(figure 15.18 The planets drawn to scale.)diameter of Neptu.docxjoyjonna282
(
figure 15.18
The planets drawn to scale.
)diameter of Neptune (the smallest Jovian planet) is three times larger than the diameter of Earth or Venus. Further, Neptune's mass is 17 times greater than that of Earth or Venus (figure 15.18).
Other properties that differ include densities, chemical compositions, orbital periods, and numbers of satellites. Variations in the chemical composition of planets are largely responsible for their density differences. Specifically, the average density of the terrestrial planets is about five times the density of water, whereas the average density of the Jovian planets is only 1.5 times that of water. Saturn has a density only 0.7 times that of water, which means that it would float if placed in a large enough tank of water. The outer planets are also characterized by long orbital periods and numerous satellites.
Internal Structures
Shortly after Earth formed, the segregation of material resulted in the formation of three major layers defined by their chemical composition—the crust, mantle, and core. This type of chemical separation occurred in the other planets as well. However, because the terrestrial planets are compositionally different than the Jovian planets, the nature of these layers differs between these two groups (figure is. i 9).
The terrestrial planets are dense, having relatively large cores of iron and iron compounds. From their centers outward, the amount of metallic iron decreases while the amount of rocky silicate minerals increase. The outer cores of Earth and Mercury are liquid, whereas the cores of Venus and Mars are thought to be partially molten. This difference is attributable to Venus and Mars having lower internal temperatures than those of Earth and Mercury. Silicate minerals and other lighter compounds make up the mantles of the terrestrial planets. Finally, the silicate crusts of terrestrial planets are relatively thin compared to their mantles.
The two largest Jovian planets, Jupiter and Saturn, have small metallic inner cores consisting of iron compounds at extremely high temperatures and pressures. The outer cores of these two giants are thought to be liquid metallic hydrogen, whereas the mantles are comprised of liquid hydrogen and helium. The outermost layers are gases and ices of hydrogen, helium, water, ammonia, and methane—which account for the low densities of these planets. Uranus and Neptune also have small metallic cores but their mantles are likely hot dense water and ammonia. Above their mantles, the amount of hydrogen and helium increases, but exists in much lower concentrations than those of Jupiter and Saturn.
The Atmospheres of the Planets
The Jovian planets have very thick atmospheres composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, with lesser amounts of water, methane, ammonia, and other hydrocarbons. The Jovian atmospheres are so thick that they do not show a clear boundary between "atmosphere" and "planet." By contrast, the terrestrial planets, including Earth, h ...
(figure 15.18 The planets drawn to scale.)diameter of Neptu.docxjoyjonna282
(
figure 15.18
The planets drawn to scale.
)diameter of Neptune (the smallest Jovian planet) is three times larger than the diameter of Earth or Venus. Further, Neptune's mass is 17 times greater than that of Earth or Venus (figure 15.18).
Other properties that differ include densities, chemical compositions, orbital periods, and numbers of satellites. Variations in the chemical composition of planets are largely responsible for their density differences. Specifically, the average density of the terrestrial planets is about five times the density of water, whereas the average density of the Jovian planets is only 1.5 times that of water. Saturn has a density only 0.7 times that of water, which means that it would float if placed in a large enough tank of water. The outer planets are also characterized by long orbital periods and numerous satellites.
Internal Structures
Shortly after Earth formed, the segregation of material resulted in the formation of three major layers defined by their chemical composition—the crust, mantle, and core. This type of chemical separation occurred in the other planets as well. However, because the terrestrial planets are compositionally different than the Jovian planets, the nature of these layers differs between these two groups (figure is. i 9).
The terrestrial planets are dense, having relatively large cores of iron and iron compounds. From their centers outward, the amount of metallic iron decreases while the amount of rocky silicate minerals increase. The outer cores of Earth and Mercury are liquid, whereas the cores of Venus and Mars are thought to be partially molten. This difference is attributable to Venus and Mars having lower internal temperatures than those of Earth and Mercury. Silicate minerals and other lighter compounds make up the mantles of the terrestrial planets. Finally, the silicate crusts of terrestrial planets are relatively thin compared to their mantles.
The two largest Jovian planets, Jupiter and Saturn, have small metallic inner cores consisting of iron compounds at extremely high temperatures and pressures. The outer cores of these two giants are thought to be liquid metallic hydrogen, whereas the mantles are comprised of liquid hydrogen and helium. The outermost layers are gases and ices of hydrogen, helium, water, ammonia, and methane—which account for the low densities of these planets. Uranus and Neptune also have small metallic cores but their mantles are likely hot dense water and ammonia. Above their mantles, the amount of hydrogen and helium increases, but exists in much lower concentrations than those of Jupiter and Saturn.
The Atmospheres of the Planets
The Jovian planets have very thick atmospheres composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, with lesser amounts of water, methane, ammonia, and other hydrocarbons. The Jovian atmospheres are so thick that they do not show a clear boundary between "atmosphere" and "planet." By contrast, the terrestrial planets, including Earth, h ...
In this presentation, I focused on the geomorphological aspect of earthquake which means tectonic plates. Additionally, we also included the origin of the Universe and tectonic plates. And also the Nepal and Taiwan earthquakes of 2015 was also described here in perspective with tectonic plates.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
In this presentation, I focused on the geomorphological aspect of earthquake which means tectonic plates. Additionally, we also included the origin of the Universe and tectonic plates. And also the Nepal and Taiwan earthquakes of 2015 was also described here in perspective with tectonic plates.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Group Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana Buscigliopptx
About earth.ppt
1. The Earth as a Planet
Basic Properties
(size, density, composition)
Interior structure
Interior dynamics
Atmosphere
Formation and Evolution
2. How to find the basic parameters?
We find that the bulk density of the Earth is
much higher than that of surface rocks. It
must have something denser inside.
3. Why is the Earth still hot?
The heat was generated by the violent accumulation of planetesimals
which created the Earth. Further heat is added by decay of
radioactive elements. The main source is the crystallization of our
iron core from liquid to solid. The heat has trouble getting out
because of the large volume to surface area ratio. Smaller planets
cool faster.
Heat is carried out from
the interior by
“convection”. Hot rock
rises up to the surface
where it radiates its
energy and cools,
sinking back down.
This causes the
dynamics on our crust.
4. Structure of the Earth’s Interior
We can use seismic waves
generated by earthquakes to “see”
inside the Earth. We find that it has
a “liquid” iron/nickel core,
surrounded by a “plastic” mantle.
The crust of solid rock is thinner
than an eggshell in relative terms.
Thus, the Earth is still basically a
molten ball.
The denser stuff is in
the middle because
it sunk there –
“differentiation”.
6. The Earth’s Atmosphere
Our atmosphere is about
80% molecular nitrogen
and 20% molecular
oxygen, with water and
carbon dioxide in small
amounts. The temperature
changes direction several
times as you go up.
7. The Greenhouse Effect
1) In equilibrium, a planet
must re-radiate all the
energy it absorbs.
2) Solar energy tends to be
converted from visible to
infrared radiation.
3) Some gases are
transparent to visible
radiation, but opaque to
infrared radiation.
4) When radiation is
blocked, you need a
bigger temperature
gradient to push the
energy through.
8. Carbon Dioxide is a critical factor
Without subduction and water, the atmosphere and climate on the
Earth would have been very different. A little more conversion of
CO2 to rock, or lack of subduction and vulcanism, and we would
have “snowball Earth”. Less conversion could make us more like
Venus (human greenhouse gases not really enough for that). Life
has played an important role by using
CO2 in plant respiration and production
of shells which sink to the ocean bottom.
10. The Ozone Hole is Different (and less critical)
Slide 21 Fig. 6-11b, p.105
Ozone blocks solar UV, which causes tans and skin cancer. The hole is
due to CFCs (a chemical) which is now being controlled. The
atmosphere should recover in about 50 years (we hope).
11. The Origin and History of the Moon
The surface of the
Moon has craters,
highlands, and
“maria” (dark
lava basins). Its
composition is
similar to that of
the Earth’s
mantle, with little
or no iron core.
12. Craters on the Moon
The craters on the Moon are almost all
impact craters. They tell of an early
violent history, one which is also
recorded around the rest of the Solar
System. The first half-billion years
were filled with flying debris (some of
it planet-sized).
13. Getting Ages from Half-lives
Start
1 half-life
2 half-lives
3 half-lives
If you know the starting composition of a material, and
you know the time it takes for half of it to change into a
decay product, you can figure out how old it is by
measuring the ratio of original material to decay product.
16. Why Tides Happen
Tides are caused by the difference in
the pull of gravity from one body on
the near and far side of another (1/r3).
They are important in all kinds of
astronomical contexts. They cause the
Earth to slow down and the Moon to
recede.
18. Where to find the Moon in the Sky
The angle between the Sun and the Moon determines its phase.
A crescent Moon must be near
the Sun
A half Moon (first or last
quarter) must be overhead when
the Sun is rising or setting
The full Moon must rise when
the Sun sets, and be on the
meridian near midnight
The waning Moon will tend to
be seen in the daytime
20. Lunar Eclipses
A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon
goes into the Earth’s shadow.
Everyone who can see the Moon then
sees the eclipse. It looks red because
sunlight is refracted through our air.
The Moon must be full.
21. Solar Eclipses
Solar eclipses happen when the
Moon passes between us and
the Sun. The eclipse can only be
seen where the alignment is
perfect. The sky goes dark, the
stars come out, and the solar
corona becomes visible. It only
lasts a few minutes in any given
spot. Although there are 1 or 2
per year, any given place has a
long wait to see one.
The Moon must be new.
22. ShadowDance
Eclipses usually don’t happen, because the Moon’s orbit is tilted.
The Moon just happens to have about the same angular size as the Sun.
This is a coincidence of the present, the distant past and future will not
get perfect solar eclipses because the Moon’s distance is growing.
23. Astro Quiz
Under which condition below would there be a
total solar eclipse every month?
1) The moon’s orbit crosses the ecliptic at 12 points.
2) The moon’s orbit appears to move along the ecliptic.
3) The moon’s orbit is perpendicular to the celestial equator.
