Aardman Animation is a British stop motion clay animation studio known for films like Wallace and Gromit. It was founded in 1972 by Peter Lord and David Sproxton to produce animated films and TV shows using clay animation techniques. Some of their most famous works include the Wallace and Gromit shorts about the adventures of the eccentric inventor Wallace and his loyal dog Gromit, as well as the children's series Shaun the Sheep. Aardman is known for its realistic and expressive clay animated characters that are brought to life through the labor intensive stop motion animation process.
Pixar animation studios is an American film studio known for computer animated films. It was founded in 1979 as the Graphics Group and was later acquired by Steve Jobs in 1986. Disney then bought Pixar in 2006. Pixar is known for memorable characters and heartwarming stories for all ages. Some of their most successful films include Toy Story, Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, Up, and Toy Story 3. Pixar focuses on unique character designs and uses computer animation to create rich, vibrant worlds to enhance their stories.
Twinlinx created the TwinCash mobile payment system using Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. TwinCash allows users to store and transfer money on their phones without fees. It aims to replace cash payments by enabling mobile money transfers. Twinlinx will equip users with Twinnee devices and TwinPOS terminals to facilitate TwinCash payments at merchants. The company plans to expand the market for TwinCash through a viral marketing strategy targeting universities.
Valdate is a new online dating platform that uses social validation from users' existing social networks on Facebook to authenticate profiles and introduce potential matches. This addresses flaws in traditional online dating sites where users invest time in total strangers who may be incentivized to lie. Valdate's value propositions include using social networks to "valdate" profiles and provide insights into users from third parties to weed out undesirable matches. The company plans to monetize through a tiered pricing model where users are charged less as they introduce more new users through their social validations, creating a positive feedback loop for growth.
This document discusses how the media product Apparition uses conventions of real thriller genres. It provides four examples:
1) An ordinary character sees an extraordinary glowing figure, blending ordinary and extraordinary elements.
2) Strange noises startle the main character, unsettling the atmosphere for the audience.
3) The identity of one character is kept secret by not showing his face, creating mystery around who he is.
4) In one scene, the audience can see a figure the character cannot, raising questions about what will happen next and creating unease.
The history of_music_senior_project_do_not_delete_v3[1]patrickst123
The history of music can be traced back to early Christian churches where Gregorian chant was collected. Secular music also developed across Europe in the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, music flourished with new genres and instruments. The Baroque era saw the creation of opera, and composers like Monteverdi advanced the art form. Various classical styles emerged and the Romantic era added emotion. The 20th century brought greater diversity as artists explored new modes of expression. Music has also been an important part of healing and therapy. Overall, music has evolved significantly over the centuries but has always provided entertainment and meaning to people's lives.
This document summarizes the planning and production process for a student film project. It outlines the preliminary filming task, including issues with planning, editing, and continuity. It then discusses conventions and ideas for the thriller genre that will be implemented, including enigmas, hybrid genres, and social groups. Storyboards, test shooting, and a shooting schedule were created. Marketing posters were also designed to promote the final product. In conclusion, the creator was happy with the final product's flow as a thriller/horror film rather than just an action film.
Aardman Animation is a British stop motion clay animation studio known for films like Wallace and Gromit. It was founded in 1972 by Peter Lord and David Sproxton to produce animated films and TV shows using clay animation techniques. Some of their most famous works include the Wallace and Gromit shorts about the adventures of the eccentric inventor Wallace and his loyal dog Gromit, as well as the children's series Shaun the Sheep. Aardman is known for its realistic and expressive clay animated characters that are brought to life through the labor intensive stop motion animation process.
Pixar animation studios is an American film studio known for computer animated films. It was founded in 1979 as the Graphics Group and was later acquired by Steve Jobs in 1986. Disney then bought Pixar in 2006. Pixar is known for memorable characters and heartwarming stories for all ages. Some of their most successful films include Toy Story, Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, Up, and Toy Story 3. Pixar focuses on unique character designs and uses computer animation to create rich, vibrant worlds to enhance their stories.
Twinlinx created the TwinCash mobile payment system using Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. TwinCash allows users to store and transfer money on their phones without fees. It aims to replace cash payments by enabling mobile money transfers. Twinlinx will equip users with Twinnee devices and TwinPOS terminals to facilitate TwinCash payments at merchants. The company plans to expand the market for TwinCash through a viral marketing strategy targeting universities.
Valdate is a new online dating platform that uses social validation from users' existing social networks on Facebook to authenticate profiles and introduce potential matches. This addresses flaws in traditional online dating sites where users invest time in total strangers who may be incentivized to lie. Valdate's value propositions include using social networks to "valdate" profiles and provide insights into users from third parties to weed out undesirable matches. The company plans to monetize through a tiered pricing model where users are charged less as they introduce more new users through their social validations, creating a positive feedback loop for growth.
This document discusses how the media product Apparition uses conventions of real thriller genres. It provides four examples:
1) An ordinary character sees an extraordinary glowing figure, blending ordinary and extraordinary elements.
2) Strange noises startle the main character, unsettling the atmosphere for the audience.
3) The identity of one character is kept secret by not showing his face, creating mystery around who he is.
4) In one scene, the audience can see a figure the character cannot, raising questions about what will happen next and creating unease.
The history of_music_senior_project_do_not_delete_v3[1]patrickst123
The history of music can be traced back to early Christian churches where Gregorian chant was collected. Secular music also developed across Europe in the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, music flourished with new genres and instruments. The Baroque era saw the creation of opera, and composers like Monteverdi advanced the art form. Various classical styles emerged and the Romantic era added emotion. The 20th century brought greater diversity as artists explored new modes of expression. Music has also been an important part of healing and therapy. Overall, music has evolved significantly over the centuries but has always provided entertainment and meaning to people's lives.
This document summarizes the planning and production process for a student film project. It outlines the preliminary filming task, including issues with planning, editing, and continuity. It then discusses conventions and ideas for the thriller genre that will be implemented, including enigmas, hybrid genres, and social groups. Storyboards, test shooting, and a shooting schedule were created. Marketing posters were also designed to promote the final product. In conclusion, the creator was happy with the final product's flow as a thriller/horror film rather than just an action film.
The student created an opening sequence for a new UK sci-fi/fantasy TV drama for BBC Three targeting young teenagers. They researched influences like Freaky Friday and The Change Up to incorporate body swapping elements. They storyboarded key frames, filmed actors, and edited the sequence in Final Cut Pro. Skills learned included adding effects in Photoshop and Final Cut. Legal permission was obtained to use music from a local band. Overall the project helped develop the student's video editing and production skills.
1) The document discusses creating a literate environment for early literacy learners. It emphasizes getting to know students through cognitive and non-cognitive assessments to understand their reading abilities and select appropriate texts.
2) A variety of teaching strategies and perspectives are presented, including using word walls, word sorts, KWL charts, and response journals to engage students interactively and get critical feedback on texts.
3) Advice is sought from colleagues on insights gained about literacy instruction, how the information could impact practices, and ways to support each other in student literacy development.
Gleamr is a mobile app that connects consumers needing car detailing services with independent detailers. It aims to disrupt the $36 billion US auto detailing market. Gleamr has grown rapidly since launching six months ago, signing up 1,600 detailers and 16,000 users who have completed over 14,000 jobs. It generates $162,000 in monthly revenue and is doubling users and revenue every month. Gleamr is seeking a $2 million investment to further scale its operations through expanded marketing and customer acquisition efforts.
The document discusses the United States Army Rangers. It describes the rigorous selection and training process required to become an Army Ranger, including passing physical, medical, and aptitude tests as well as completing basic training, infantry school, airborne school, and the intensive Ranger school. It outlines the advanced technology and weapons used by Rangers, such as the M4A1 assault rifle. It notes the Rangers' long history dating back to the 17th century and their experience in many conflicts. The document emphasizes that Rangers are an elite special forces group able to operate under extreme stress and environmental conditions on high-risk missions.
The document summarizes a quarterly report from research2guidance on the global smartphone app market. The report, called the Smartphone App Market Monitor, provides the latest facts, figures, and trends on the app market and app stores. It is updated quarterly with 52 pages of analysis, 18 tables, and 25 figures. The report helps readers understand opportunities in the app market, identify trends, and make informed business planning decisions.
The student created an opening sequence for a new UK sci-fi/fantasy TV drama for BBC Three targeting young teenagers. They researched influences like Freaky Friday and The Change Up to incorporate body swapping elements. Footage was filmed of characters in a classroom where bodies are swapped. Effects were added in editing to show the swapping. Music from a local band was used with permission. Skills in Photoshop and Final Cut Pro were developed creating titles and special effects. Legal and ethical considerations were made in obtaining music rights. Working in a team had advantages like shared ideas but challenges finding actors and coordinating schedules.
This key frame summary provides details about 9 different key frames from the opening sequence of a TV show:
1. The first frame shows the narrative of two characters swapping bodies in a classroom, similar to how Dexter establishes its narrative.
2. The second frame shows one character's fashionable clothing, establishing him as caring about his looks and labels.
3. The third frame shows a popular character's photos and perfume, establishing her as girly and popular with friends.
4. The fourth frame shows a character with a laptop, establishing his interest in technology.
5. The fifth frame establishes the classroom as the main location where the body swapping will occur.
6. The
The student created an opening sequence for a new UK sci-fi/fantasy TV drama for BBC Three targeting young teenagers. They researched influences like Freaky Friday and The Change Up to incorporate body swapping elements. They filmed actors in a classroom to establish the narrative and location. Effects were added in editing to represent characters swapping bodies. Music from a local band was used with permission. Overall the project helped develop the student's skills in Photoshop, Final Cut, and collaborative filmmaking.
The student created an opening sequence for a new UK sci-fi/fantasy TV drama for BBC Three targeting young teenagers. They researched influences like Freaky Friday and The Change Up to incorporate body swapping elements. They storyboarded key frames, filmed actors, and edited the sequence in Final Cut Pro. Skills learned included adding effects in Photoshop and Final Cut. Legal permission was obtained to use music from a local band. Overall the project helped develop the student's video editing and production skills.
Your body #contains billions of cells and the #beauty is, all these #billions of cells are from the ‘One original cell’. That single #original cell is the #mother and father of all these #billions of cells, and your body is the home of #billions of cells – infact your #body is the sum of these cells.
http://bit.ly/2cYmnku
Este documento lista los nombres, cargos, números de teléfono y correos electrónicos de los inscritos y representantes que asistirán al XXIII Congreso de Estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud de Colombia sin necesidad de pagar la inscripción, a excepción de aquellos que no se encuentren en la lista. También indica que todos deberán pagar la actividad recreativa de cierre a pesar de estar exentos de la inscripción.
Antena3 planea estrenar varias nuevas series en el futuro, incluyendo "El tiempo entre costuras", basada en la novela del mismo nombre y protagonizada por actores españoles populares; "El corazón del océano", una miniserie de época rodada en Colombia; y "Rescatando a Sara", un drama protagonizado por Carmen Machi sobre el secuestro de una niña. También estrenará la serie de misterio "Luna" y ha fichado al presentador Andreu Buenafuente para un nuevo programa semanal.
Este documento fornece orientações para a aplicação prática de um projeto sobre produção textual e uso da tecnologia. Os alunos devem criar uma apresentação detalhando um projeto com: 1) o tema, público-alvo e justificativa; 2) área de conhecimento e conteúdos; 3) objetivos e atividades; 4) cronograma. A aplicação prática deve seguir as instruções fornecidas.
El documento resume las protestas estudiantiles que ocurrieron en Venezuela en 2014. Comenzaron como protestas pacíficas en San Cristóbal por descontento con la escasez de insumos y malos servicios públicos. Luego se expandieron a otras universidades del país. El gobierno respondió con represión, lo que llevó a la aparición de grupos de respuesta política tanto moderados como radicales en apoyo a los estudiantes. La sociedad civil y partidos políticos de oposición también apoyaron las protestas, aunque con enfoques diferentes. El
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptxAnagha R Anil
This presentation explores the pivotal role of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in predicting protein structures. It delves into the methodologies, advancements, and applications of NMR in determining the three-dimensional configurations of proteins, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
The student created an opening sequence for a new UK sci-fi/fantasy TV drama for BBC Three targeting young teenagers. They researched influences like Freaky Friday and The Change Up to incorporate body swapping elements. They storyboarded key frames, filmed actors, and edited the sequence in Final Cut Pro. Skills learned included adding effects in Photoshop and Final Cut. Legal permission was obtained to use music from a local band. Overall the project helped develop the student's video editing and production skills.
1) The document discusses creating a literate environment for early literacy learners. It emphasizes getting to know students through cognitive and non-cognitive assessments to understand their reading abilities and select appropriate texts.
2) A variety of teaching strategies and perspectives are presented, including using word walls, word sorts, KWL charts, and response journals to engage students interactively and get critical feedback on texts.
3) Advice is sought from colleagues on insights gained about literacy instruction, how the information could impact practices, and ways to support each other in student literacy development.
Gleamr is a mobile app that connects consumers needing car detailing services with independent detailers. It aims to disrupt the $36 billion US auto detailing market. Gleamr has grown rapidly since launching six months ago, signing up 1,600 detailers and 16,000 users who have completed over 14,000 jobs. It generates $162,000 in monthly revenue and is doubling users and revenue every month. Gleamr is seeking a $2 million investment to further scale its operations through expanded marketing and customer acquisition efforts.
The document discusses the United States Army Rangers. It describes the rigorous selection and training process required to become an Army Ranger, including passing physical, medical, and aptitude tests as well as completing basic training, infantry school, airborne school, and the intensive Ranger school. It outlines the advanced technology and weapons used by Rangers, such as the M4A1 assault rifle. It notes the Rangers' long history dating back to the 17th century and their experience in many conflicts. The document emphasizes that Rangers are an elite special forces group able to operate under extreme stress and environmental conditions on high-risk missions.
The document summarizes a quarterly report from research2guidance on the global smartphone app market. The report, called the Smartphone App Market Monitor, provides the latest facts, figures, and trends on the app market and app stores. It is updated quarterly with 52 pages of analysis, 18 tables, and 25 figures. The report helps readers understand opportunities in the app market, identify trends, and make informed business planning decisions.
The student created an opening sequence for a new UK sci-fi/fantasy TV drama for BBC Three targeting young teenagers. They researched influences like Freaky Friday and The Change Up to incorporate body swapping elements. Footage was filmed of characters in a classroom where bodies are swapped. Effects were added in editing to show the swapping. Music from a local band was used with permission. Skills in Photoshop and Final Cut Pro were developed creating titles and special effects. Legal and ethical considerations were made in obtaining music rights. Working in a team had advantages like shared ideas but challenges finding actors and coordinating schedules.
This key frame summary provides details about 9 different key frames from the opening sequence of a TV show:
1. The first frame shows the narrative of two characters swapping bodies in a classroom, similar to how Dexter establishes its narrative.
2. The second frame shows one character's fashionable clothing, establishing him as caring about his looks and labels.
3. The third frame shows a popular character's photos and perfume, establishing her as girly and popular with friends.
4. The fourth frame shows a character with a laptop, establishing his interest in technology.
5. The fifth frame establishes the classroom as the main location where the body swapping will occur.
6. The
The student created an opening sequence for a new UK sci-fi/fantasy TV drama for BBC Three targeting young teenagers. They researched influences like Freaky Friday and The Change Up to incorporate body swapping elements. They filmed actors in a classroom to establish the narrative and location. Effects were added in editing to represent characters swapping bodies. Music from a local band was used with permission. Overall the project helped develop the student's skills in Photoshop, Final Cut, and collaborative filmmaking.
The student created an opening sequence for a new UK sci-fi/fantasy TV drama for BBC Three targeting young teenagers. They researched influences like Freaky Friday and The Change Up to incorporate body swapping elements. They storyboarded key frames, filmed actors, and edited the sequence in Final Cut Pro. Skills learned included adding effects in Photoshop and Final Cut. Legal permission was obtained to use music from a local band. Overall the project helped develop the student's video editing and production skills.
Your body #contains billions of cells and the #beauty is, all these #billions of cells are from the ‘One original cell’. That single #original cell is the #mother and father of all these #billions of cells, and your body is the home of #billions of cells – infact your #body is the sum of these cells.
http://bit.ly/2cYmnku
Este documento lista los nombres, cargos, números de teléfono y correos electrónicos de los inscritos y representantes que asistirán al XXIII Congreso de Estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud de Colombia sin necesidad de pagar la inscripción, a excepción de aquellos que no se encuentren en la lista. También indica que todos deberán pagar la actividad recreativa de cierre a pesar de estar exentos de la inscripción.
Antena3 planea estrenar varias nuevas series en el futuro, incluyendo "El tiempo entre costuras", basada en la novela del mismo nombre y protagonizada por actores españoles populares; "El corazón del océano", una miniserie de época rodada en Colombia; y "Rescatando a Sara", un drama protagonizado por Carmen Machi sobre el secuestro de una niña. También estrenará la serie de misterio "Luna" y ha fichado al presentador Andreu Buenafuente para un nuevo programa semanal.
Este documento fornece orientações para a aplicação prática de um projeto sobre produção textual e uso da tecnologia. Os alunos devem criar uma apresentação detalhando um projeto com: 1) o tema, público-alvo e justificativa; 2) área de conhecimento e conteúdos; 3) objetivos e atividades; 4) cronograma. A aplicação prática deve seguir as instruções fornecidas.
El documento resume las protestas estudiantiles que ocurrieron en Venezuela en 2014. Comenzaron como protestas pacíficas en San Cristóbal por descontento con la escasez de insumos y malos servicios públicos. Luego se expandieron a otras universidades del país. El gobierno respondió con represión, lo que llevó a la aparición de grupos de respuesta política tanto moderados como radicales en apoyo a los estudiantes. La sociedad civil y partidos políticos de oposición también apoyaron las protestas, aunque con enfoques diferentes. El
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptxAnagha R Anil
This presentation explores the pivotal role of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in predicting protein structures. It delves into the methodologies, advancements, and applications of NMR in determining the three-dimensional configurations of proteins, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Milan J. Anadkat, MD, and Dale V. Reisner discuss generalized pustular psoriasis in this CME activity titled "Supporting Patient-Centered Care in Generalized Pustular Psoriasis: Communications Strategies to Improve Shared Decision-Making." For the full presentation, please visit us at www.peervoice.com/HUM870.
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
1. A quick guide to libel laws in England and Wales
Libel laws in England and Wales are notoriously complicated and restrictive. Sense About Science
launched our campaign to Keep Libel Laws out of Science in June 2009, when we became aware of the
extent to which our libel laws were chilling scientific discussion and open debate. We were surprised to
hear how our libel laws were chilling discussion in so many different areas, but coming to the libel laws as
scientists, we had a steep learning curve. We were helped in this by many fantastic lawyers and experts,
and we thought we should share what we have learnt.
Our libel laws will be changing soon: because of the huge groundswell of public support for libel reform,
the Government has published a draft defamation bill – the first attempt to reform our libel laws in over a
century. In the meantime…
Where did the libel laws come from?
English libel law was invented by the judges of the Queen's Bench as an alternative to duelling, to allow
gentlemen to defend their reputations without resorting to violence. Like trespass and negligence, libel is
a form of civil law. Civil law is concerned with the rights and duties of citizens, unlike criminal law, which
addresses offences against society, such as murder or assault.
Problems with the libel laws have been recognised for centuries – the Guardian’s first ever editorial in
1821 included a call for libel law reform.1
Supporters for libel reform over the years have included EM
Forster and HG Wells in the 1920s.
How does the law develop?
Laws are made by Parliament. Prior to the Government’s recent draft defamation bill, the last attempts by
Parliament to reform the libel laws were through acts in 1952 and 1996. Laws also develop through the
influence of past judgements in court: this is known as common law. Each judgement sets a precedence
and in most areas of law, the influence of one ruling tends to be diluted by many other rulings. However,
in libel law, few cases make it to trial and only three judges currently hear libel cases in England and
Wales. This has meant relatively few opportunities for common law to develop, and a small number of
rulings have had a disproportionately large influence on the shape of the law. As a result, problems with
out-of-date laws endure.
Defamation, slander and libel – what’s the difference?1
Defamation is the term applied to all public statements that can damage the reputation of another
individual or party.
Slander is defamation in an impermanent form, and usually refers to speech.
Libel is defamatory material in a permanent recorded form - in a newspaper, a book, on a TV or radio
programme, a website, a blog, a drawing, or even a letter sent from one individual to another.
2. Why are our libel laws so problematic?
Libel laws are complicated and unpredictable
There are several defences that can be used in a libel action. These are complicated, and some have
developed through common law and some are set out in legislation. There is often great uncertainty
about how a case will progress, and which defences will be allowed. Preliminary arguments just about this
can last several years and cost thousands of pounds, even before a trial starts.
Defences available in libel actions2
Justification: a defendant must show that the substance and fact of what they have written is true.
However, a judge decides what the words meant, and therefore what a defendant must prove to be true
– sometimes not what a defendant expects.
Fair comment: a defendant must show that their writing was an expression of opinion based on facts,
made without malice or disregard for the truth.
Privilege: Under certain situations, communications are protected from libel actions to allow people the
confidence to speak without restraint. Absolute privilege protects, for example, MPs speaking in
Parliament and people speaking in a court of law. Qualified privilege covers exchanges “for the common
convenience and welfare of society”, and includes employment references, banking enquiries and
confessions to a priest.
The Reynolds Defence: a form of qualified privilege, developed through common law to protect
responsible journalism. The defence is meant to allow the reporting of facts which are uncertain, but
whose reporting is in the public interest. However, this defence is notoriously difficult to use successfully,
and contains what has been interpreted as a ‘check list’ to show responsible journalism. Required steps
include contacting the other party to ask for their side of the story, and being able to demonstrate steps
taken to verify a story.3
Laws are biased towards the claimant
Libel cases are easy to bring, but difficult to defend. Claimants do not need to show that what has been
communicated is false or damaging for a case to proceed; instead the burden of proof rests with the
defendant to show their words are defensible. Because libel cases are extremely costly and defences are
uncertain, the majority of those threatened with a libel suit will back down rather than try to defend their
words, meaning cases rarely reach court.
Solicitors estimate that 90% of libel cases in England and Wales are won by the claimant4
.
Of 154 libel proceedings identified in Justice Jackson’s 2010 review of costs in civil litigation, none
were won by the defendants.5
The number of libel proceedings involving media companies where cases were settled by a
statement in open court, instead of parties following a case through to its end in court, rose from
21% in 2004 to 61% in 2008.6
CASE STUDY7,8,9
: Simon Singh is a science writer who was sued for libel in 2008 after criticising claims made
by the British Chiropractic Association (BCA) that chiropractic could be used to cure childhood conditions
such as colic and asthma. Instead of engaging in open scientific debate, the BCA sued Simon personally for
libel. The case lasted over two years and cost Singh an estimated £70,000 to defend; even though it never
reached a proper trial, lengthy preliminary arguments were fought over meaning.
3. Costs are high
Damages awarded in libel cases are capped at £200,0005
. However costs incurred in a libel trial can be
extremely high and the losing party is required to pay the winner’s costs as well as their own. This means
that individuals and organisations can face bankruptcy if they take on and lose a libel action10, 11
. So why
are costs in libel trials so high?
Complicated libel laws mean cases are rarely resolved quickly, ratcheting up costs.
Libel trials are heard in London before the High Court, and need specialist lawyers. City legal rates
are extremely high in comparison to rates in a county court.
In cases fought under ‘no win no fee’ Conditional Fee Arrangements (CFAs), lawyers of the
winning party can charge what are known as ‘Success Fees’ and up to double their fees.
Research by Oxford University has shown that libel cases in England and Wales are 140 times more
expensive than their counterparts in Europe10
and costs can run into the millions. The 2010 Jackson
Review5
identified that the average cost for the twenty most expensive trials was over £750,000, whilst
the most expensive libel action in England and Wales cost in excess of three million pounds.
Even if a defendant wins their case they are unlikely to recover all their costs – let alone compensation for
loss of time and earnings. It is hardly surprising that many threatened with libel are unwilling to take on
the huge risks involved.
Libel laws are out of date
The internet has irreversibly changed the way we access and publish information, but with parliament last
modifying our libel laws in 1996 and our current definition of a publication dating from 1848,
development of the libel laws has not kept up. It may be clear to us that an investigative report in a
newspaper and anonymous comments on a blog are very different in nature, but under current libel laws,
both are held to the same conditions. Website hosts and internet service providers are forced to assume
editorial responsibilities in the same manner as traditional outlets such as newspapers and magazines.
A ruling made in 1848 states that libel suits can be brought for a year after material is published.
However, when it comes to online writing, each click on an article or download of a webpage is defined as
a new publication. This means that all online writing remains potentially liable as long as it is accessible.
Newspapers and journals are forced to consider the libel laws when making their archives available
online, as they are technically re-publishing material. As a result, many editors leave gaps in their archives
where material is controversial.
CASE STUDY6,9
: Science journalist Ben Goldacre was sued for libel in 2007 along with the Guardian, over an
article in which he criticised the activities of vitamin pill salesman Matthias Rath. Rath was promoting
vitamin pills as a cure for AIDS in South Africa and denouncing conventional therapies as toxic and harmful.
Although Rath eventually dropped his libel suit, the case cost the Guardian £535,000 to defend and lasted 19
months. Only £365,000 of this was ever recovered from Rath which meant that for Goldacre and the
Guardian, the cost of winning was £170,000: only slightly less than the cost of the average house!
4. Libel tourism is chilling voices worldwide
The claimant-friendly nature of our libel laws means that foreign claimants are encouraged to try to take
their cases here. A wide jurisdiction means that claimants can initiate cases on the weakest of grounds
and over a quarter of High Court libel cases from 2005-2009 had some form of foreign involvement13
.In
2010 the US Congress passed the SPEECH Act to ‘protect citizens against foreign libel rulings contrary to
US constitution and laws’14
. This followed a number of libel cases against American writers, including a
New York based author who was sued by a Saudi businessman in London, even though only 23 copies of
her book were sold in the UK.7
What next?
We continue to be surprised by the number of people who experience libel threats, and last year, we put
together a guide to libel for online writers and communities: So you’ve had a threatening letter. What can
you do? The Government published their draft defamation bill in March 2011 and this is currently
undergoing scrutiny. You can see all the latest news from the Libel Reform Campaign here as we work
with groups and people affected by the laws to make sure reforms introduced in the final bill address the
current problems and protect open discussions and debate.
Bibliography and further reading:
1
Libel Reform, 190 years overdue, Robert Sharp, Liberal Conspiracy, 2011
2
A Rough Guide To English Defamation Law, Robert J Dougans, 2010
3
Judgments - Jameel and others (Respondents) v. Wall Street Journal Europe Sprl (Appellants), 11 October 2006,
Paragraph 56
4
Through the looking glass, Floyd Abrams, Index on Censorship, June 15 2009
5
Civil litigation costs review, Lord Justice Jackson, January 14 2010
6
Defamation cases increase by a third, Issued on behalf of Sweet & Maxwell by Mattison Public Relations, July 2009
7
Free Speech Is Not For Sale – the impact of English libel law on freedom of expression, English PEN and Index on
Censorship, November 10 2009
8
On libel, the really big battle awaits, Simon Singh, The Guardian, April 19 2010
9
Simon Singh and the silencing of the scientists, Sarah Boseley, The Guardian, February 25 2010
10
Comparative Study of Costs of Defamation Proceedings Across Europe, University of Oxford, December 2008
11
Will British libel law kill net free speech? Emily MacManus, Open Democracy, March 27 2009
12
Government to cap legal bills in libel cases, Frances Gibbs, The Times, February 24 2009
13
Research carried out by the Libel Reform Campaign, February 2010
14
H.R. 2765: Securing the Protection of our Enduring and Established Constitutional Heritage Act
CASE STUDY7
: In 2007, Ukrainian businessman Rinat Akhmetov brought a libel suit in the UK against an
internet news site Obozrevatel, over articles published about his younger years. The site is based in the
Ukraine and publishes in Ukranian and has a very small readership in the UK. Akhmetov was awarded
damages of £50,000 and costs. That same year, Akhmetov also sued the Kyiv Post, an Ukranian paper with
around 100 UK subscribers, over allegations of corruption. The newspaper apologised as part of an
undisclosed settlement in 2008. In 2010, the Kyiv Post blocked access to all web traffic originating from the
UK in protest against the English libel laws.