Strengthening Supply Chains for a Sustainable Housing Sector in Nepal : Facto...ijmvsc
EU’s main approach to sustainable housing is promoting green practices/products within the building
construction sectors SCs. EU Switch Asia program financed research conducted in Nepal, 2015, to
understand the organization of SCs, identify factors/barriers affecting SCM and existing relationships, the
reasons to adopt green concepts/approaches and recommend support for SMEs to strengthen the sector’s
management and sustainability. 109 companies, non-probabilistic snowball sampling and semi-closed
questionnaires used in the survey. Conclusions: Companies create SCs to increase customer satisfaction,
maintain long-term sales and retain clients. Size of company influences SCs organisation, SCM and
using/producing green products/services; majority of participants had a person in the company to manage
SC’s and had very good knowledge of SC, SCM and greening issues. SMEs need support with:
information/communication technology, promotion and improvement/development of green
products/services. Government should: increases awareness of green building products/services; develop
financial green incentives and simplify administrative procedures to buy solar products.
Analytical hierarchy process (ahp) approach on consumers’ preferences for sel...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that analyzes consumer preferences for selecting telecom operators in Bangladesh using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. The study ranks telecom operators based on important criteria for consumer satisfaction identified in previous research, such as network quality, price, customer service, and value-added services. The results of the AHP analysis show that respondents preferred Grameen Phone the most and ranked network quality as the most important criteria overall. Previous literature on consumer preferences for telecom operators identified similar important factors like quality of service, price, branding, and value-added services that influence consumer selection.
Greening of Boardrooms: Influence Factors for Greening Decisions in Real Esta...IJERA Editor
Real estate sector in India is in a stage of transition towards „green‟-which is seen as a popular term for adopting
higher sustainability goals for development projects. These sustainability goals include responses towards
energy efficiency, resource minimization and ecological planning considerations. Real estate developers,
planning and design professionals along with technology experts have been adopting sustainability practices for
various reasons. What guides these decisions is a mix of cost, stakeholder pressure, market dynamics,
environmental regulations as well as willingness of the leadership to change. The ethical and business case for
environmental sustainability or „greening‟ decisions have an unclear borderline both in theory and practice. This
paper, with the help of a perception survey involving sector experts and drawsinferences to identify the key
influence factors in the form of drivers and barriers to greening decisions in real estate sector in India.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Professional Training for Immigrant : Th...IJMIT JOURNAL
IKEA implements corporate social responsibility and trains immigrants to increase diversity and serve immigrant customers. IKEA in Rome trained 14 immigrants through a paid internship program with Caritas, providing job skills. IKEA aims to expand this training nationwide to serve its growing immigrant customer base, which makes up over 40% of customers aged 25-50. This furthers both IKEA's social mission and business strategy to attract immigrant demand.
Corporate social responsibility and professional training for immigrant the b...IJMIT JOURNAL
Corporate social responsibility represents for IKEA a competitive factor of extraordinary importance.
Social policies of racial integration are one of the challenges that the Swedish multinational faces day to
day. In the present work it stands out as the racial integration is not only a socially desirable goal; the
economic utility of a multi-ethnic integration policy is also highlighted, because of changes occurred in the
ethnic composition of customers.
Changes and chalanges of production companiesarmandogo92
This document summarizes future changes and challenges that production companies will face. It discusses trends in several areas: materials and technology will continue to advance in more sustainable ways; renewable energies will become more important; ecology and environmental protection will be a higher priority; organizations will focus more on flexibility, quality and sustainability; and customers will demand more eco-friendly products. Overall, companies will need to invest in innovation and sustainable practices to adapt to these changes and challenges of the future.
This document discusses a study on consumer purchase decisions for affordable housing in southern Vietnam. It begins by outlining the research paradigm and variables that will be examined, including physical housing characteristics, location, environment, customer finances, marketing, legal and government policies. It then states the research objectives, questions, and hypotheses that will be tested. A conceptual model of influential factors on purchasing decisions is presented. The study will use a quantitative survey method with a sample of 400 respondents to examine the relationship between purchasing decisions and the various factors and demographic characteristics. Limitations and the analysis plan involving descriptive statistics, reliability testing, factor analysis and hypothesis testing are also summarized.
Recyclable waste separation system based on material classification using wei...journalBEEI
Insufficient landfills problem had increased the needs to decrease the waste and recycling them. However, despite the efforts done by the government and local authorities on promoting recycling culture by introducing new laws and regulations, the awareness and willingness among the community is still low. One of the possible reasons to this is lack of effort to categorize the waste into the designated category which are paper, glass, plastic and metal. In order to address this problem, it is important to design a system that will ease the process of categorizing the waste. This can be achieve by the automation of the said process. In this work, a system consist of an algorithm and hardware to automatically categorize recyclable waste is proposed. The proposed system are utilizing weight sensor and ultrasonic sensors in order to capture the characteristics of the waste item, which are weight and size so that it can be categorized into paper, glass, plastic and metal. Here, a sytem to automatically separate household waste item is presented by combining an algorithm with a set of hardware consist of minimal number of sensors, conveyer belt and servor motors
Strengthening Supply Chains for a Sustainable Housing Sector in Nepal : Facto...ijmvsc
EU’s main approach to sustainable housing is promoting green practices/products within the building
construction sectors SCs. EU Switch Asia program financed research conducted in Nepal, 2015, to
understand the organization of SCs, identify factors/barriers affecting SCM and existing relationships, the
reasons to adopt green concepts/approaches and recommend support for SMEs to strengthen the sector’s
management and sustainability. 109 companies, non-probabilistic snowball sampling and semi-closed
questionnaires used in the survey. Conclusions: Companies create SCs to increase customer satisfaction,
maintain long-term sales and retain clients. Size of company influences SCs organisation, SCM and
using/producing green products/services; majority of participants had a person in the company to manage
SC’s and had very good knowledge of SC, SCM and greening issues. SMEs need support with:
information/communication technology, promotion and improvement/development of green
products/services. Government should: increases awareness of green building products/services; develop
financial green incentives and simplify administrative procedures to buy solar products.
Analytical hierarchy process (ahp) approach on consumers’ preferences for sel...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that analyzes consumer preferences for selecting telecom operators in Bangladesh using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. The study ranks telecom operators based on important criteria for consumer satisfaction identified in previous research, such as network quality, price, customer service, and value-added services. The results of the AHP analysis show that respondents preferred Grameen Phone the most and ranked network quality as the most important criteria overall. Previous literature on consumer preferences for telecom operators identified similar important factors like quality of service, price, branding, and value-added services that influence consumer selection.
Greening of Boardrooms: Influence Factors for Greening Decisions in Real Esta...IJERA Editor
Real estate sector in India is in a stage of transition towards „green‟-which is seen as a popular term for adopting
higher sustainability goals for development projects. These sustainability goals include responses towards
energy efficiency, resource minimization and ecological planning considerations. Real estate developers,
planning and design professionals along with technology experts have been adopting sustainability practices for
various reasons. What guides these decisions is a mix of cost, stakeholder pressure, market dynamics,
environmental regulations as well as willingness of the leadership to change. The ethical and business case for
environmental sustainability or „greening‟ decisions have an unclear borderline both in theory and practice. This
paper, with the help of a perception survey involving sector experts and drawsinferences to identify the key
influence factors in the form of drivers and barriers to greening decisions in real estate sector in India.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Professional Training for Immigrant : Th...IJMIT JOURNAL
IKEA implements corporate social responsibility and trains immigrants to increase diversity and serve immigrant customers. IKEA in Rome trained 14 immigrants through a paid internship program with Caritas, providing job skills. IKEA aims to expand this training nationwide to serve its growing immigrant customer base, which makes up over 40% of customers aged 25-50. This furthers both IKEA's social mission and business strategy to attract immigrant demand.
Corporate social responsibility and professional training for immigrant the b...IJMIT JOURNAL
Corporate social responsibility represents for IKEA a competitive factor of extraordinary importance.
Social policies of racial integration are one of the challenges that the Swedish multinational faces day to
day. In the present work it stands out as the racial integration is not only a socially desirable goal; the
economic utility of a multi-ethnic integration policy is also highlighted, because of changes occurred in the
ethnic composition of customers.
Changes and chalanges of production companiesarmandogo92
This document summarizes future changes and challenges that production companies will face. It discusses trends in several areas: materials and technology will continue to advance in more sustainable ways; renewable energies will become more important; ecology and environmental protection will be a higher priority; organizations will focus more on flexibility, quality and sustainability; and customers will demand more eco-friendly products. Overall, companies will need to invest in innovation and sustainable practices to adapt to these changes and challenges of the future.
This document discusses a study on consumer purchase decisions for affordable housing in southern Vietnam. It begins by outlining the research paradigm and variables that will be examined, including physical housing characteristics, location, environment, customer finances, marketing, legal and government policies. It then states the research objectives, questions, and hypotheses that will be tested. A conceptual model of influential factors on purchasing decisions is presented. The study will use a quantitative survey method with a sample of 400 respondents to examine the relationship between purchasing decisions and the various factors and demographic characteristics. Limitations and the analysis plan involving descriptive statistics, reliability testing, factor analysis and hypothesis testing are also summarized.
Recyclable waste separation system based on material classification using wei...journalBEEI
Insufficient landfills problem had increased the needs to decrease the waste and recycling them. However, despite the efforts done by the government and local authorities on promoting recycling culture by introducing new laws and regulations, the awareness and willingness among the community is still low. One of the possible reasons to this is lack of effort to categorize the waste into the designated category which are paper, glass, plastic and metal. In order to address this problem, it is important to design a system that will ease the process of categorizing the waste. This can be achieve by the automation of the said process. In this work, a system consist of an algorithm and hardware to automatically categorize recyclable waste is proposed. The proposed system are utilizing weight sensor and ultrasonic sensors in order to capture the characteristics of the waste item, which are weight and size so that it can be categorized into paper, glass, plastic and metal. Here, a sytem to automatically separate household waste item is presented by combining an algorithm with a set of hardware consist of minimal number of sensors, conveyer belt and servor motors
This document summarizes a research paper on identifying factors related to the adoption of green manufacturing practices among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India. It discusses how analytic hierarchy process was used to validate scales for measuring identified factors. The research established that green manufacturing relates to green product design, raw materials, processes, technology, packaging and packaging design. It also reviews prior literature on green manufacturing, identifying gaps such as a lack of empirical studies conducted in India.
Greener Pastures is a business plan for a company that will develop and manufacture green building products in India. The plan outlines the need for more sustainable building practices in India given problems of pollution, population growth, and resource depletion. Greener Pastures will locate its manufacturing plant in Mundra, Gujarat, a special economic zone, and will partner with New Ventures India and IBM to develop products like smart grids, efficient lighting and HVAC systems, cool roofs, and water saving technologies. These products will be marketed towards developers and commercial tenants using strategies like educational campaigns, case studies, and positioning the company as a solution for social responsibility. The financial plan estimates the value of the initial real estate investment to be
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATION CULTURE, ENVIRONMENTAL LEADERSHIP, GREEN...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of organizational culture, environmental
leadership and green supply chain on company performance with a moderating variable using green innovation.
The financial reports and sustainability reports of companies listed on the IDX for 2020 and 2021 are the data
used in this study. The population used is companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) except for
the financial sector which publish financial reports and reports from 2020 and 2021. The Indonesia Stock
Exchange (IDX) website provides information for this study. There are 369 companies registered during the
study. After removing the outliers. For information, the total number of research samples is 227 samples that fit
the criteria. This lesson uses the purposive sampling method and the OLS analytic model. Significantly, this
study found that organizational culture has a large and negative impact on company and environmental
leadership has a large and negative impact on company performance, while green supply chain does not have a
significant impact on company performance. The moderating variable in this study shows that green innovation
strengthens environmental organizational culture on company performance, but green innovation is not able to
strengthen environmental leadership and green supply chain variables on company performance.
Keywords –Environmental Organization Culture, Environmental Leadership, Green Supply Chain, Green
Innovation, Company Performance
Build in eco agroindustry park based on environmental management system to in...Alexander Decker
This document discusses building eco agroindustry parks in Indonesia based on environmental management systems to improve welfare. It notes that agroindustry can contribute significantly to the economy by creating jobs and exports, but many industries do not implement environmental protections. The study examines how corporate commitment, orientation, culture, and costs of environmental management systems impact corporate performance, and the role of proactive environmental management. It reviews definitions of agroindustry performance, environmental management systems, and proactive environmental management approaches.
This document is a student paper that examines how small and medium enterprises (SMEs) develop green entrepreneurship practices. It analyzes SME strategies related to energy upgrades and environmental protection. The paper reviews literature on green design, processes, logistics and factors that support long-term green entrepreneurship plans. Data comes from a survey of 100 SMEs in Greece. The paper finds that while SMEs contribute significantly to pollution, research shows their environmental practices vary greatly depending on their sector, characteristics and country.
The document summarizes the results of a study examining green entrepreneurship among SMEs in Greece. It includes 10 hypotheses related to SMEs' ability to incorporate green strategies and the factors influencing their greening process. The methodology section describes a survey of Greek professionals to collect data. The results section outlines the findings for each hypothesis. It found that SMEs can incorporate green strategies and consumers are willing to pay more for green products. European funding was found to positively influence greening processes, while the relationship between firm size/turnover and greening was inconclusive. Government support for greening efforts was found to have some positive but also insignificant relationships.
This document analyzes public interest and industry satisfaction regarding houses on stilts in Woloan, Tomohon, Indonesia. It uses an Importance Performance Analysis tool to measure satisfaction and importance among the industrial community and those living nearby. The results indicate attention is needed to improve attributes like industrial area conditions, drainage infrastructure, waste treatment, and communications networks. For nearby residents, drainage, waste management, pollution, and community impacts need improvement. The study aims to assess clean production applied in construction to make it more cost-effective and environmentally friendly.
This document analyzes public interest and industry satisfaction regarding houses on stilts in Woloan, Tomohon, Indonesia. It uses an Importance Performance Analysis tool to measure satisfaction and importance among the industrial community and those living nearby. The results indicate attention is needed to improve attributes like industrial area conditions, drainage infrastructure, waste treatment, and communications networks. For nearby residents, drainage, waste management, pollution, and community impacts need improvement. The study aims to assess clean production applied in construction to make it more cost-effective and environmentally friendly.
The aim of this study is to analyze the interest rate and satisfaction of community toward houses on stilts industry of Woloan Tomohon Indonesia. This study used an analysis tool of Importance Performance Analysis (IPA), which measured the satisfaction and importance of the houses on stilts industrial community and people who live surround the Woloan Tomohon. The results is Concentrate Here, it means concentration of attention is needed to improve the quality of such attributes (top priority), i.e. the arrangement condition of the industrial area, the availability of drainage network, water conditions of drainage network, maintenance of drainage systems, waste treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, condition and availability of communications networks, commercial facilities availability, and water resource utilization in industrial area scale. Otherwise, for community surround houses on stilts industry, matter that should be improved are drainage condition, trash placement and management of local industry, waste management, air pollution in industrial areas, pollutants handling on company, company's contribution for social corporate, community's social legitimacy towards exploitation of natural resources in local area, the agreements of local residents' welfare, company's consultation process for local community, responses and follow-up on public comments and complaints, influence of local company's development on public health, the progess of disease vector due to company's construction, project procedure to prevent and overcome work accidents.
This document analyzes public interest and industry satisfaction regarding houses on stilts in Woloan, Tomohon, Indonesia. It uses Importance Performance Analysis to measure satisfaction and importance levels. The results show that 7 indicators, such as drainage conditions and waste treatment, have high importance but low performance and need improvement. The document also discusses clean production strategies and their application to houses on stilts construction.
Product recovery decisions within the context of Extended Producer Responsibi...Ian McCarthy
Environmental and economic evidence is increasingly supporting the need for better analytical tools for evaluating the recovery of consumer products. In response, we present a novel mathematical model for determining what we call the Optimal Recovery Plan (ORP) for any given product. The ORP is based on an evaluation and optimization of the economics of remanufacturing consumer products versus demanufacturing in the context of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) legislation, a driving force behind the adoption remanufacturing initiatives by firms. We provide an illustrative application of the model and then discuss its implications for scholars and practitioners concerned with sustainable business development.
This document summarizes a study on eco-labeling practices in consumer goods in Bangladesh. The study used a theoretical framework to examine how eco-labeling can ensure environmental justice and equity. Data was collected through observations and interviews at five supermarkets. The study found that health and environmental concerns are driving consumer awareness of eco-labeled products. Some consumers check labels for environmental safety and recycled content. While policies aim to promote eco-labeling, there is still a gap between policy and practice in Bangladesh. The study recommends improving awareness, voluntary initiatives, environmental appeals in advertising, and integrating environmental justice into eco-labeling programs.
Assessments of environment and safety in small and micro-enterprise: Furnitur...Premier Publishers
The dynamic role of micro and small enterprises in developing countries as engines through which the growth objectives of developing countries can be achieved has long been recognized. Furniture Factory has its own impact and issue on the society and environment. Wood furniture manufacturing process uses many chemicals and natural resources. It generates considerable amounts of waste materials as well. The operations activities include drying, sawing, waxing, sanding, and finishing, all of which may release pollutants into the air and may contribute to health concerns in the operation and in the community. In most developing countries, small and micro industry faces constraints both at start up phases and after their establishment. The objective of this study has been developed to discover how to Improve work environment and worker safety and to comply with the standards. Moreover, to further minimize impacts on human health and the environment.
This document summarizes a study on pro-environmental concerns influencing green buying behavior among Indian consumers. The study aims to determine consumers' environmental concerns, knowledge of eco-friendly products, and how these factors influence green purchasing. A survey of 200 highly educated Indians found that most were aware of eco-friendly products and environmental issues, but over half did not consider the environment when shopping. While most said labeling a product as eco-friendly would influence their purchase and most would consider buying eco-friendly products, only 36% trusted the quality of such products. The results indicate consumers' environmental concerns affect their green buying, and consumers are willing to buy eco-friendly products but not pay higher prices. Increased awareness and demand could help reduce
Managerial overconfidence and dividend policy in Vietnamese enterprisesNghiên Cứu Định Lượng
This document provides a literature review and systematic analysis of academic articles on the topic of greenwashing. It begins with the methodology used, which is a systematic literature review of articles from 2000-2020 in relevant databases. 67 articles were identified and categorized. The review finds that definitions and taxonomy of greenwashing have evolved over time. A variety of topics are examined in the literature, with the most common being the relationship between greenwashing and marketing, as well as public policy and environmental management issues. The review provides an overview of the key findings and discussions on greenwashing behaviors found in the academic literature.
Industrial ecology as an integrated framework forAlexander Decker
This document discusses industrial ecology as an integrated framework for business management. It defines industrial ecology as the study of physical, chemical, and biological interactions within industrial systems and between industrial systems and natural ecological systems, with the goal of transforming open linear systems to closed cyclical systems like in nature. The document outlines several key concepts of industrial ecology, including designing for minimal waste and resource use, using less toxic alternatives, preserving utility of materials, and designing for reusability. It also discusses tools used in industrial ecology like materials flow analysis, life cycle assessment, strategic environmental assessment, and environmental risk assessment to analyze resource flows and impacts throughout a product's life cycle.
Exploring the Role of Greening Drivers, Eco-Design, and Collaboration Capabil...inventionjournals
Environmental protection is considered imperative for all stakeholders living on the planet. Following the implementation of three directives of European Union, including: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE), Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS), and Energy Using products (EuP), practitioners are expected to take responsive actions for staying in the EU market and remaining competitive.As a major notebook computer manufacturer in the world, Taiwanese companies are advised to integrated green concepts into the process of new product development (NPD) to alleviate the burden to the earth. The paper aims to explore the role of collaboration capability during the process of ENPD (Environmental New Product Development). Members of product development teams from different companies in notebook industry were interviewed. Documentary analysis, in-depth interview, and content analysis were used to collect and analyze data. The results indicated that practitioners do pay more and more attention to the idea of ENPD; however, the author also found that the concepts of LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and EMS (Environmental Management System) are still in the early stage that need to be integrated into formal business processes. Supplier management and green procurement are main approaches utilized by companies investigated in the current study. It was also noticed that OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) and ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) companies adopted different approaches to become more environmental friendly
Present E-waste Handling and Disposal Scenario in India: Planning for Future ...IJERA Editor
In developing country like India E-waste management is being reckoned as a challenging task due to unplanned discarding of E-waste along with municipal solid waste. A “systematic & scientific” trade chain of E-waste is essential to manage the present scenario both in terms of environmental protection and health perspective. The prevalence of informal E-waste handling in India has put forward several issues of concern (metals, plastic, informal recycling) that need to be addressed to protect environment and human health. One of the important aspects of current informal handling of E-waste is its recycling to minimize exposure level. However, it needs skillful protocol (formal handling) to ensure the implementation of policy. Legal frame work is another essential part that will also help in E-waste management even in grass root level. A comprehensive E-waste management plan is also needed to improve disposal practice (recycling, landfill, and reuse) to reduce the magnitude of exposure notably toxic metals and flame retardants. A multistage approach has been recommended as per policy guideline for the trade chain practionners which will provide benefits to control exposure as well as environmental risk.
The document provides an overview of the wood polymer composite (WPC) industry and Alstone International, a manufacturer of aluminum composite panels in India. It discusses that WPCs combine wood and plastics to produce a material that can be processed like plastic but has properties of wood. WPCs have benefits like using waste materials, weather resistance, and recyclability. Alstone International is a leading manufacturer of aluminum composite panels in India with state-of-the-art facilities. It produces panels, perforated ceilings, partitions, and has supplied materials to projects of DMRC and Airports Authority of India.
1. The document proposes developing a new tool called a Waste Benchmarking tool to assist designers in supporting the Circular Economy.
2. It describes creating a list of indicators for the tool based on a literature review and workshops with experts. The final list includes 15 indicators to measure a product's performance in supporting the Circular Economy.
3. The tool is intended to help designers make strategic improvements without limiting creativity, as it provides general comments rather than detailed analysis and does not require extensive data in the early design stages.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
This document summarizes a research paper on identifying factors related to the adoption of green manufacturing practices among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India. It discusses how analytic hierarchy process was used to validate scales for measuring identified factors. The research established that green manufacturing relates to green product design, raw materials, processes, technology, packaging and packaging design. It also reviews prior literature on green manufacturing, identifying gaps such as a lack of empirical studies conducted in India.
Greener Pastures is a business plan for a company that will develop and manufacture green building products in India. The plan outlines the need for more sustainable building practices in India given problems of pollution, population growth, and resource depletion. Greener Pastures will locate its manufacturing plant in Mundra, Gujarat, a special economic zone, and will partner with New Ventures India and IBM to develop products like smart grids, efficient lighting and HVAC systems, cool roofs, and water saving technologies. These products will be marketed towards developers and commercial tenants using strategies like educational campaigns, case studies, and positioning the company as a solution for social responsibility. The financial plan estimates the value of the initial real estate investment to be
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATION CULTURE, ENVIRONMENTAL LEADERSHIP, GREEN...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of organizational culture, environmental
leadership and green supply chain on company performance with a moderating variable using green innovation.
The financial reports and sustainability reports of companies listed on the IDX for 2020 and 2021 are the data
used in this study. The population used is companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) except for
the financial sector which publish financial reports and reports from 2020 and 2021. The Indonesia Stock
Exchange (IDX) website provides information for this study. There are 369 companies registered during the
study. After removing the outliers. For information, the total number of research samples is 227 samples that fit
the criteria. This lesson uses the purposive sampling method and the OLS analytic model. Significantly, this
study found that organizational culture has a large and negative impact on company and environmental
leadership has a large and negative impact on company performance, while green supply chain does not have a
significant impact on company performance. The moderating variable in this study shows that green innovation
strengthens environmental organizational culture on company performance, but green innovation is not able to
strengthen environmental leadership and green supply chain variables on company performance.
Keywords –Environmental Organization Culture, Environmental Leadership, Green Supply Chain, Green
Innovation, Company Performance
Build in eco agroindustry park based on environmental management system to in...Alexander Decker
This document discusses building eco agroindustry parks in Indonesia based on environmental management systems to improve welfare. It notes that agroindustry can contribute significantly to the economy by creating jobs and exports, but many industries do not implement environmental protections. The study examines how corporate commitment, orientation, culture, and costs of environmental management systems impact corporate performance, and the role of proactive environmental management. It reviews definitions of agroindustry performance, environmental management systems, and proactive environmental management approaches.
This document is a student paper that examines how small and medium enterprises (SMEs) develop green entrepreneurship practices. It analyzes SME strategies related to energy upgrades and environmental protection. The paper reviews literature on green design, processes, logistics and factors that support long-term green entrepreneurship plans. Data comes from a survey of 100 SMEs in Greece. The paper finds that while SMEs contribute significantly to pollution, research shows their environmental practices vary greatly depending on their sector, characteristics and country.
The document summarizes the results of a study examining green entrepreneurship among SMEs in Greece. It includes 10 hypotheses related to SMEs' ability to incorporate green strategies and the factors influencing their greening process. The methodology section describes a survey of Greek professionals to collect data. The results section outlines the findings for each hypothesis. It found that SMEs can incorporate green strategies and consumers are willing to pay more for green products. European funding was found to positively influence greening processes, while the relationship between firm size/turnover and greening was inconclusive. Government support for greening efforts was found to have some positive but also insignificant relationships.
This document analyzes public interest and industry satisfaction regarding houses on stilts in Woloan, Tomohon, Indonesia. It uses an Importance Performance Analysis tool to measure satisfaction and importance among the industrial community and those living nearby. The results indicate attention is needed to improve attributes like industrial area conditions, drainage infrastructure, waste treatment, and communications networks. For nearby residents, drainage, waste management, pollution, and community impacts need improvement. The study aims to assess clean production applied in construction to make it more cost-effective and environmentally friendly.
This document analyzes public interest and industry satisfaction regarding houses on stilts in Woloan, Tomohon, Indonesia. It uses an Importance Performance Analysis tool to measure satisfaction and importance among the industrial community and those living nearby. The results indicate attention is needed to improve attributes like industrial area conditions, drainage infrastructure, waste treatment, and communications networks. For nearby residents, drainage, waste management, pollution, and community impacts need improvement. The study aims to assess clean production applied in construction to make it more cost-effective and environmentally friendly.
The aim of this study is to analyze the interest rate and satisfaction of community toward houses on stilts industry of Woloan Tomohon Indonesia. This study used an analysis tool of Importance Performance Analysis (IPA), which measured the satisfaction and importance of the houses on stilts industrial community and people who live surround the Woloan Tomohon. The results is Concentrate Here, it means concentration of attention is needed to improve the quality of such attributes (top priority), i.e. the arrangement condition of the industrial area, the availability of drainage network, water conditions of drainage network, maintenance of drainage systems, waste treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, condition and availability of communications networks, commercial facilities availability, and water resource utilization in industrial area scale. Otherwise, for community surround houses on stilts industry, matter that should be improved are drainage condition, trash placement and management of local industry, waste management, air pollution in industrial areas, pollutants handling on company, company's contribution for social corporate, community's social legitimacy towards exploitation of natural resources in local area, the agreements of local residents' welfare, company's consultation process for local community, responses and follow-up on public comments and complaints, influence of local company's development on public health, the progess of disease vector due to company's construction, project procedure to prevent and overcome work accidents.
This document analyzes public interest and industry satisfaction regarding houses on stilts in Woloan, Tomohon, Indonesia. It uses Importance Performance Analysis to measure satisfaction and importance levels. The results show that 7 indicators, such as drainage conditions and waste treatment, have high importance but low performance and need improvement. The document also discusses clean production strategies and their application to houses on stilts construction.
Product recovery decisions within the context of Extended Producer Responsibi...Ian McCarthy
Environmental and economic evidence is increasingly supporting the need for better analytical tools for evaluating the recovery of consumer products. In response, we present a novel mathematical model for determining what we call the Optimal Recovery Plan (ORP) for any given product. The ORP is based on an evaluation and optimization of the economics of remanufacturing consumer products versus demanufacturing in the context of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) legislation, a driving force behind the adoption remanufacturing initiatives by firms. We provide an illustrative application of the model and then discuss its implications for scholars and practitioners concerned with sustainable business development.
This document summarizes a study on eco-labeling practices in consumer goods in Bangladesh. The study used a theoretical framework to examine how eco-labeling can ensure environmental justice and equity. Data was collected through observations and interviews at five supermarkets. The study found that health and environmental concerns are driving consumer awareness of eco-labeled products. Some consumers check labels for environmental safety and recycled content. While policies aim to promote eco-labeling, there is still a gap between policy and practice in Bangladesh. The study recommends improving awareness, voluntary initiatives, environmental appeals in advertising, and integrating environmental justice into eco-labeling programs.
Assessments of environment and safety in small and micro-enterprise: Furnitur...Premier Publishers
The dynamic role of micro and small enterprises in developing countries as engines through which the growth objectives of developing countries can be achieved has long been recognized. Furniture Factory has its own impact and issue on the society and environment. Wood furniture manufacturing process uses many chemicals and natural resources. It generates considerable amounts of waste materials as well. The operations activities include drying, sawing, waxing, sanding, and finishing, all of which may release pollutants into the air and may contribute to health concerns in the operation and in the community. In most developing countries, small and micro industry faces constraints both at start up phases and after their establishment. The objective of this study has been developed to discover how to Improve work environment and worker safety and to comply with the standards. Moreover, to further minimize impacts on human health and the environment.
This document summarizes a study on pro-environmental concerns influencing green buying behavior among Indian consumers. The study aims to determine consumers' environmental concerns, knowledge of eco-friendly products, and how these factors influence green purchasing. A survey of 200 highly educated Indians found that most were aware of eco-friendly products and environmental issues, but over half did not consider the environment when shopping. While most said labeling a product as eco-friendly would influence their purchase and most would consider buying eco-friendly products, only 36% trusted the quality of such products. The results indicate consumers' environmental concerns affect their green buying, and consumers are willing to buy eco-friendly products but not pay higher prices. Increased awareness and demand could help reduce
Managerial overconfidence and dividend policy in Vietnamese enterprisesNghiên Cứu Định Lượng
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A sustainable supply chain model of manufacturer buyer relationship in export oriented furniture industry in indonesia
1. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.5, 2012
A Sustainable Supply Chain Model of Manufacturer-Buyer
Relationship in Export Oriented Furniture Industry in Indonesia
Muh. Hisjam1*, Adi Djoko Guritno2, Nunuk Supriyatno3 and Shalihuddin Djalal Tandjung4
1
Ph. D Candidate in Environmental Science, School of Graduate, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
1
Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Fac. of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University,
Ir. Sutami Street 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
2
Dept. of Agro-industrial Technology, Fac. of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
3
Dept. of Forest Management, Fac. of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
4
Dept. of Ecology, Fac. of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
* E-mail of the corresponding author: hisjam@uns.ac.id
Abstract
Furniture made from teak wood has an important role in Indonesia’s economic growth. It has contribution to boost
country income from export and to provide high employment for community. However many obstacles occur as
challenges that must be overcome by this industry. Beside limited supply of high quality teak wood and production
inefficiency as the main problems, furniture industry also faces sustainability problem in their activities. Export
destination countries impose strict requirement for furniture exporters to comply with social and environmental
issues. This paper proposes sustainability supply chain management model that considers economic, social, and
environmental factors. In solving the problems, we use goal programming method because the model consists of
several conflicting objectives that must be satisfied simultaneously. A numerical trial is used to illustrate how the
model can satisfy the goals. The results can be used to analyze the trade-off among several set of alternative
solutions.
Keywords: Export oriented furniture industry, sustainable SCM, goal programming, manufacturer-buyer relationship
1. Introduction
Central Java teak wood furniture industry has strategic roles because it produces more than 30% of total furniture
exports in Indonesia, creates employment opportunities, and improves the welfare of society (REDI 2007; CRDCCP
2010; CJPFO 2011). However, the industry now faces many obstacles in maintaining its continuity and growth. This
is reflected in the decreasing number of small and medium enterprises in teak furniture from year to year and there is
a trend of decreasing the total exports. From 2007 to 2011, wooden furniture export generally decreasing about 9%
per year for the export volume and about 6% per year for the export value (Ministry of Forestry 2010, BPS-Statistics
Indonesia 2012). Aside from limited supply of high quality teak wood and production inefficiency as the main
problems, furniture industry also faces sustainability problem in their activities. Export destination countries and
foreign buyers impose strict requirement for furniture exporters to comply with several policy, i.e. environmentally
benign and labor rights protection (Hisjam et al. 2010; 2011a).
Hisjam et al. (2011b) stated that although Perum Perhutani, a state-owned forestry company in Indonesia that
supplies high quality teak wood, has put a great effort to comply with government policy about forest management, it
still could not provide adequate teak supply because this effort required a huge amount of money to recover forest
area. In other words, the reforestation conflicted with economic aspect of its business activities. Furthermore, teak
requires time to grow and to be able to be harvested as log, thus the reforestation effort cannot provide present teak
demand.
Production inefficiency brings negative impacts on manufacturing cycle as most companies have a less efficient
production processes, labor with low productivity, and produce low quality products (Effendi and Dwiprabowo 2005).
Furniture industry that has no well-trained human resources and modern organizations generally cannot penetrate to
global market although wood furniture demand in global market is very high (Loebis and Schmitz 2005). Global
1
2. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.5, 2012
markets are generally not only looking for a cheap product with a high variation, but also favoring to buy products
from companies that promote health and safety environment, employment equality, and environment sustainability in
which importers can conduct more stringent oversight (Posthuma 2003). In addition, there is an increasing attention
to green products which consider clean production and environmental benign (D'Souza 2004, do Paço et al. 2009).
2. Research Methods
Raw material for furniture industry in this paper is teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) wood. Furniture industry faces many
obstacles that must be overcome in order to achieve economic aspects while preserving environmental and social
aspects. This paper proposes s-SCM of manufacturer-buyer of export oriented furniture in Indonesia. The proposed
model considers economic, environmental, and social aspects faced by furniture manufacturer. Economic aspect is
achieved by maximizing profit from its business activities whereas environment aspect is achieved by minimizing
waste generated from the production and carbon emission in recycling process. Social aspect is measured by the
ability to fulfill consumer demand and maximizing number of employment. It is possible that all aspects are
conflicted; hence decision maker must choose the suitable set of feasible solutions that satisfy desired goals. Goal
programming (GP) is the right tool for decision makers to do so.
This paper is an extension of our previous work (Hisjam et al. 2011a, Devi et al. 2012). Hisjam et al. (2011a)
conducts observation to identify the problems that faced by furniture industry in Indonesia and we propose a research
framework as an alternative solution for the problems. Devi et al. (2012) proposes a manufacturer-buyer model based
on our study in private furniture industry. For private industry, economic aspects are considered most in running the
business, while environmental and social aspects are considered because of the demand of the customer. Whilst in
this paper, the model is developed based on the study in state-owned company that should consider environmental
and social aspects more, while economic aspect is considered for the sustainability of the business.
2.1 Sustainable Supply Chain Model (s-SCM)
In this paper we propose an s-SCM that consists of two entities namely furniture manufacturer and buyer as depicted
in Figure 1. Buyer gives all data and information of furniture demand. The data contain furniture types, demand
quantity, and delivery time. Based on this information, manufacturer determines raw material needed, i.e. teak wood
log supply from supplier, and production schedule, and then compares the aggregate demand with its production
capacity. Manufacturer will decide whether to increase production capacity in order to satisfy manufacturers’ demand
or to retain its production capacity.
2.2 Sustainable Production Activity by Manufacturer
In s-SCM model, manufacturer produces furniture to fulfill buyer demand. Many researches in SCM include
sustainability which can be categorized as economic, environmental, and social sustainability. As previously
discussed above, buyer requires that furniture be made comply with green manufacturing principles, i.e. production
process to manufacture products must be environmentally benign. Manufacturer also must put social sustainability
into business practice. In order to satisfy the sustainability aspects, manufacturer faces several notable problems: log
supply from wood supplier, production waste, and production capacity. While economic aspect is the main priority,
manufacturer cannot neglect the environmental and social aspects of sustainability. These aspects are often
conflicting. Goal programming is a suitable tool for facing these conflicting objectives. Decision makers can see and
analyze the trade-off among several alternative scenarios. The next section will briefly describe goal programming
(GP) method as a suitable tool to solve and analyze the multi-objectives in the s-SCM.
2.3 Goal Programming (GP)
Both manufacturer and buyer in s-SCM have many objectives that must be satisfied based on the previous discussion
above. However, these objectives are often conflicted. In order to analyze the trade-off between these objectives,
suitable tool is required and GP has proven to be appropriate to give decision makers set of alternative solutions that
satisfy the objectives. Although GP was first proposed in 1961, but since its inception until now, there seems to be an
increasing use of GP in the academic publications (Jones and Tamiz, 2010). The common terminologies used in GP
are as follows. Goal refers to criterion which decision makers must be achieved. Target level is the numeric value of
a goal criterion. Deviational variables measure the difference between target level and actual value of solutions. A
generic form of GP can be described as:
2
3. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.5, 2012
g
Min f ( g ) = ∑ ωi f di− , di+
i =1
( ) (1)
Where denotes number of goals, denotes achievement function that must be minimized, and denote negative
and positive deviational of goals, and denotes the weighted of the goal. A goal or criterion can also be called soft
constraints. A goal formulation can be formulated as follows
f g ( x ) + d g − d g = bg
− + (2)
where denotes the function of goal that must be achieved, denotes the decision variables vector, and denotes the
target level set by the decision makers (Jones and Tamiz, 2010).
2.4 Model Formulation
In this section, we develop s-SCM model for teak wooden furniture manufacturer-buyer relationship. We begin by
introducing notation and variables used throughout the paper, and then we formulate the mathematical model for
s-SCM in furniture industry.
Table 1 represents manufacturer’s and buyer’s parameters in the s-SCM. Additional notation in Table 2 is used to
develop goal programming model. The model can be considered as a multi-objective optimization problem, since it
seeks optimal solution between conflicting objectives.
In order to utilize GP technique, several things that must be considered are: soft constraints or goals that must be
achieved, desired value, positive and negative deviational variables of the corresponding goals, and hard constraints.
First, we define goals in sustainable supply chains as follows:
2.4.1 Economic Sustainability Goal
In s-SCM, economic sustainability is given by the profit that must be achieved by furniture manufacturer. This goal
involves maximizing revenue while simultaneously minimizing relevant cost. The expression above can describe the
corresponding objectives and goal as:
TR = ∑∑ ( p
t∈T f ∈F
f
− c f qtf ) (3)
HC = ∑∑∑ ( h I
t∈T f ∈F l∈L
f t
f
+ hl I tl ) (4)
(5)
PC = ∑∑ p q
t∈T l∈L
l l
t
(6)
CC = ∑c α
t∈T
α
t + c β βt
(7)
RC = ∑∑ X
t∈T m∈M
t
m m
c wt
F1 = TR − HC − PC − CC − RC (8)
(9)
F1 + d1− − d1+ = b1
Equation (3) represents total revenue minus the production and distribution cost faced by manufacturer. The total
revenue consists of furniture sales, scrap sales, and recycle product sales. Equation (4) represents inventory cost of
furniture and raw material. The cost to purchase raw material is expressed in (5). Production level change which
consists of the cost to increase and decrease production level is expressed in (6). Recycling process of wood scrap is
expressed in (7). The overall objective function of the manufacturer is expressed in (8). Equation (8) is relaxed to
become the economic goal by adding and which are negative and positive deviational variables as well as the
target level of the corresponding goal which is determined by the decision maker as in (9).
2.4.2 Environmental Sustainability Goal
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Green production practices must comply some regulations that imposed by importers. One of the requirement is log
excess must be minimum. A log type can be made into several furniture types by cutting process. Cutting process
generates a large amount of wood scrap due to log type width cannot fit the entire furniture dimension requirement.
Currently, manufacturer has technology that utilizes wood scrap excess so that wood scrap can be used further into
production process. The technology is restricted by the amount of wood that can be processed again.
Table 3 presents the available technology that can be used to recycle the excess wood along with carbon emission.
For instance, Technology 1 can recycle the wood scrap maximum 5% of 1 m3 volume wood and emits 10 kg/m3 of
carbon. Technology 2 can recycle larger volume of wood scrap with lower carbon emission and so on. However, the
cost of corresponding technology is increase as the maximum wood scrap that can be recycled increase. In order to
fulfill demand of furniture, manufacturer must decide which type of technology must be implemented to satisfy
buyer requirements, i.e. the green production that must be achieved by producing furniture that environmentally
benign. Hence, related to the environmental sustainability, manufacturer must choose the technology that minimizes
waste, but considering cost. The environmental sustainability can be expressed as:
(10)
∑w + d
t∈T
t
−
2 − d 2+ = b2
(11)
∑E + d
t∈T
t
−
3 − d 3+ = b3
Where and are given by:
wt = ∑ q ρ (1 − r )
f ∈F
t
f f m (12)
(13)
Et = ∑∑ q
m∈M f ∈F
t
f
ρ f X tm Etm
Equation (10) states that total waste that is generated by manufacturer must not exceed the target level set by the
decision maker in order to achieve the environmental goal. Equation (11) expresses the goal carbon emission goal.
Equation (12) expresses that waste for every period is the sum of quantity of log need which is calculated by
multiplying furniture produced and its conversion factor subtracted by the recycled quantity from certain technology.
Carbon emission of the chosen technology is in (13).
2.4.3 Social Sustainability Goal
Social sustainability aspect must be included in s-SCM consideration. We propose three social aspects that must be
considered in the furniture industry. The first is measured as furniture demand fulfillment as the goal that must
satisfies consumer expectation. The second is measured by the number of labor that can be employed in furniture
industry as a linear function of quantity of furniture produced. Finally, the last aspect is buyer’s profit. The
formulation of the above objectives and the corresponding goals as follows:
(14)
Lt = aQt f + γ
(15)
Lt + d 4− − d 4+ = b4
∑∑ ( q
t∈T f ∈F
t
f
)
/ ∂ t + d5− − d5+ = b5 (16)
We define the number of labors in manufacturer in (14) where and denote parameters. The goal related to labor
involved in manufacturer is expressed in (15). The second goal in social sustainability of social aspects is expressed
in (16).
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2.5 Hard Constraints
Hard constraints are imposed so that they restrict the decision variables that must be satisfied in order the solution to
be implementable. For the s-SCM, hard constraints that must be restricted are given below.
(17)
∑ q ≤ ∑δ
f ∈F
t
f
f ∈F
t
f
, ∀t
∑( I
f ∈F
f
t −1 + qtf − I t f = δ t f , ∀t ) (18)
∑α ≥ ∑ ( q
f ∈F
t
f
f ∈F
t
f
− qtf−1 , ∀t) (19)
∑ β ≥ ∑(q
f ∈F
t
f
f ∈F
f
t −1 − qtf , ∀t ) (20)
(21)
∑ q ≤ ∑ q , ∀t
f ∈F
t
f
f ∈F
l
t
∑( q + I
f ∈F
l
t t
f
)
+ I tl ≤ K , ∀t (22)
(23)
∑X
m∈M
t
m
= 1, ∀t
Equation (17) states that furniture sold must not exceed demand. Equation (18) expresses the inventory level,
production level, and demand. Equation (19) and (20) represent the production level balance. Equation (21)
expresses quantity of furniture produced must not exceed the log supply. Equation (22) is the storage capacity
constraint. The technology chosen for every period is expressed in (23) which states that only one technology can be
used for every period.
2.5 Objective Function of Goal Programming (GP)
The objective function of GP is to minimize positive and negative deviational variables from target level set by
decision makers in all soft constraints or goals by considering to its priority and importance or weight. Priority and
importance of all goals are determined by decision makers. It is common for decision makers to treat the priority as
parameters that can be changed and modified and then search the best combination of priority that satisfied all goals.
In s-SCM, we treat all priority of goals are equals so the objective function can be formulated as follows
Min Z = d1− + d2 + d3+ + d4 + d4 + d5− + d5+
+ − +
( ) ( ) (24)
We want to maximize the profit obtained by manufacturer. In GP, it is achieved by minimizing the negative
deviational variable. On the contrary, production changed cost and waste are must be minimized thus the positive
deviational variables must be minimized. Hence, a GP formulation in s-SCM is minimizing (25) over set of soft
constraints in (9), (10), (11), and (16), and set of hard constraints in (17)-(23).
3. Results and Discussion
To illustrate the capabilities of the model, we run numerical trial based on our observation in furniture manufacturer
in Central Java, Indonesia. The period is taken from 12 months activities. The manufacturer produces two types of
furniture made from two types of raw material and the demand of the furniture is given in Table 4 and the log supply
is given in Table 5. All costs and revenues are in IDR. Furniture demand and log are in m3.
In conducting its business, decision maker determines target level that must be achieved in order to satisfy the goals.
The following are the target level determined by the decision maker:
• Goal 1: profit for manufacturer
• Goal 2: waste generated
• Goal 3: carbon emission in recycling process
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• Goal 4: number of employment
• Goal 5: demand must be fulfilled
Two scenarios are made based on economic objectives and environmental objectives priority. Environmental
objective is determined by setting the permissible amount of carbon emitted as the target level in Goal 3. The results
of the Pareto efficient solution for economic objective priority are given in Fig. 2 and Table 7. The profit of
manufacturer is 15,647,500 whereas waste generated and carbon emission is 1,089 and 6,050 respectively.
For the second scenario, the Pareto efficient solution for the goal programming (GP) with environmental objective
priority is given in Fig. 3 and Table 8. The value of profit of manufacturer is 15,561,420 and waste generated and
carbon emission is 1,150 and 3,000 respectively. It can be seen there is a decrease in profit if environmental objective
is set as the main priority.
Hence, furniture manufacturers in Indonesia faced by the trade-off objectives. The first objective is if economic
objective is given the main priority which result the bigger profit than the second objective, which is environmental
objective. However, the first objective will emit large amount of carbon. Since green production has become a hot
topic in manufacturing paradigm, furniture manufacturers must take into account the environmental objective in its
activities.
4. Conclusion
The objectives especially economic and environmental objectives are conflicted and presented by Goal
Programming (GP). The trade-off analysis can be used to analyze the decision that must be made by the
decision makers in furniture industry.
Further analysis can be conducted with giving more priority (higher weighting) to one aspect that will influence
to the achievement of other aspects.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to the Perum Perhutani Unit I Central Java and ASMINDO Komda Solo Raya which have been
partners in the research project.
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Vol 2, No.5, 2012
Table 1: Parameters and variables
Manufacturer’s parameters Buyer’s parameters
f e
p furniture f price c distribution cost to buyer e
l f
p log l price c production cost of furniture f
qtf quantity of furniture f sold to buyer wt waste generated by manufacturer
quantity of log l purchased by
qtl cα cost to increase production level
manufacturer
It f inventory of furniture f α tf production increase of furniture f
l β
I t inventory of log l c cost to decrease production level
f
Pt production level βt production decrease of furniture f
f
∂ t demand of furniture f K storage capacity
percentage of scrap utilization
ρf conversion factor of furniture type f rm
of technology m
1 if technology m is used in
X tm cm cost of using technology m
recycling process, otherwise 0
Etm carbon emission of technology m
Table 2. Goal notations
−
t time index dg negative deviational
g goal index f furniture index
achievement function m technology index
f (g)
bg desired value for corresponding goal l log type index
+
d g positive deviational e buyer index
Table 3. Recycling technology
Technology Cost per m3 scrap rm Carbon emission (kg/10m3)
T1 7,000 5% 10
T2 10,000 8% 8
T3 12,500 10% 5
Table 4. Furniture demand
Furniture Period
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
GF 34 13 34 34 12 13 34 38 36 39 47 46
Indoor 18 33 48 25 34 18 42 26 13 18 37 34
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