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Introduction to Zoology Lecture 2
The document covers essential organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and their roles in cellular metabolism and division. It details processes like photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and cellular division (mitosis and meiosis), emphasizing energy storage and genetic coding. Additionally, it includes information on animal identification and their life cycles.
Introduction to Zoology Lecture 2
- 1. Cellular Metabolism andDivision Animals Among Us August 29th, 2013 1
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- 3. Organic Molecules • Anythingwith carbon in it • The Building Blocks of Life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Amino Acids and Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 3
- 4. Organic Molecules • Anythingwith carbon in it • The Building Blocks of Life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Amino Acids and Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 4
- 5. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates – Carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen – 1 C: 2 H: 1 O – Sugars, starches, cellulose – Where do carbohydrates come from? 5
- 6. Carbohydrates • Photosynthesis • Water+ Carbon Dioxide -> solar -> Carbs! 1. Monosaccharides – Simple sugars 2. Disaccharides – Double sugars 3. Polysaccharides – Complex sugars 6
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- 8. Disaccharides • • • • Combined monosaccharides Maltose =2 glucose Sucrose = 1 glucose + 1 fructose Lactose = 1 glucose + 1 galactose 8
- 9. Polysaccharides • Many moleculesof simple sugars in long chains • Glycogen – How sugars are stored in animal tissues – When needed, converted into glucose • Cellulose – Principal structural carbohydrate of plants 9
- 10. Organic Molecules • Anythingwith carbon in it • The Building Blocks of Life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Amino Acids and Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 10
- 11. Lipids • Fuel storageand building material 1. Neutral Fats – “True” fats – Storage from dietary fats or carbs 2. Phospholipids – Structurally important 3. Steroids – Complex alcohols 11
- 12. Neutral Fats • Saturated –Typically animal fats – Every carbon atom is bonded with two hydrogen atoms – Usually solid at room temperature • Unsaturated – Typically plant fats (“oils”) – 2 or more carbon atoms are joined by double bonds, not “saturated” with hydrogen atoms 12
- 13. Phospholipids • Unlike neutralfats, these are soluble in water • Some phospholipids are soluble in water on one side, and insoluble on the other side • Major component of the cell membrane 13
- 14. Steroids • • • • Structurally unlike fats Otherchemical properties are similar Cholesterol Hormones 14
- 15. Organic Molecules • Anythingwith carbon in it • The Building Blocks of Life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Amino Acids and Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 15
- 16. Amino Acids andProteins • • • • 20 amino acids Amino acid + amino acid = protein Organized into 3 dimensional structures Often interlinked with other proteins 16
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- 18. Organic Molecules • Anythingwith carbon in it • The Building Blocks of Life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Amino Acids and Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 18
- 19. Nucleic Acids • RNA –Ribonucleic Acid • DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Store codes for replication 19
- 20. Miller Experiment • Methane,hydrogen, ammonia, water • Circulate 1 week with electric spark – Solar energy, hydrothermic vents, lightning • 15% into complex molecules – 4 amino acids • Add a couple of billion years… 20
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- 22. Scissor-Grinder Cicada • Annualcicada • Important food source for many bird species • Lives underground in nymph stage for several years, feeding on tree roots 22
- 23. Metabolism • Photosynthesis CO2 +H2O + Solar Energy = Sugar + O2 • First law of thermodynamics – Energy cannot be created or destroyed – Solar energy becomes stored energy in the plant 23
- 24. Cellular Respiration 1. Heterotropheats food, food is broken down and absorbed into the bloodstream 2. Molecules enter cells 3. Molecules are turned into ATP in the cytoplasm 4. Mitochondria break bonds of ATP to provide energy for the cell 24
- 25. Metabolism • ATP – AdenosineTri-Phosphate – High-energy bonds (“potential energy”) • ATP + Water = ADP + Energy 25
- 26. Cellular Respiration • Aerobic –ATP + Water + O2 = ADP + Energy + CO2 • Anaerobic – ATP + Water = ADP + Energy + Lactic Acid – 1/18th as efficient as aerobic 26
- 27. Anaerobic is Unavoidable •Difficult to get oxygen to muscles fast enough in enough quantity 27
- 28. Many Animals RequireAnaerobic • Diving birds and mammals use anaerobic metabolism under water 28
- 29. Metabolism of Lipids •Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins can be stored as fats • Stored fats contain huge amounts of potential energy 29
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- 31. Northern True Katydid •Life cycle within one year • Prefers oak leaves • Usually in tree canopy 31
- 32. Cellular Division • Mitosis –“My Toes” sis – NOT Meiosis (forming gametes) • Each new cell contains complete genetic code of “parent” cell • For animals that reproduce asexually, this is the whole story 32
- 33. Mitosis • 5 stages –Interphase (MOST OF THE TIME) – Prophase – Metaphase – Anaphase – Telophase • IPMAT – I Poop More After Tacos 33
- 34. 1. Prophase • Chromatincopies itself • Chromatin Chromosomes – Separates and becomes dense – Each chromosome is two chromatids • Sister chromatids are identical • Fibers in the cell arrange themselves to prepare for separation 34
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- 37. 2. Metaphase • Chromosomesline up along center of nucleus 37
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- 39. 3. Anaphase • Sisterchromatids are separated • Pulled towards poles of new cells 39
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- 41. 4. Telophase • Fibersdisappear • Chromosomes relax into chromatin • Nuclear membrane is formed 41
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- 45. European Earthworm • Nightcrawler,red wriggler • Areas that were glaciated during the Ice Age do not have native earthworms • European earthworms were transported by the colonials, probably by accident, when they transplanted their plant stocks 45
- 46. Meiosis • Same basicprocess as mitosis, except – Two cycles – Four resulting cells – Resulting cells have half of the DNA 46
- 47. Meiosis I Prophase I •Chromatin condenses into chromosomes • Chromosome line up with homologues 47
- 48. Meiosis I • MetaphaseI – “Crossing Over” – Genetic exchange for variation 48
- 49. Meiosis I • AnaphaseI – Chromosomes pulled to opposite poles 49
- 50. Meiosis I • NOTELOPHASE I!!! 50
- 51. Meiosis II • ProphaseII – Spindles form 51
- 52. Meiosis II • MetaphaseII – Chromosomes line up 52
- 53. Meiosis II • AnaphaseII – Chromatids pulled to opposite poles 53
- 54. Meiosis II • TelophaseII – Nuclear membranes form – Chromosomes relax into chromatin – Each cell contains only half of the DNA necessary for an organism 54
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