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A	Tour	of	Ethereum	Ecosystem	
2016.11.15	
1
⽐特幣起源	
•  2008 年 10 ⽉	
–  Satoshi Nakamoto (中本聰) 提出⽐特幣設計⽩⽪書	
•  2009 年	
–  公開程式碼	
–  開源⽐特幣客⼾端程式	
–  以 10,000 ⽐特幣兌換⼀個披薩	
•  2010 年	
–  開始流⾏	
–  https://bitcoin.org/	
2
數字貨幣	
•  ⽣成貨幣	
•  錢幣無法被冒⽤	
•  錢幣無法重複消費	
•  不需要銀⾏ (第三⽅管理)	
3
設計難點	
•  想像要以數字貨幣進⾏交易	
–  如何避免數字貨幣被複製?	
–  如何避免數字貨幣被偽造?	
4
加密算法 ─ 對稱密鑰	
5	
明⽂	 密⽂
加密算法 ─ ⾮對稱公私鑰	
6	
明⽂	 密⽂	
私鑰簽名	
公鑰加密	
公鑰驗證	
私鑰解密	
Secp256k1
我, Alice, 要給 Bob ⼀個硬幣	
7	
Alice	 Bob	
數字貨幣可能會被複製	
如何證明發錢的是 Alice
我, Alice, 要給 Bob ⼀個硬幣	
8	
Alice	 Bob	
Alice 以私鑰對數位貨幣進⾏簽名	
Bob 以公鑰解開密⽂	
數字貨幣可能會被複製	
如何證明發錢的是 Alice	
密文
我, Alice, 要給 Bob ⼀個硬幣	
9	
Alice	 Bob	
Alice 無法否認要給 Bob ⼀個硬幣的事實	
數字貨幣還是會被複製	
密文
需要硬幣流⽔號	
10	
Alice	 Bob	
1.  Bob 無法辨識拿到的硬幣有何不同	
2.  如何管理 Alice 帳⼾餘額?	
3.  如何確認這個硬幣沒有被重複消費?
硬幣流⽔號	
11	
Alice	 Bob	
#12344	
#12345	
誰來管理硬幣流⽔號?需要⼀個可信任的機構
驗證交易是否合法	
12	
Alice	 Bob	
#12345	
1. 這筆錢是不是 Alice 的?	
2. Alice 有沒花過這筆錢?	
#12345	
Alice:	100	->	99	
Bob:	100	->	101
Recap	
•  公私鑰	
–  錢幣無法偽造	
–  交易的不可否認性 (⾝分性)	
•  可信任第三⽅	
–  管理資產,追蹤錢幣流向,避免雙花	
13
去中⼼化	
•  公私鑰	
–  錢幣無法偽造	
–  交易的不可否認性 (⾝分性)	
•  可信任第三⽅ 每個⼈都是銀⾏	
–  管理資產,追蹤錢幣流向,避免雙花	
14	
銀⾏帳本	 公開共享的帳本	
區塊鏈 (Blochchain)
我, Alice, 要給 Bob ⼀個硬幣	
15	
Alice	 Bob	
#12345	
Alice:	100	->	99	
Bob:	100	->	101	
廣播
雙花攻擊 (Double-spending)	
16	
Alice	 Bob	
#12345	
廣播	
#12345	
Charlie	 其他⼈如何更新帳本?
更新帳本的時間間隔	
17	
Alice	 Bob	
#12345	
廣播	
#12345	
Charlie	
決定能否發動雙花攻擊
18	
Alice	 Bob	
#12345	
廣播	
#12345	
Charlie	
所有⼈都收到交易並作驗證,如果 Alice 送出同樣的貨幣
給 Bob 和 Charlie,問題就會產⽣
19	
Alice	 Bob	
#12345	
廣播	
#12345	
Charlie	
Alice 確實擁有貨幣 #12345,現在屬於 Bob 了
Recap	
•  如何避免雙花攻擊?	
•  帳本更新的時間間隔?	
•  多少⼈驗證交易才更新帳本?	
20	
Alice	
Alice 控制網路	
Sybil	aGack
需要共識算法	
•  共識算法是為讓⼤家取得共識	
•  共識算法不是讓⼤家互相溝通形成共識	
•  共識算法是選出⼀個代表⼈來描述現狀	
–  寫帳	
–  選出代表⼈的⽅式要公平	
21
Proof	of	Work	
•  網路⽤⼾驗證交易計算成本⾼	
•  交易驗證無法被網路單元數⺫控制 (Sybil attack)	
•  提供獎勵(誘因)讓他們願意幫忙驗證交易	
•  解題困難 (解題時間⻑)	
•  避免帳本遭受竄改 (解題時間短)	
22	
區塊產⽣時間 T
PoW 設計原則	
•  每個⼈都能參與解題 (Puzzle)	
–  ⼀般主機都能參與	
•  不會有⼈掌控寫帳權 (寫區塊的權⼒)	
–  概率相同	
23	
擲到數字 n <= 3 的⼈可以寫帳本
SHA-2562(“abc”	+	“1”)	=	
158c09e82d88955d8a051934d12f74a53ea205743778165d1140a8903686e1ac	
SHA-2562(“abc”	+	“2”)	=		
c72b0720d3302d76cd7b6b3f3dcb554d05f14fee8567cdda3ee8b7ff51e02015	
.	
.	
.	
SHA-2562(“abc”	+	“19”)	=		
005eQ2ff3e871185b95bf7c8628e212d15a7d08c42235a381e06caa55856a0c	
PoW 設計原則	
•  解題困難,驗證容易,調整難度	
24	
Hash(TXs+nonce)	<	number	
00000000000000005b95bf7c8628e212d15a7d08c42235a381e06caa55856a0c
SHA-2562(“abc”	+	“1”)	=	
158c09e82d88955d8a051934d12f74a53ea205743778165d1140a8903686e1ac	
SHA-2562(“abc”	+	“2”)	=		
c72b0720d3302d76cd7b6b3f3dcb554d05f14fee8567cdda3ee8b7ff51e02015	
.	
.	
.	
SHA-2562(“abc”	+	“19”)	=		
005eQ2ff3e871185b95bf7c8628e212d15a7d08c42235a381e06caa55856a0c	
PoW 設計原則	
•  解題困難,驗證容易,調整難度	
25	
算力越強的人越有機會擁有寫帳權
但不代表掌握 70% 算力別人就沒機會,只是概率低
解題成功廣播區塊	
26	
Alice	
#12345	
#21397	
#81345	
#22345	
區塊
挖礦	
27	
Block	1	
...	
Block	2	
...	
Block	3	
...	
Block	4	
...	
找到區塊	
礦⼯	
礦⼯	
礦⼯	
礦⼯	
礦⼯	
礦⼯	
Hash(	Block	3	|	TXs	|	nonce)	
挖礦獎勵 + 區塊所有交易⼿續費	
區塊
區塊鏈 (Blockchain)	
28	
Block	4	
...	
Block	5	
...	
Block	6	
...	
Block	7	
...	
Block	8	
...	
Block	9	
...	
mean: ~10分鐘 (Poisson distribution)	
Block	N	
...	………	
困難度 (Difficulty)
區塊高度 (Block height) 區塊深度 (Block depth)
區塊越深表⽰重新打造⼀條區塊鏈難度越⾼
Recap	
•  如何避免雙花攻擊?	
–  PoW 降低雙花攻擊概率	
–  交易驗證分散到各個節點	
–  控制算⼒或網絡仍存在,但成本⾼	
•  帳本更新的時間間隔?	
•  多少⼈驗證交易才更新帳本?	
29	
Alice	
Alice 控制網路
What	is	Ethereum?		
•  Vitalik	Buterin	wrote	
“Bitcoin	was	designed	to	be	a	SMTP.	It’s	a	protocol	that	
is	 very	 good	 at	 one	 par`cular	 task.	 It	 is	 good	 for	
transferring	 money,	 but	 it	 was	 not	 designed	 as	 a	
founda`onal	layer	for	any	kind	of	protocols	to	be	built	
on	top.”	
30
What	is	Ethereum?		
•  Vitalik	Buterin	wrote	
	
The	 need	 for	 a	 technology	 that	 was	 more	 expansive,	
and	 that	 replicated	 the	 func`onality	 of	 Turing-
complete	programming	languages	in	a	way	that	would	
be	 so	 powerful	 as	 to	 describe	 any	 blockchain	
applica`on.	
31
Bitcoin Ethereum
Creator Satoshi Nakamoto Ethereum
Player type cryptocurrency
Smart contract platform
with own cryptocurrency
Liquidity decent decent
currency code Bitcoin/฿/BTC Ether/Ξ/ETH
Public/Private blockchain public public
User identity pseudonymous pseudonymous
Consensus algorithm PoW PoW/PoS/Casper
Scripting language
Bitcoin Script
Language
Solidity
Smart contracts yes (limited) yes
Turing completeness no yes
Governance (development decisions, etc) Core team Ethereum Foundation
Transaction speed >10.0m 14s
Rapid payments Lightning Network Raiden Network
Processing cost (CPU,GPU,ASIC) high high
Other features UTXO GHOST
32
Components	
•  A	cryptographic	token	
•  An	address	system	
•  A	network	of	validators	(miners)	
•  A	consensus	algorithm	
•  A	blockchain	ledger	
•  The	Ethereum	Virtual	Machine	
•  A	set	of	programing	languages		
•  Complex	economic	structures	
33
Technology	Stack	
34
Ethereum	Clients	
•  底層 (fullnode)	
–  go-ethereum	(Golang)	
–  cpp-ethereum	(C++)	
–  EthereumJ	(Java)	
–  pyethereum	(Python)	
–  Parity	(Rust)	
–  ruby-ethereum	(Ruby)	
35
High	Level	Language	(HLL)	
•  撰寫合約的語⾔	
–  Solidity	(JavaScript-like)	
–  Serpent	(Python-like)	
–  LLL	(Lisp-like)	
–  Viper	
–  Bamboo	
36
與⽐特幣相似處	
•  Ethereum	has	a	blockchain	
•  Ethereum	is	public	and	permissionless	
•  Ethereum	has	Proof-of-Work	(PoW)	mining	
–  Ethash	
•  Ethereum	has	an	inbuilt	cryptocurrency	
37
與⽐特幣相異處	
•  Ethereum’s	block	`me	is	shorter	
•  Ethereum	has	smaller	blocks		
–  2,000,000	Gas	per	block	
–  Limited	by	the	gas	à	(2,000,000/x)	transac`ons	
•  The	Ethereum	Virtual	Machine	can	run	smart	contracts	
•  ETH	token	issuance	
38
ETH	token	issuance	
Total ETH = Pre-mine + Block rewards + Uncle rewards + Uncle referencing rewards	
•  Pre-mine: 以太坊正式運營之間,預先產出7200萬個以太幣,之後限制每年的⽣成以
不超過四分之⼀的預先發⾏量,即1800萬個以太幣	
•  Block reward: ⺫前每⼀個區塊獎勵是5個以太幣,⼀個區塊的⽣成速度約14秒,換⾔
之,⼀年相當於有225萬個區塊 (365x24x60x60/14),1125萬個以太幣⽣成	
•  Uncle reward: 在以太坊中,有些區塊在同⼀時間被其他礦⼯所發現,但卻不是接在
主鏈上,稱之為Uncle區塊,相當於⽐特幣中的孤兒區塊(Orphan block)。這類區塊
可能被之後的區塊所參照,此外這類區塊的獎勵為正常獎勵的⼋分之七,即
5x(7/8)=4.375個以太幣。依據Uncle區塊的產⽣速率,⼀年約有接近700萬個以太幣⽣
成	
•  Uncle referencing reward: 接在Uncle區塊之後的區塊,可得0.15以太幣(三⼗⼆分之
⼀)。	
•  這種獎勵⽅式,為以太坊的Ghost protocol (Greedy Heaviest-Observed Sub-Tree)	39
圖片來自 https://bitsonblocks.net
40
ETH 地址	
1.  產⽣私鑰 (64 字元 / 32 bytes)	
2.  私鑰推導公鑰, 使⽤ ECDSA 算法 (128 字元 / 64 bytes)	
3.  公鑰推導地址 (40 字元/20 bytes)	
–  公鑰 64 bytes	
–  對公鑰進⾏ hash, hash 的演算法為 Keccak-256 hash, hash 後變為 32 bytes	
–  將 32 bytes 前⾯的 12 bytes 移除, 剩下的 20 bytes 就是地址 (40 字元)	
•  帳⼾地址	
•  合約地址	
41
Timeline	
42
什麼是智能合約	
•  由程式碼直接控制數字資產或業務流程
–  程式碼對合約具有相同理解
–  不因合約多次更迭而有所混淆
–  對外部資料看法一致 (油價或股價等)
•  智能不是指人工智能
•  智能合約(目前)不是法律合約
•  程式碼僅執行復雜的規則和條件,不具有學習能力
–  電梯
–  販賣機
43	
圖片來自 https://bitsonblocks.net
與⾃動⽀付銀⾏有何不同	
•  去中心化
–  銀行沒有絕對控制權
•  程式碼
–  都有程式碼,但只有傳統銀行有控制和對帳的能力,用戶無法從外部檢驗
•  透明度
–  優點:利益關系者(參與方)彼此透明可見
–  缺點:合約需要有隱私保護
•  彈性
–  可客制各式合約
44
合約執⾏與狀態	
45	
•  合約的執行會依據不同時間的事件或設定的規則,而更新狀態或價值
Gas	
•  ⽤來衡量交易 (transaction) 或合約 (contract) 在 Ethereum 上被執
⾏的⼯作量,即多少個指令或多少個動作所需要耗費的單位;由於每
⼀個操作都會消耗某些數量的 gas,越複雜的操作需要消耗較多的計
算資源,從⽽所需的 gas 也越⾼	
•  之所以設計 gas 這個機制,是因為要確保合約能夠被停⽌,不會永無
⽌盡的消耗資源	
46
Gas	
•  在 Bitcoin 中,每⼀筆交易需要⼿續費,衡量標准是看交易的⼤⼩
(transaction size);但站在 Ethereum 的⾓度則認為,⼿續費的計算
應該取決於在區塊鏈平台上所需要的⼯作量	
•  舉例來說,在 Ethereum 當中,兩個合約,程式碼⼤⼩不同,有可能
短的程式碼,耗費的 gas ⾼,因為裡⾯執⾏的動作很多牽涉到 sha3;
但在 Bitcoin 世界,交易包含的資料越多,占的⼤⼩越⼤,⼿續費較
⾼	
47
48	
Total	cost	=	gasUsed	*	gasPrice
Gas	price	
•  gas price 決定 1 個 gas 價值多少 ether,⽽ gas price 會隨市場需求波動	
•  gas price 的單位是 wei ,1 wei = 10^(-18) ether	
•  gas price 的歷史資料	
	
49
50
合約開發⼯具介紹	
•  ⼀般開發	
–  安裝 Ethereum-client	
–  ⽤ solidity 撰寫合約	
–  透過 solidity compiler 進⾏編譯	
–  以 web3.js 將合約送出佈署	
•  需要有測試鏈或以太鏈(測試昂貴)	
•  步驟繁雜	
51
Truffle	+	Testrpc	
•  Truffle	
–  hGps://github.com/ConsenSys/truffle	
•  Testrpc		
–  hGps://github.com/ethereumjs/testrpc	
•  hGps://cl.ly/i7Sd/truffle.html	
•  不需要佈建完整節點	
•  可直接在本機測試與執⾏合約	
•  無法理解完整運作	
52
INFURA	
•  INFURA	 	Ethereum	
	token	 	JSON-RPC	
	hGp	 	MainNet	
	TestNet	 	
–  hGps://infura.io	
–  hGps://infura.io/register.html	
–  hGps://cl.ly/i7PG/INFURA.html	
	
53
54
Data	carrier	for	DApps	
55	
•  Oraclize:	hGp://www.oraclize.it/	
–  hGps://github.com/oraclize/ethereum-examples/tree/master/solidity	
•  與外部資料互動
Ethereum	Alarm	Clock	
•  Schedule	transac`ons	to	be	executed	at	a	later	`me.	
•  En`re	service	operates	as	smart	contracts	on	the	Ethereum	
blockchain,	with	no	priviledged	access	given	to	any	party.	
–  hGp://www.ethereum-alarm-clock.com	
56
Ethereum	ComputaKon	Market	
•  The	computa`on	market	is	a	service	for	Ethereum	that	allows	
for	verifiable	off-chain	execu`on	of	computa`ons	that	would	
be	otherwise	prohibi`vely	expensive	to	execute	within	the	
EVM.	
–  hGp://www.ethereum-computa`on-market.com	
	
57
zeppelin-solidity	
•  A	Framework	to	Build	Secure	Smart	Contracts	
–  Common	contract	security	paGerns	
–  In	the	Solidity	language	
–  hGps://openzeppelin.org	
58
Ethereum	Dev	
1.  搭建 Ethereum 私有鏈	
2.  運⾏兩個 node 讓彼此互連	
3.  熟悉 geth JavaScript Console	
4.  建⽴其他帳號, 建⽴交易, 觀察 block	
5.  運⾏私有鏈的 miner	
6.  RPC protocol 使⽤與串接	
7.  Ethereum Block explorer	
8.  Smart Contract on Ethereum	
9.  Mist	
10.  Solidity	
11.  DApp programming	
59
參考資料	
•  ⿈⽪書 	
–  hGp://gavwood.com/Paper.pdf	
•  學習資源	
–  hGps://github.com/EtherTW/Taipei-Ethereum-Wiki/wiki/Learning-Resources	
•  演講影⽚	
–  hGps://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8CB0ZkvogP7tnCTDR-zV7g/videos	
60
Taipei	Ethereum	Meetup	
•  2016 區塊鏈愛好者⼤會	
–  http://lovechain.tw	
–  智能合約⼯作坊	
•  ⾹港商翱鶚股份有限公司	
•  http://cepave.com/blockchain-job-description/	
61

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