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1. India’s Land
Border
Relations with
Neighbouring
countries

2. Introduction
• India has a land border of 15,106.7 km
• India is the largest and most significant country in the South Asia
region. Its land borders include:
• Afghanistan
• Pakistan
• Nepal
• China
• Bhutan
• Myanmar
• Bangladesh
Having good relations with our neighbours helps us to
• maintain peace and stability in the region.
• trade and economic cooperation
• Helps counter act security threats from other countries like China

3. India’s neighbourhood first policy
• India’s policy of ‘Neighbourhood First’
focuses on creating mutually beneficial,
people-oriented, regional frameworks for
stability and prosperity.
• India’s engagement with these countries is
based on a consultative, non-reciprocal and
outcome-oriented approach, which focuses on
delivering benefits like greater connectivity,
improved infrastructure, stronger
development cooperation in various sectors,
security and broader people-to-people
contacts.

4. •Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1949:
• The Treaty provides for, among other things, perpetual peace and
friendship, free trade and commerce and equal justice to each
other’s citizens.
•Hydropower Cooperation:
• This hydropower cooperation comes under the 2006 Agreement on
Cooperation in Hydropower.
• Under a protocol to this agreement, India has agreed to assist
Bhutan in the development of a minimum of 10,000 MW of
hydropower and import of surplus electricity from the same by
2020.
•Economic Assistance:
• India is Bhutan’s leading development partner.
• Since the launch of the First Five Year Plan of Bhutan in 1961, India
has been extending financial support to Bhutan’s FYPs.
• India has allotted Rs 4500 crore to Bhutan’s 12th FYP (2018-23).
INDIA - BHUTAN

5. • Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950:
• The treaty talks about reciprocal treatment of Indian and
Nepali citizens in the two countries, in residence, property,
business and movement.
• It also establishes national treatment for both Indian and
Nepalese businesses (i.e. once imported, foreign goods
would be treated no differently than domestic goods).
• Hydropower Projects:
• The two countries signed five agreements, including one
between the Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN) Ltd and the
Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) for development and
implementation of 490.2 megawatts Arun-4 hydropower project.
• Nepal also invited Indian companies to invest in the West
Seti hydropower project in Nepal.
INDIA - NEPAL

6. • The two nations have a complicated and mainly
antagonistic relationship founded on several historical
and political events, most notably the partition of
British India in August 1947, the India-Pakistan border
is one of the world’s most militarised international
boundaries.
• Territorial disputes over the Kashmir area have caused
two of the three major Indo-Pakistani wars, in 1947
and 1965, and a limited war in 1999 (Kargil war).
• However, India wants cordial relations with Pakistan
as part of its “Neighbourhood First Policy.”
• India would not compromise on national security
matters and will take robust and decisive action to
counter all attempts to undermine India’s security
and territorial integrity.
INDIA - PAKISTAN

7. INDIA – BANGLADESH
• India made Bangladesh an independent nation through the
war with Pakistan in 1971.
• India and Bangladesh share 4096.7 km. of border;
the longest land boundary that India shares with any of
its neighbors.
• It provides India with access to the Bay of Bengal and
an important route for trade and connectivity with
Southeast Asia.
• Bangladesh is India’s biggest trading partner in the
subcontinent. India’s export to Bangladesh stood at USD 8
billion during April –November 2022.India enabled
the export of cargo from ICDs within India to
Bangladesh through inland waterways.
• Indian defence forces performs joint Exercises
- Army (Exercise Sampriti)
- Navy (Exercise Bongosagar)
with Bangladesh

8. CHINA OCCUPUPIED
TIBET
• India and China are Asia’s two growing
powers. In addition to being the most
populous nation, they are also home to two
of the world’s oldest civilizations, the
Chinese and Indus Valley Civilizations.
• On April 1, 1950, India and China formally
established diplomatic relations.
• The border dispute between India and China
dominated the 1950s, eventually leading to
war between the two nations in 1962.
• China began to claim huge portions of
Indian territory in the North East Frontier
Agency (NEFA, now Arunachal Pradesh)
and Ladakh by issuing maps depicting these
areas as part of China.

9. • In 1956-57, China expanded its frontiers and built a 110-mile-long road
through India’s Aksai China region (Ladakh).
• Relations between India and China are currently deteriorating. The two
great powers clash along their disputed boundary in the Himalayan area.
• In June 2017, a military standoff occurred between India and China on the
Doklam plateau, located at a tri-junction between India, China, and Bhutan.

10. Conclusion
India's border diplomacy showcases the country's finesse in
navigating complex relationships with neighboring nations.
Through creative strategies, India manages tensions, strengthens
ties, and contributes to regional stability. As India continues to
engage with its neighbors, its diplomatic endeavors play a crucial
role in shaping the geopolitical landscape of the region.

11. Dhanyawaad !