This document discusses the progress of Ayurveda in the 21st century. Many people are turning to Ayurveda instead of chemotherapy. However, Ayurvedic physicians are still hesitant due to lack of modern training. While Ayurvedic graduates are interested in modern medicine for career prospects, postgraduates should focus on advancing Ayurveda. In the past, Ayurvedic doctors could choose between solely Ayurvedic or modern treatment, or a combination. Now the best approach combines Ayurvedic diagnosis and modern treatment to preserve tradition while helping patients. The document urges postgraduates to establish effective Ayurvedic therapies and work with regulatory bodies to advance the field.

1. Amruta Bindu
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Volume 1, Issue 8 - 9 email:- dgmgadag@rediffmail.com April - May 2001
dgmamcgdg@eth.net
Editor in Chief :
Editorial Looking towards . . .
Ayurveda is taking its shape very rapidly in 21st century. Many
Dr. G.B. Patil, people are against of the chemotherapy and wish to live in
Principal accordance with nature. The physicians who are responsible
Editor: for taking them to the nature are still in dilemma. The gradu-
Dr. K. Siva Rama Prasad, ates of Ayurveda show interest in modern medication because
Reader in Kayachikitsa they have to survive and competitive to the local area. But the
PGARC, DGMAMC postgraduates, who have done PG with interest in Ayurveda,
have to shoulder the responsibility of uplifting Ayurveda are
also not interested. In good olden days four varieties of meth-
INSIDE THIS I SSUE ods to adopt for the Ayurvedist is suggested - 1) Ayurveda
diagnosis and Ayurveda treatment, 2) Ayurveda diagnosis and
ETHMEDmmm Modern treatment, 3) modern diagnosis and Ayurveda treat-
Museum of Materia Medica ment and 4) modern diagnosis and modern treatment. Out of
- Ethnomedicine Data Base 2nd and 4th are not applicable. The first condition is hard to
Sexotronics- 4 crack for the Neo - Ayurvedist. By following the 3rd principle
DGM Campus NEWS we may loose our tradition and heritage slowly and may have
New Product Launch to submit our selves to the clutches of Modern medicine. For
Women’s Page- Leukorrhea many years Ayurvedist is looking towards the local bodies and
central bodies like C.C.I.M. to some thing in this regard.
drksrprasad@sify.com OR ksr_prasad2000@yahoo.com SR
Dear readers,
Now the Amruta Bindu is reaching all over the India Ayurvedic institutions, PG centers
and physicians along with six foreign nations. We wish to regularize the mailing of the
Newsletter “Amruta Bindu”. If you wish to have it regularly please furnish the information
below. You may get it either by post or email. If you wish to have by email please send a
mail to dgmgadag@rediffmail.com.
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Address (in block letters)
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Contributing Editors : Dr.R.K.Gachhinamath, Dr. R.R. Joshi, Dr. C.M.Sarangamath, Dr. U.V.Purad,
Dr.AK.Panda, Dr. S.H.Doddamani, Office Assistance: Smt. P.K. Belawadi, Sri. M.K.Joshi,
Published by: Publication division, PGARC, DGM Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag,
April & May 2001 Printed at Bhandage Offset Printer, Gadag, Karnataka -582103 Amruta Bindu

2. DGM Campus NEWS
D.G. Melmalagi Ayurvedic Medical College
draws the attention of Ayurvedist to establish
Post Graduate scholars of 1999 admission
the satisfactory therapy. Also this is the right
have registered their dissertation topics to
time to establish an economical, comprehen-
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,
sive, unrelapseble, curable and safe therapy
Bangalore. The title and need for the study is
for the commonly occurring and reoccurring
stated as under.
disease Vicharchika. The present study in-
1. Evaluation of the efficacy of Ojovardhini cludes the Sodhana with murchita ghrita in
Yoga in Ojokshaya (with special reference arohana vidhi and shaman therapy with
to HIV infection) by D. Seetharam Prasad Panchanimba churna followed by
A long healthy life has been the cherished Pathyadilepa with Gomutra.
wish of man since ages, but often many chal- 3. Evaluation of the efficacy of Eladi Churna
lenges are posed to this in the form of grave in Amlapitta (with special reference to
diseases. Ayurveda is able to provide good Hyperchlorhydria) by Vivekanand. N.
health care by effectively managing the dis- Kulkarni
eases from time to time. The recent entry to All the provinces of world will have their own
the list of grave diseases is AIDS (Acquired food habits disturbance in their habits leads
Immuno deficiency Syndrome), which is to the various disorders. Not only food but also
caused by Human Immuno deficiency Virus janapadodhwamsa karanas like vayu, jala also
(HIV). It is a serious disorder of the immune responsible factor for alteration of gastric
system, in which the body’s normal defense rhythm and causation of amashaya samutha
against infection breaks down, leaving it vul- vyadhi like Amlapitta. Amlapitta is the most
nerable to host of life threatening infection in- common disease of present era. High busy
cluding unusual malignancies. life style, neglect towards proper food habits
Ayurveda describes a number of drugs with in association with cosmopolitan culture of
the proven or proposed immuno modulating having heavy fatty foods in supplementary to
and immuno potentiating activities. Recent mental tension growing the incidence of
findings of anti-viral activities of many herbs Amlapitta more in townships. Ayurveda sug-
have drawn the attention of the scientists to gested good remedies for it. Thus the present
study the effect of Ayurvedic drugs in HIV in- study entitled has been selected to relieve the
fection. A number of herbal drugs have been ailed patients and to bring back the cheerful-
individually evaluated in the treatment of HIV ness in their lives.
and AIDS related complex (ARC). The present A prospective clinical trial will be done with
study is designed to assess the therapeutic Eladi Churna.
effect of Ojovardhini yoga in HIV infected 4. Effect of Vajigandhadi yoga in the manage-
patients, which could be a safe, effective and ment of Kshinasukra (Oligozoospermia) by
economical drug. Basavaraj. M. Mulkipatil
2. A comparative study on the effect of kshinasukra (Oligozoospermia) is the com-
Sodhana and Shamana Chikitsa in mon cause to get male infertility. About 50
Vicharchika by Gurushantaswami S. years back infertility said to be predominantly
Hiremath a female problem. It has converted by the
since in Ayurveda many references regard- present, as males are responsible in most of
ing the effective therapy and the management the cases. According to W.H.O. survey in the
of Vicharchika has been well explained, it Continued on Page - 8
April & May 2001 2 Amruta Bindu

3. Dr.Siva Rama Prasad
Sexotronics-4
(.....Continued From previous issue )
ayugod@doctor.comor
ksrprasad@lycos.com
Historical aspect sification of sexual mental diseases, a method
Biological, medical, historical, and that was adapted, greatly expanded and re-
anthropological research by Von Baer, Dar- fined over forty years later by von Krafft-Ebing
win, Mendel, Kaan, Morel, Magnan, Charcot, in another book of the same title. Indeed, this
Westphal, Burton, Morgan, Mantegazza, pre-sexological era of modern sex research
Westermarck, Krafft-Ebing, Schrenck- was almost exclusively devoted to the study
Notzing, and others, laid the foundations of of people believed to be sick. The sexual
sex research in the modern, more specific manifestations of their sickness were care-
sense. Finally, at the turn of the 20th century, fully listed and, as a rule, ascribed to degen-
the pioneering work of Havelock Ellis, eration.
Sigmund Freud, and Iwan Bloch established A broadening of this view could come
the investigation of sexual problems as a le- only from outside medicine and biology, as
gitimate endeavor in its own right. they were then understood. Indeed, as the
The concept of a special scientific and work of Iwan Bloch demonstrates, it eventu-
scholarly effort devoted to the understanding ally came from two hitherto neglected
of sex was first proposed by the Berlin der- sources-history and anthropology. Bloch, a
matologist Iwan Bloch (1872-1922), who also man of enormous erudition, who spoke sev-
coined the new term for it: eral languages and possessed a personal li-
Sexualwissenschaft. The term was first trans- brary of 40,000 volumes, knew from his read-
lated as “sexual science,” but this is some- ings that many supposedly pathological and
what misleading, since the German degenerate sexual behaviors had always ex-
Wissenschaft comprises both the natural isted in many parts of the globe and among
sciences and the humanities. The translation both “primitive” and civilized peoples. There-
as “sexology” is therefore preferable, because fore, he gradually came to the conclusion that
the Greek root logos, which is part of the word, the medical view of sexual behavior was short-
traditionally refers to all powers of reason and sighted and needed to be corrected by his-
therefore to any rational study, to organized torical and anthropological research. He be-
knowledge of any kind. Thus, the Latin-Greek gan to see the “sexual psychopathies” as
hybrid “sexology” simply refers to the theo- timeless and universal manifestations of the
retical study of sex, just as the German origi- human condition and finally, in the first years
nal. In this sense, Iwan Bloch may be right- of our century, attacked the notion of sexual
fully called the father of sexology (or degeneration in a seminal study.
Sexualwissenschaft). This new, centralized standpoint was
The purely theoretical study of sex that of the sexologist, and it soon came to be
had, several decades before Bloch, entered shared by others. Bloch’s new concept and
a new phase of concentration and special- his new term were eagerly embraced by ad-
ization. 19th-century medicine, elaborating a miring colleagues, and thus, only one year
theme it inherited from the Age of Enlighten- later in 1908, Magnus Hirschfeld was able to
ment, began to concern itself more and more edit the first journal for sexology, the
with the bizarre, dangerous, and supposedly Zeitschrift Fur Sexualwissenschaft. With
unhealthy aspects of sex. As early as 1843, this important publication, sexology was for-
the Russian physician Heinrich Kaan, in his mally launched and quickly developed into a
book Psychopathia Sexualis, offered a clas- thriving academic endeavor. The following text
April & May 2001 3 Amruta Bindu

4. ETHMEDmmm
Museum of Materia Medica - Ethnomedicine Data Base
Ethnic people Shengnong, a philoso-
around the world devel- pher, is carrying
oped their own drugs to Ganoderma (a mush-
fight against the diseases room drug) in his hand
by hit and trail methods based on their ex-
periences and passed the knowledge from the Museum of Mate-
generation to generation. Their knowledge ria Medica (MMM).
on medicine is called as Ethnomedicine. The Crude drugs
long experiences of various ethnic groups mainly plant-derived
in the early human civilization helped to de- drugs, play an important
velop a complete system of medicine known role in the traditional
as The Traditional medicine. The Traditional medicine. In addition to this, crude drugs of
Chinese Medicine, The Traditional Indian animal and mineral origins are also in use.
Medicine (Ayurvedic system of medicine), Crude drugs used in the Traditional Chinese
The Unani medicine, etc. are among such Medicine are called Chinese crude drugs i.e.,
examples. Kan-Yaku in Japanese. Some crude drugs are
For the purpose of research and edu- developed in Japan called as Wa-Yaku. In
cation, about 20,000 crude drug samples Japanese Kampo Medicine, Wa-Yaku is also
used in the various Traditional Medicine and used besides Chinese crude drugs.
Ethnomedicine have been collected from sev- Ginseng Radix (Ginseng): From ancient
eral countries in the world and displayed in times, Ginseng Ra-
dix has been highly
SexotronicsContinued ..from page -3 prized. It is appetiz-
recapitulates briefly, in chronological order, ing and enhances
some of the early accomplishments. vitality, and is cat-
The modern concept of sexology (i.e. egorized in the drug
the theoretical study of sex or scientia replenishing the Qi
sexualis) is, of course, to be distinguished (vital energy). Gin-
from the older concept of erotology (i.e. the seng Radix is a
practical study of lovemaking or ars amatoria). dried root of Panax
Erotological writings like Vatsayana’s Kama ginseng C.A. Meyer of the family Araliaceae.
Sutra and other Hindu love manuals, indeed Wild Ginseng Radix is very important
even recent Western counterparts like van drug, but it can not satisfy the market-
de Velde’s Ideal Marriage or Comfort’s Joy demand.Therefore, cultivated one is in cur-
of Sex want to guide the reader to subjective rent use. Although Ginseng Radix in Korea is
experiences. They are, in a popular phrase, very famous, cultivation of that was also suc-
“how-to books.” Sexological writings, in con- ceeded on the 18th century (the Edo period)
trast, want to convey objective insight. In this in Japan. At present, it is successfully culti-
general sense, therefore, the term “sexologi- vated in Nagano, Fukushima and Shimane
cal” can also be applied retroactively to older prefectures.
Western literature, such as Hippocrates’ On Wa-Yaku is a crude drug, which has been
Semen or Schurig’s Gynaecologia developed in Japan, and is used as a folk
Historica-Medica. medicine or in Kampo medicine.
.... to be Continued Kampo formula is a complex mixture of sev-
April & May 2001 4 Amruta Bindu

5. eral crude drugs based on certain laws. dhism, the name for HARITAKI is read as
These prescriptions are based according to “Kelire” in Chinese and “Kariroku” in Japa-
the successive Chinese medical literature. nese. It is used as a tonic medicine in India,
Kakkon-to (Gegengtang in Chinese): and as an astringent, a stegnotic and an an-
This was described in “Sho-Kan-ron titussive in China.
(Shanghanlun)” which was compiled in the1st Besides crude drug samples, approx.
century (the later Han period) in China. It is 32,000 herbal specimens, herbal prepara-
applied to several symptoms of early phase tions, materials relating to stationed home
of a cold, e.g., a headache, a fever, a shoul- drugs, Honzo-sho (classical herbal literature)
der pain, a muscular pain. and other classical medical literature are pre-
Kakkon-to is composed of 7 kinds of served.
crude drugs, Puerariae Radix 8(4) g, Exhibition Arrangement of Crude Drugs
Ephedrae Herba 4(3) g, Zizyphi Fructus 4(3) in the Museum of Materia Medica
g, Cinnamomi Cortex 3(2) g, Paeoniae Radix 1. Kampo formula (Extracts, Pills, etc.)
3(2)g, Glycyrrhizae Radix 2 g and Zingiberis 2. Chinese patent medicines (Formula of
Rhizoma (dried) 1 g. traditional Chinese, medicine), House hold
Swertiae Herba (Senburi in Japanese): This medicines produced in Toyama Prefecture
is a folk medicine, which was developed as a 3. Health foods, Chinese patent medicines,
substitute for Picrorrhizae Rhizoma on the 16th Preparation of Yao-shan
century (the end of the Muromachiperiod). 4. European crude drugs (Herbs)
It belongs to the family Gentianaceae, and whole 5-Traditional Chinese and Japanese crude
plants are used as a digestive medicine. drugs
Whereas Picrorrhizae Rhizoma is a 5. Minerals, Resins, etc.
Scrophulariaceae plant from Himalaya, and is 6. Cut samples, Samples for academic
called ”KATUKI” in India. It is used for acute purpose
hepatitis and bronchitis. The Traditional Indian 7. Insects and other Animal products
Medicine is based on Ayurveda (Ayus = Life, 8. Fungi
Veda = Knowledge), a philosophy created in 9 -18.Roots and Rhizomes
India. A complete system of medicine has 19-22.Fruits and Seeds
been developed based on the Ayurvedic 23. Flowers
philosophy called as the Ayurvedic system of 24-27. Leaves and Whole Plants
medicine. So many Crude drugs used in 28. Stems and Woods
Ayurvedic system of medicine are generally 29. Rare crude drug (Wild Ginseng, etc.),
used by the folklore medicine practitioners, Classical instruments and equipment for
some times doesn’t have placement in the pharmaceutical pill preparation
standard texts of Ayurveda. 30. Rare crude drugs (Agalloch, Toad Venom)
HARITAKI (Chebulae Fructus): This crude 31. Crude drugs used for as sexual tonics
drug was derived from Terminalia chebula 32. Crude drugs of Animal origin
Retzus of the 37. Barks
f a m i l y 33. Chinese folk medicines from Sichuan Prov.
Combretaceae 34. Chinese Berberidaceae drugs
and introduced 35. Chinese folk medicines from Gangxi
from India to and Yunnan Prov. and Shanghai, Uighur
China, and then crude drugs
to Japan.In the 36. Uighur crude drugs from Uighur Autono-
Chinese scrip- mous Region
ture of Bud- 38. Tibetan crude drugs from Tibet
April & May 2001 5 Amruta Bindu

6. 39. Tibetan crude drugs from Tibet and
Qinhai Prov. 40. Mongolian crude drugs New product launch
from Inner Mongolia and Mongolian
People’s Republic SEDICARE
41-42. Japanese folk medicines Each capsule contains powder of -
43. Korean folk medicines Brahmi 20mg
44-45. Taiwanese folk medicines Korasani Ajowan 50mg
46. Chinese cut drugs (Yin-pian) from Tagarganthoda 40mg
Hongkong Aswagandha 25mg
47. Vietnamese folk medicines Jaiphal 15mg
48-49. European crude drugs Advantages:- safe and side effect free, can
50. African folk medicines, Laotian folk be safely combined with other drugs and non
medicines habit forming
51. Vietnamese folk medicines Indications:- Insomnia, Psychosomatic dis-
orders or Stress disorders, Violent types of
Insanity
Dosage:- 1 to 2 capsules at bedtime or as
directed by physician
Presentation:- strip of 6 capsules
Price:- Rs.15/-
SKION Ointment
Clears chronic dermatological conditions
Composition:
Gandhak 4%ww
Jasadbhasma 4%ww
Inside of Museum : The room is crowded Sindhur 4%ww
with crude drug samples. Karanj tel 4%ww
52. Crude drugs from Vietnam Neem tel 4%ww
53-55. Ayurvedic crude drugs and folk Rala 1%ww
medicines from Nepal Vaseline Q.S
56-58. Ayurvedic crude drugs from India Action:- clears dermatitis of various aetiology,
59-61. Ayurvedic crude drugs from Sri Lanka relieves itching and burning, reduces the inflam-
62. Literature of Tibetan medicine (“rGyu-shi”), mation and unlike cortico steroids free from side
Tibetan crude drugs, specimens of Nepal effects even on prolonged use
63. Ayurvedic medicines and crude drugs Indications:- chronic dermatological disorders,
from Sri Lanka and India Jamu (Indonesian chronic urticaria, neurodermatosis, seborroeic
crude drugs) dermatoses, skin rashes and pruritus.
64. Tibetan medicines (Precious pills), Usage:- to be applied springly and gently on
Crude drugs and Medical literature the affected areas three times a day
65. Crude drugs from Myanmer P.S. along with Hemojas syrup internally forti-
66. Tibetan crude drugs from India and Bhutan fies the action
67. Tibetan crude drugs from Nepal Presentation:- 15 gm tube
68-69. Unani medicines from Pakistan and Price:- Rs.18.75
Bangladesh (Pills and Crude drugs) From:- Anuja Pharmaceuticals pvt. Ltd,
70-71. Jamu medicines and Crude drugs 5 - Rajmahal, Mathuradas Vasanji Road,
from Indonesia Andheri (East), Mumbai - 400 069, India
72. Thai crude drugs e-mail:- anujapha@vsnl.com
73. Brazilian2001medicines
April & May folk 6 Amruta Bindu

7. Women’s Page
Mrs.Valli Sree Prasad and 1 Teaspoon full of honey,
& Meenakshi S. Byali consumed every day morning.
presents It relieves the Pradara Leuko-
Leukorrhea rrhea and also Asrigdhara -
hyper Menorrhagia very spe-
Menstruation is the
major problem for the girls in cifically it is good for the pain
the adolescence. In that it is full and specific conditions.
very difficult to understand 4) Bhumyamalaki - Phyllanthus
the process of menstruation niruri (Vangasena). The seeds
and in further to over come of Bhumyamaliki have to col-
the problems of the men- lected and dried well to make
struation. Of course the ad- fine powder. 3gms of powder
justment to the regularity of with rice wash water every
menstruation is not difficult day morning relieves the
but certainly problematic. A Pradara. It is not exaggerated
girl has to acquaint to the cy- that it shows the effect within
2-3 days of administration.
clic menstruation along with the physiologi- 5) Kadali - Musaparadisiaca sepientum linn.
cal interference. The menstrual irregularities (Gadanigraha) one banana fruit with cow
appear not only for the adolescent girls at Ghee of 2 Teaspoon full twice in a day will
monarch but also after attaining the youth. relieve the chronic Leukorrhea
Menorrhagia and Metrorrhagia are the com- (Gadanigraha). Take the 2gms each quan-
mon complaints along with Leukorrhea (white tity of Kadali fruit (young plantain dried
discharge). powder) and fruits of Badari (Ziziphus
Some of the simple therapies are collected here. jujuba) churna add to equal quantity of
1) Alabu: - (Cucurbita lagemaria) Bottle gourd jagary. This preparation twice daily re-
has to be cut in to small pieces and finely lieves from Leukorrhea (Chakradutta)
dried and powdered. The powder is to be 6) Japa pushpa - (Hibiscus rose sineusis)
adding equality sufficient sugar and honey 10-12 buds of japa pushpa instantly
and prepared 500mg pills. 1-2 tabs/2-3 crushed with milk and taken with the
times a day will relieve the Pradara - Leu- honey. Rice with milk is the food for the
korrhea (Bhava prakasha). This is very ef- patient. It relieves earliest the Leukorrhea
fective if it is given with rice wash water. (Gadanigraha). The flowers of japa are to
2) Ashoka twak -(Saraka indica). It is pre- fry with Ghee and consumed daily. This
pared with the lane of Ashoka added to relieves the Pradara and rakta pradara
milk to take the Ashoka bark to prepare a 7) Tanduleeyaka moolam - Amaranthus
course powder. This powder is added to tricolour it has iron in it. Generally it is used
the 1/2 glass water and 1/2 glass of milk as green vegetable vividly in India. But the
to prepare the kshera paka. Add little roots are not used. These roots have good
quantity of sugar to taste. 1 cup (150ml) medicinal value. The roots crushed and
of this ksheera paka kashaya every day made paste given with rice wash water.
morning relieves the Pradara even though This relieves the Leukorrhea. It can be
it is associated for long time practiced in another way also. Collect the
(Chakradutta) roots and dry it the 1 tsf powder every day
3) Vasa - Adhatoda vasaka - (Gadanigraha) morning to be given with rise wash water
leaves of Vasa is to be crushed to get the (Charaka Samhita)
juice. The juice is to be mixed with sugar 8) Nyagrodha - (Ficus beugalentis) the
April & May 2001 7 Amruta Bindu

8. Leukorrhea Continued from page - 7
Letters to the
kashaya of Nyagrodha with Lodra
(Symplocos racemosa) paste consumed
every day morning relieves the Leukor-
Editor
rhea (Charaka) both can be powdered and Dear Editor,
consumed 1-2 gms twice daily relieves I am very happy to receive your Amruta
the Leukorrhea Bindu. It has taken me to my college days,
9) Amara beeja - (mango seed) Collect man- then we conducted a written magazine and
gos seeds in the summer season and kept in the library, which was very success-
make fine powder. This powder in a small ful. Heart fully I wish for your success getting
quantity of 1/2 gm to 1gm added to quan- more and more progressive popularity. You
tity sufficient honey and consumed. Then have taken this venture at the need of hour for
have a glass full of rice wash water in the Ayurveda.
ge ’s
morning. This relieves the Leukorrhea.
Pa en
Dr. D. Sreerama Murthy,
The mango seed powder in a small dose B.A.M.S.
om
of 250mg. - 500mg. can be taken twice Ragahavendra Nursing Home,
W
with honey for the good action and quick Perala, Chirala - 523 157
relief.
Dear Editor,
DGM Campus NEWS Continued from page - 7 I am in receipt of the previous volumes
year 1996 of 15% of couple experience rela- of Amruta Bindu. It is always welcoming note
tive of absolute infertility, in which male infer- to find a new journal for Ayurveda. The Edito-
tility being present bout 1/3rd of recorded rial board and publishers are appreciated for
cases. Prospective randomized placebo con- their effort. Hope every thing is fine at your
trolled clinical studies in two groups are made end. Wishing you all success.
with Vajigandhadi yoga. Dr. J.L.N. Sastry,
5. The evaluation of the efficacy of Saptasama Chennai
Yoga (internally) and Kushtadi lepa (exter-
nally) in Sidhma Kusta by Anil Kumar Bacha Send Articles, Collections and Clippings
Editor,
Sidhma kusta requires special attention and
Amruta Bindu
Ayurveda advocates many remedies for this. Publication Division,
They are easily available, cheap and have no Postgraduation and Research Center
adverse effects. Hence the present study as DGM Ayurvedic Medical College
a prospective clinical trail is under taken with Kalasapur Road, Gadag - 582 103
Saptasama yaoga and Kustadi lepa. Karnataka, India.
From: Book-Post Printed Matter
Dr.K.Siva Rama Prasad
Editor TO,
Amruta Bindu
Publication Division,
Postgraduation and Research Center
DGM Ayurvedic Medical College
Kalasapur Road, Gadag - 582 103
Karnataka, India.
April & May 2001 8 Amruta Bindu