The document discusses several topics related to India's foreign policy and international relations, including: 1) India's investment in Africa's hydrocarbons and the potential short and long-term impacts. 2) Issues related to fishermen between India and Sri Lanka in international waters and potential solutions. 3) China's One Belt One Road initiative and the advantages for India to potentially join. The document provides analysis and suggestions related to each topic.

1. Submitted By:
Kartikey Singh Somvanshi
National Law University Odisha

2. 1. To study the Impact of India’s investment on hydrocarbons
in Africa.
2. To study India’s relations with its neighborhood countries.
3. To examine the pact signed by India with different
countries.
4. To study the Fisherman problem in relation with the
International law.
5. To study the significance of OBOR
OBJECTIVES

3. IMPORTANCE OF THE TOPIC
 An understanding of the positive impacts on
Indian’s Foreign Policy by different pacts signed by
India with other countries is dealt with.
 The project analyzes the affect on the Indian
Economy of the issue of the fisherman in the
international waters between India and Sri Lanka
 It also delves into the negative impacts of
investment in Hydrocarbons in Africa
 The project also identifies the advantages that might
accrue in case of India joining OBOR.

4. INDIA’S RELATIONSHIP WITH
NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES
• India has a long land frontier and
coastline. It shares boundaries with
Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, China,
Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma) and
Sri Lanka.
• India has adopted a foreign policy
of neutrality and non-involvement

5. INDIA-CHINA
5 Principles have been adopted
 Mutual respect for each other’s
territorial integrity and
sovereignty.
 Mutual non-aggression.
 Mutual non-interference in each
other’s internal affairs.
 Equality and mutual benefit.
 Peaceful coexistence.
INDIA AND SOUTH- ASIA
 India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh,
Maldives and Sri Lanka are the countries
belonging to the region.
 Most of these countries were previously
ruled by the British. They have similar
cultures, social habits and economic
problems.
 It is believed that these countries of South
Asia could progress fast only through
cooperation with each other and by devising
common plans for development. This
concept led to the formation of the South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC) with the objective of mutual
economic and social development.

6. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
•The Dhaka Declaration states its objective as the making of “the full use of all the
human and natural resources and accelerate the economic and social development of
the region”.
1. Strengthening economic cooperation so as to improve the quality of life of the
people of South Asia;
2. Increasing the pace of economic growth;
3. Giving mutual assistance and cooperation in areas like agriculture, scientific
development, etc.; and
4. Promoting social progress and cultural development.
It was made clear from the very beginning that no member state would interfere in the
internal affairs of another. Only those matters would be discussed which concerned all
the member states.
After the formation of the SAARC, a number of summits were held. Each summit
undertook several specific programmes. The South Asian Free Trade Agreement
(SAFTA) was signed to inaugurate a new era of economic cooperation in South Asia.

7. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
ACHIEVEMENTS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENT:
1. It established a cultural link among the SAARC countries. The SAVE (SAARC
Audio-Visual Exchange programme) was launched in 1987 to make people aware of
one another’s cultures and make them conscious of the need for cultural exchange.
Regular monthly programmes on radio and television are contributed by each member
country.
2. The SAARC Regional Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism came into force
in August 1988. The members also signed a SAARC Convention on Narcotic Drugs
in 199o to combat the problem of drug trafficking and drug abuse.
3. A SAARC Trade Fair with the theme “Cooperation for Growth” was organized in
New Delhi.
4. The South Asian Federation (SAF) Games are held by turn in each of the member
countries.
It is difficult for the SAARC to achieve its objectives because of internal dissent.
There are differences between India and Pakistan on the Kashmir issue and cross-
border terrorism. India also has a dispute with Bangladesh over the sharing of river
waters and strained relations with Sri Lanka on Tamil militancy.

8. SOME IMPORTANT MoUs
INDIA – BHUTAN
* Hydropower, agro processing,
education, tourism, horticulture
* Government of India has agreed to
develop 1o,ooo MW of hydropower plant
in Bhutan for export of surplus power to
India by 2o2o
INDIA - CUBA
* Cooperation of Prasar Bharthi, radio
and television
INDIA - CANADA_
* Cooperation of iron & steel
INDIA - CHINA
* on water issues & purification
* River-based issues
* Trade related issues
* Border defence co-operation agreement
INDIA - AFGHANISTAN
*TAPI - Gas line issue
* Cooperation in security of
leaving US force from
Afghanistan
INDIA - BANGLADESH
* Motor vehicle agreement
* Power hydro agreement
* Border issues agreement
INDIA - BRAZIL
* 3 SIGN PACTS - Renewable
energy, defence and cyber
security ,environment sector
* Internet regulations

9. IMPORTANT MoUs
INDIA-MALAYSIA
* CECA(comprehensive economic co-operation agreement)
* 8-AREAS - public administration, human resources, e-governance,
public delivery, accountability
transparency, quality result, skill and capacity building
INDIA-MAURITIUS
* DTAA - Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement
* LoB-limitations of benefit
INDIA-NEPAL
* Ps formula - Power pact
* HIT-HIT formula - H for highways, Information
ways, Transmission ways
* US $1 billion Line of Credit to Nepal
* 4Cs- Co-operation, Connectivity, culture, constitution

10. IMPORTANT MoUs
INDIA-ISRAEL
•.MoU for setting up of India- Israel
Industrial R&D & Technological
Innovation Fund
•MoU for conservation of water in
India
•India- Israel Development
Cooperation- 3year work program
in Agriculture (2o18-2o)
•Plan of cooperation regarding
cooperation in atomic clocks
•MoU regarding cooperation in
electric propulsion for small
satellites.
INDIA-PAKISTAN
RAIL SERVICE
•SAMJHAUTA EXPRESS- Delhi-Lahore route via
Attari Wagah Border crossing.
•THAR EXPRESS- It links jodhpur and Karachi via
Munabao-Khokhrapar border crossing.
AGREEMENT ON THE PROHIBITION OF
ATTACK AGAINST NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS
India and Pakistan have exchanged list of their
nuclear installations and facilities with each other
under the Agreement on the Prohibition of Attack
against Nuclear installations. This is the 27th
consecutive exchange of such list between two
countries after first list was exchanged on 1 January
1992 between them to prevent them from attacking
each other’s nuclear facilities.
The exchange is part of an agreement between the
two nuclear-armed neighbours meant to prevent
attacks on nuclear facilities by each other.

11. INDIA’S INVESTMENT TO AFRICA’S
HYDROCARBON
 India has stepped up trade and investment in hydrocarbons in Africa, with nearly 17%
of its total crude oil imports coming from Africa by 2o16. This petroleum-related
foreign direct investment and trade can be mutually beneficial in the short term,
providing African exporters with a foreign market and helping India meet its energy
needs. “India Eyes More Crude Oil Imports from African Nations,” accessed on 12
February 2o18.
 In the short term, India’s petroleum-related foreign direct investment (FDI) and
trade with Africa can be mutually beneficial because it provides African
exporters with a foreign market, while helping India meet its energy needs.
However, such deals may become less effective economically over the medium
and long term because of three trends:
 (i) The accelerating rate of technological advances and cost-competitiveness of
alternative renewable energy options;
 (ii) the increasing number of countries and cities adopting a “carbon tax” and
other regulations and restrictions on carbon emissions; and
 (iii) the increasing levels of energy inputs required for fossil fuel extraction
relative to energy output, or the “diminishing returns” problem that is afflicting
fossil fuel production.

12. FISHERMEN ISSUES AND LAW OF INTERNATIONAL WATERS
BETWEEN INDIAAND SRI LANKA
 A) There is no well defined boundary line between the two nations.
 B) Territorial waters overlap in some areas: Maritime border between the two
countries is about 4oo kilometres spreading along three different areas: the Bay of
Bengal in the north, the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar in the centre and the
Indian Ocean in the south. In the Palk Bay region, distances between the coasts of
the two countries varies between 16 and 45 kms. This means territorial waters of
each country in some areas strays into the others if 12 nautical mile criteria is strictly
applied.
 C) LTTE issue has raised vigilance: The issue of fishermen came to existence with
the emergence of violent ethnic conflict between the Tamil militants and the Sri
Lankan government in the mid 198os. Increased vigilance by the Sri Lankan Navy
to check intermittent flow of Tamil refugees into India and flow of arms and
supplies to Tamil militant groups made fishing difficult and risky. Due to these
fishermen from both nations suffered.
 D) Security concerns: The monitoring is still on which aimed at preventing possible
return of LTTE cadres, who fled from the island during the height of the conflict in
2oo9, to revive the insurgency all over again.

13. One Belt One Road
 The oBoR strategy is often reported as China’s ambitious push to take a bigger role in global
affairs and expand its friend circle.
 While China insists that the investment in oBoR is economically motivated and it will bring
economic benefits to host countries but the project is multi-prolonged and is intended to serve
diplomatic, economic and strategic purposes.
 It is also intended to address its domestic needs in economic transformation. The demand for
industrial output will increase and thus will revitalise its economy.
 This project will build China’s soft power and some analysts call it a China’ Marshall Plan.
 This initiative will make Indo-Pacific region to be Sino-centric economic and security region.
 It is also an attempt to counter US propaganda that rising China is a threat to world peace. Thus
it is to convince that rising China is not a threat rather creates a win-win situation for all.
 Maritime Silk Road, and especially Chinese infrastructure investment is implicitly intended to
facilitate more frequent People’s Liberation Army Navy deployments in the Indian ocean and
beyond.

14. One Belt One Road
ADVANTAGES OF JOINING OBOR
 India will not be able to stop China in carrying on this initiative nor can it stop its neighbours from
joining this initiative. So whether India joins this initiative or not, the project will take place and not join
may harm India’s interests.
 India may become isolated in this region since all of its neighbours (except Bhutan) have joined One
Belt One Road. Leaving any regional platform may hamper India’s credentials and may hasten the end
of its regional hegemony.
 Regional transport, energy security, and blue economy are key to OBOR initiative which will be helpful
for India.
 China has the financial capital, technology to accelerate the development of other countries and India
also need resources and funds for its own development.
 Trade: The OBOR project will open more links of trade between India and other countries. Further,
India does not enjoy much leverage to guide ocean trade markets despite having proximity to the sea
and a strong navy. Through OBOR project India will get access to more business in an environment
which promote friendly reforms.
 Some analysts feel that countries like Russia and others in SCO would want Indian participation in
OBOR as a counterweight to Chinese influence.

15. FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS
 As a matter of an interesting geographic factor, India shares borders with all other South Asian
nations whereas no other South Asian nation (except Afghanistan and Pakistan) shares borders
with any other South Asian nation. Notwithstanding some shortcomings, democracy and rule of
law as instruments of political governance are well entrenched in India. Transfer of power has
been more or less peaceful and transparent. In relative terms India can be arguably considered
as the most stable country in the region, moving ahead on the fast tracks of development, even
though the growth has of late slowed down.
Further in terms of its population, territory, GDP, its image as an emerging world economy and
a responsible de-facto nuclear State, and as a country which is destined to play a larger role on
international arena, and also for several other reasons, India stands apart amongst the bunch of
other South Asian countries.
 This analysis suggests that while India’s FDI and trade in Africa’s hydrocarbons may serve
mutual interests in the short term, they may pose significant financial liabilities over the
medium to long term. It may be more financially advantageous to consider shifting such
investments to other sectors that are projected to prosper, such as decentralised utilities, electric
auto companies, battery manufacturers, copper and lithium mining, electronics producers,
software developers, electric engine makers, smart grid builders and, of course, solar and wind
power manufacturers, installers and financiers.

16. FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS
 The Indian government can undertake a census of fishermen, preparing a
database of information on fishermen and their boats to be used for more
effective monitoring of fishing activities. The Indian Coast Guard can install
tracking devices in fishing boats operating in the waters, developed by the
ISRO, the tracking device has the ability to send out alerts for fires on
board, a sinking vessel, a medical emergency and when the boat is
apprehended by another country.
 OBOR initiative will be a win-win situation for India since it will increase the
connectivity of the region. There may emerge mutually beneficial swap
where India protecting Chinese interests in the Indian Ocean and China
securing India’s essential undertakings in their part of the waters.