The document reviews clinical trials of plant-derived drugs and identifies limitations. Most plant-derived drugs showed promising results, but many studies were stuck in preliminary stages due to insufficient data, methodological issues, and the low bioavailability of plant resources. Standardization of efficacy and extraction methods are lacking for most medicinal plants. Advancements in techniques like molecular modelling, genetic modifications, and product formulation are needed to address these limitations and further the development of plant-based drugs.

1. PLANT BASED MOLECULES
IN CLINICAL TRAILS AND
CLINICAL PRACTICES

2. HISTORY OF MEDICINES FROM
PLANTS
INDIAN MEDICINE
Ayurveda is prominent among
indians. Other than that Unani
medicine, Siddha medicine are also
prevailed in ancient india. Atreya
was the first physician in
Ayurveda. Indian Medicine ruled
the whole world between 800BC
and 600AD.
WESTERN MEDICINE
Hippocrates was considered as the
Father of Western Medicine( 460-
370 BC). The Hippocrates Corpus is
a collection of around seventy early
medical works from ancient Greece
and it was done by Hippocrates and
his students.
CHINESE MEDICINE
In China, the medicinal text was
Huangdi neijing and it was
written between 5th to 3rd Century
BCE. Suwen did the great
representation for foundation roots
of traditional Chinese medicine.
EGYPTIAN MEDICINE
Edwin Smith papyrus was dated as
early as 3000BC. It was believed to
be written by Imhotep in the 3rd
dynasty. The Edwin Smith
Papyrus was regarded as a copy of
various earliest texts and works
and written in 1600BC.

3. HISTORIC REVIEW

4. MODERN MEDICINE
In modern medicine, we all using the
synthetic drugs for the treatment with the
concern about diseases and symptoms. It
was mainly targeting about cure. It have
many complexities like long time drug
resistant and affects the different organs
and side effects.
ANCIENT MEDICINE
In ancient medicine, physicians concerned about
each and every thing like disease, patient’s habits,
health and humors etc. And they formulated the
medications differently based on their needs and
conditions. They mostly give the crude extracts
and dried products of herbs and plants under
some criteria.

5. I
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6. INTEGRATION OF ANCIENT MEDICINE
WITH MODERN MEDICINE
In China, peoples are started to practice the chinese
traditional medicine and modern medicine in the same time in
the case of diabetes mellitus.
The research tells that chinese medicine anciently used
for diabetes mellitus are significant for complications of diabetes
and they are so effective on that.
But the fact is modern western medicine is better than
chinese medicine in the case of diabetic symptoms.
But we have to concentrate more on the active
compounds like terepenoids, polysaccharides etc in the medicinal
plants to reveal the factors in prevention.
Here Standardization of the drug is difficulty because
ancient physicians only used fresh leaves or crude plant extracts
for treatment.

7. It’s the time to integrate the
modern medicine with ancient
traditional medicine. Many studies
are going for that.
In Cancer, they are hardly
trying to get the phytochemicals as
the chemotherapeutic drugs because
of the side effects and vulnerability of
these synthetic steroids.
In FDA, they approved many
drugs derived from plants since 1827.
The effectivity also some extended
with few or without side effects.
The researchers thought that
plants derived will adapt among
human by the reference of ancient
traditional medicine manuscripts and
texts.

8. PLANT DERIVED DRUGS IN
CLINICAL PRACTICE
Generic
name
Activity Year of
approval
Description Source Species
CABAZITAXEL Cancer 2010 NP derived Plant Taxus
OMACETAXINE
MEPESUCCINA
TE Cancer 2012 NP Plant
Cephalotaxus
fortune
INGENOL
MEBUTATE Cancer 2012 NP Plant
Euphorbia
peplus
CANAGLIFLOZI
N Diabetes 2013 NP derived Plant Malus
TRASTUZUMAB
EMTANSINE Cancer 2013 NP derived Plant Maytenus
VORAPAXAR Antithrombotic 2014 NP derived Plant Galbulimima
DAPAGLIFLOZI
N Diabetes 2014 NP derived Plant Malus
EMPAGLIFLOZI
N Diabetes 2014 NP derived Plant Malus
NALOXEGOL Digestive 2014 NP derived Plant
Papaver
somniferum

9. DRUG DISCOVERY FROM PLANTS
Discovery of artemisinin from Artemesia alba for malaria,
guggulsterones from Commiphora mukul (for hyperlipidemia) was
based on the leads that are made by the reference of medicinal texts of
China and India.
The discovery of Artemsinin from Artemesia alba impacts
significant to the ethnopharmaceuticals and these are based on the
texts of ancient Chinese medicine and Youyou Tu awarded nobel prize
in 2015 for his medicine against malaria.
Currently, Cannabis product in clinical trail against epilepsy in
Dravet syndrome was done. It gives good results. About 26% of the
children in the clinical trail are get benefitted by this treatment with
cannabis products. Cannabis was prescribed for epilepsy more than
4000 years ago.

10. Cannbis was already
approved by Europe and Canada
for multiple sclerosis and combat
seizures.
But these cannabis products
are not effective for non-
convulsive seizures.
The importance of Cestrum
diurnum, from the family of
solanaeceae was the only plant
derivative give the Vitamin D3.
These examples are significant

11. LIMITATIONS IN DRUG
DISCOVERY FROM PLANTS
Many studies are going on to discover the new drugs derived
mainly from plants because of their significant adaptability with
human.
Curcumin was the derivative of turmeric. According to
traditional medicine, turmeric was used as an anti- inflammatory
agent. Now researchers trying to find out the chemotherapeutic
agent from curcumin. But studies are stuck only in the preliminary
level. Because insufficient data and methodologies in the drug
discovery process.
Scientific validation towards traditional medicine have some
limitations, because it has low availability and information about
relative safety issues also very low. Available scientific methods and
efficacy treatments are not enough to validate their efficacy.

12. In cancer studies, more than 100 cytotoxic anti-
tumor compounds and their analogs are found with
confirmed activity with NCI in vitro in human tumor cell
line bioassay. These compunds are in the preliminary stage
to investigate them for in vivo confirmations.
The commercial need and righteous genes are needed
to enhance the basic research on PMF(Product Molecular
Framing) and its commercial applications. Because of the
high complexity of plant active compounds systems of
separation and system of extraction are also have to improve
for the successful results.
Another one limitation is microbial contamination of
plant extracts because it was considered as the microbial
endotoxin will change the parameters of immune system.
These clinical development requires the more clinical
constraints of plant, but they are low in bioavailability.

13. SUMMARY
Among the review of clinical trials in plant
derived drug development, most of them are give the
good results and at the same time many limitations are
found in that.
The techniques like molecular modelling,
HPLC and genetic modifications and PMF are
somewhat reliable to some medicinal plants but most
of the cases, they are not useful.
The one more reason is that there is the lack
of literature for extraction and make them into
commercial drugs.
As per the review of different studies done for
different plants and different diseases are stuck in the
preliminary level because there is a lack of their
standardization of efficacy. There is the low
bioavailability of resources also a major one.
I would like suggest that first we have to
concentrate on the changes in protocols and technical
advancements and to make the plant bioavailability
higher by cultivate them in big extent.