven hundred and seventy-six and the first of the Commonwealth, a happy spirit and resolution of attaining the important ends of Society entering the minds of John Heath, Thomas Smith, Richard Booker, Armistead Smith, and John Jones, and afterwards seconded by others, prevailed, and was accordingly ratified. …” — From the minutes of the first BK meeting The first meeting of the Phi Beta Kappa Society was held in the Apollo Room of the Old Raleigh Tavern in Williamsburg, Virginia. The earliest record of the Society, the minutes from this meeting, enumerates the “Founding Fathers,” describes the creation of the BK key, and gives the text of the “oath of fidelity” taken. It also describes the first election of officers and the plans for the drawing up of a constitution. The organization was created as a secret society so that its founders would have the freedom to discuss any topic they chose. Freedom of inquiry has been a hallmark of BK ever since. Image courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
6. Original Charter for a BK Chapter at Yale In the winter of 1781, when General Charles Cornwallis positioned the British army on the York peninsula for what became the climactic siege of the American Revolutionary War, the College of William & Mary closed. When it reopened a year later, Phi Beta Kappa activities did not resume there. It would have been the end of the organization had the group not earlier agreed to a vision of their only non-Virginian member to establish chapters in New England. Elisha Parmele, a native of Connecticut who had studied at Yale and graduated from Harvard, helped to create chapters at Yale in 1780 and Harvard in 1781, thus ensuring the continuation of the Society. This began BK’s historic base in New England that expanded to Dartmouth, Union, Bowdoin, and Brown over the next 50 years, and then nationally. Today BK has 276 chapters in all regions of the country, 52 alumni associations, and more than half a million members.
7. The Council of 1919 After the initial expansion of Phi Beta Kappa to Yale and Harvard in the 1780s, other chapters were added gradually. The number nationwide stood at 25 in 1883, when the National Council of the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa was created. The legislative body of the Phi Beta Kappa Society is the Council, which convenes every three years to transact business for the Society as a whole and make decisions about the establishment of new chapters. Delegates to the Council are the representatives of BK chapters and associations. For many years, the Councils were convened at chapter-sheltering colleges or universities. This photo of the Council of 1919, the earliest of its kind, was taken on the steps of Widener Memorial Library at Harvard. More recently, Council meetings have taken place off campus in cities with one or more chapters or associations.
8. Edward Alexander Bouchet (1852-1918) In 1874, 10 years after the end of the American Civil War and 80 years before Brown v. Board of Education , Edward Alexander Bouchet became the first African-American graduate of Yale. He ranked sixth in a class of 124 students and was the first African-American elected to membership in the Phi Beta Kappa Society. Bouchet continued to study physics at Yale, and in 1876, he became the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. His accomplishments were remarkable for his time and continue to inspire students today. In 2005, Yale and Howard University created the Edward A. Bouchet Graduate Honor Society to recognize outstanding scholarly achievement and promote diversity and excellence in doctoral education and the professoriate.
9. Lida A. Mason and Ellen Eliza Hamilton In 1875, the Phi Beta Kappa chapter at the University of Vermont decided that persons eligible on the ground of scholarship be received as members of the Society without regard to sex. This problem had not arisen before because women had not been admitted to the university until 1871. However, there were now two women graduating with honors, Lida A. Mason (left) and Ellen Eliza Hamilton (right). They became the first female members of BK. It would be 55 more years before the 19 th Amendment to the Constitution, granting women the right to vote, was signed into law, but BK’s days as a fraternity were ended forever.
10. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) Ralph Waldo Emerson, widely recognized and celebrated as the father of American Transcendentalism, was a philosopher, poet, essayist, and one of the most powerful and inspiring orators of his day. While not a member of the Society, his 1837 Phi Beta Kappa oration at Harvard, “The American Scholar,” is an essential text for any student of the history of American letters. Oliver Wendell Holmes called it “Our Intellectual Declaration of Independence.” Emerson’s performance on this occasion has become the gold standard for all BK orators who have followed him in a tradition that our chapters across the country still maintain. The title, and the intellectual spirit it represents, has since been taken up by BK’s quarterly magazine, The American Scholar . Image courtesy of the Joel Myerson Collection of Nineteenth-Century American Literature, Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina
11. The American Scholar The American Scholar is the venerable but lively quarterly magazine of public affairs, literature, science, history, and culture published by BK since 1932. In recent years the magazine has won four National Magazine Awards, the industry ’ s highest honor, and many of its essays and articles have been selected for the yearly Best American anthologies. In 2006, The American Scholar began to publish fiction by such writers as Alice Munro, Ann Beattie, Steven Millhauser, Dennis McFarland, Louis Begley, and David Leavitt. Essays, articles, criticism, and poetry have been mainstays of the magazine for 75 years. Inspired by Ralph Waldo Emerson ’ s famous speech, “ The American Scholar, ” delivered to the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Harvard in 1837, the magazine aspires to Emerson ’ s ideals of independent thinking, self-knowledge, and a commitment to the affairs of the world as well as to books, history, and science.
12. The Key Reporter The Key Reporter , published quarterly since 1935, is the national alumni newsletter of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. It includes stories about Phi Beta Kappa events and the Society’s broader advocacy efforts, prominent members in the news, and reviews from Phi Beta Kappa’s book critics. In the pages of The Key Reporter , members can keep up with the activities of the Society’s many outreach programs, including academic and literary awards, lectureships, fellowships, professorships, and the visiting scholar program. Each member of the Society has a free lifetime subscription. The Key Reporter is every member’s link to Phi Beta Kappa.
13. The Phi Beta Kappa Handshake The Phi Beta Kappa handshake, once a secret sign shared between initiates, has long since passed out of use and into Society lore. In 1831, after anti-Masonic agitation prompted much discussion about the BK oath, the requirement for secrecy was dropped — an action that probably saved the Society from further open criticism as well as from rivalry with the social fraternities that made their appearance around that time. Afterwards, the secret handshake declined in popularity. John Marshall (left) and William A. Shimer, past secretary of the Society, demonstrate the “secret” handshake in this photo from the 1930s. For those who choose to reenact this part of the ritual of initiation, the proper “grip” is described as follows: “ Each member grasps with the little and ring fingers and the thumb of the right hand the first two fingers of the other member’s right hand. When the hands come together with the fingers spread by twos, thus enabling them to straddle each other before mutually closing on the first two fingers, this handclasp will be found an amazingly facile and fraternal way to shake a BK hand, although hands are now shaken officially only when members are initiated, and sometimes not even then.” — From the first issue of The Key Reporter , 1935
14. The Phi Beta Kappa Procession Formal academic processions are a time-honored means of public recognition for the graduates whose scholarly achievements they celebrate. The Phi Beta Kappa procession at commencement typically includes only the top 10 percent of a college or university’s candidates for degrees in liberal arts and sciences, that’s about one college senior in a hundred nationwide. This recent BK procession at Harvard pays homage to the Revolutionary origins of the Society. Since it was founded in 1776, BK has embraced the principles of freedom of inquiry and liberty of thought and expression. Although laptops have replaced quill pens and instant messaging has replaced the town crier, the ideals of BK still lay the foundations of personal freedom, scientific inquiry, liberty of conscience, and creative endeavor. Pictured left to right: Jennifer Morse, Chief Marshal Dr. James Wilkinson, and Kobey Shwayder. Photo Credit: Jon Chase, Harvard News Office
15. Samuel Langhorne Clemens “Mark Twain” (1835-1910) American literary lion Mark Twain (front right) received an honorary doctorate of letters and was inducted into BK at the University of Missouri in 1902. This photo documents that occasion. He had grown up in Missouri and was among the first members inducted in the state he made famous in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer . The ideal Phi Beta Kappan has demonstrated intellectual integrity, tolerance for other views, and a broad range of interests in the liberal arts and sciences. Most members are elected as undergraduates. Honorary membership is very rarely granted and only to persons who have made substantial lifetime contributions to the liberal arts or sciences. Each person inducted into the Society shares the distinction of membership with some of the most accomplished Americans in history, including seventeen U.S. Presidents, seven of the nine current U.S. Supreme Court Justices, 131 Nobel Laureates, and many others, such as Glenn Close, John Updike, Rita Dove, Helen Keller, Cynthia Ozick, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Francis Ford Coppola, Peyton Manning, Gloria Steinem, Alexander Graham Bell, Leonard Bernstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, Tom Brokaw, Ralph Nader, Paul Robeson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, George Stephanopoulos, Stephen Sondheim, Condoleeza Rice, Susan Sontag, Henry Kissinger, Booker T. Washington, and Eli Whitney. But f amous or not, all of our members have one thing in common — the pursuit of excellence. Photo courtesy of the University of Missouri-Columbia Archives
16. Phi Beta Kappa in Popular Culture In the more than 230 years since the Society was founded, Phi Beta Kappa and its signature gold key have become pop culture icons as American as apple pie and Mickey Mouse. The name “Phi Beta Kappa” is now a common expression for “excellence” in any profession or endeavor. References to Phi Beta Kappa appear daily in American newspapers and in other popular media in all parts of the country. Melissa Jo Peltier, a writer and two-time Emmy winner, recently told the Associated Press that an Emmy was the highest form of recognition. She said, “It’s like Phi Beta Kappa.”