Download to read offline
![that their tactics in 1906 were, on the whole, successful; Mome,
though a catastrophe, was due to accident or carelessness that could
easily have been avoided by a competent commander.
That an outbreak should have occurred at Mapumulo subsequent to
the débâcle in Zululand, is remarkable chiefly as showing lack of
territorial organization. Although a certain amount had been
introduced at Nkandhla, between the arrival of Bambata and the
action at Mome, the army daily becoming more crafty and efficient, it
had reference only to such rebels as had actually massed at that
place. A supreme organizer was wanting, one who, whilst directing at
Nkandhla, could have so far enforced obedience as to control
situations such as those at Umsinga, and especially in Mapumulo and
Ndwedwe divisions. That there was this want was undoubtedly felt by
every insurgent. They knew too much of Tshaka's successes to do
otherwise than realize that they were weak, and see what such
weakness was due to. That is why Dinuzulu's personality and
presence was so much in demand. That is why, for instance, one
heard of such talk as that they would seize and carry him off to lead
them whether he willed it or not. To have a visible leader and to
submit to his direction, that was the height of their ambition. Only then
did they feel themselves to be a people, possessed to some extent of
their former solidarity. To sacrifice their lives for someone is
everything, to have to do so for an absent reality, nothing.
Another lesson is the necessity of pursuing the enemy the moment
he starts hostilities. Quick pursuit is what every Zulu holds as a
primary maxim of warfare. Such action inspires loyalists with
confidence, because affording them protection at the time they most
require it.
The policy of the rebels having been to avoid conflict whenever the
conditions were unfavourable, meant that the campaign resolved
itself into one where the troops had always to assume the offensive.
[305] The enemy deliberately invited being hunted in the forests in
which he took refuge. There was no other alternative but to 'hunt' him.
His perpetual and masterly evasiveness was resorted to just because
felt to be the most telling and safest tactics to adopt. He knew that,
man for man, he was infinitely better acquainted with forests,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76643-250317051804-f14dbb2e/75/A-Handbook-for-Doctoral-Supervisors-3rd-Edition-Stan-Taylor-27-2048.jpg)
![troops except their saddles.
At Macrae's store, the attack came just after sunset and later—the
only instance of night attack. When the offensive is assumed by
Zulus, the proper time to do so is just before dawn, unless the force
be a strong one, when battle would be given in broad daylight.
The rebels moved about to get food and seize cattle chiefly at night,
sometimes going ten or more miles for the purpose. Those wounded
in action, too, were removed after dark.
A close watch was always kept on each column, especially by spies
posted on hills, where, if out of rifle range, they did not mind whether
they exposed themselves or not.
Occasionally it happened that those who had fought against the
troops, but had been obliged to surrender, took up arms against their
own people. Several of such men were utilized as spies, and proved
invaluable.
European troops.—Having regard to the number of troops in the field,
the importance of the campaign, and the wide area covered by the
operations, it would seem the officer in supreme command should
have been given the rank of Brigadier or Major-General. The O.C.
Troops was, of course, a full Colonel, but, on being appointed over
Natal and Zululand, it would, perhaps, have been more in accord with
the general duties he had to perform, to have conferred on him a rank
conspicuously higher than that of any one else in his command. The
rank, however, seeing the campaign was being conducted by
Colonial troops, could have been conferred only by the local
authorities.
The want of a trained staff was much felt by each column.
"It is," says Sir Duncan McKenzie,[306] "of great importance that an
intelligence department should be formed on the soundest of
bases.... It is not sufficient that an intelligence officer should simply be
able to speak the language of the country. He should have all the
available information at his instant disposal and also be able to guide
or conduct his O.C. anywhere.... Intelligence officers should not be
attached to any regiment in peace-time, but in the event of a force](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76643-250317051804-f14dbb2e/75/A-Handbook-for-Doctoral-Supervisors-3rd-Edition-Stan-Taylor-29-2048.jpg)
![and N.R. Because a less showy arm, infantry has been apt to be
underrated in connection with Native warfare. It is, however, not too
much to say that any such opinions as existed in Natal have had to
be considerably modified on account of the consistently fine work that
was done at Nkandhla, and in the actions of Bobe, Mome and
Izinsimba. Not only was it found that a well-trained corps could march
twenty or even thirty miles a day, but able to take a share in the
fighting as effective as that of troops conveyed on horseback to the
scene of action. As Native wars of the future will probably be fought
on difficult and out-of-the-way ground, similar to that chosen in 1906,
it would be well to bear this fact in mind.
In going through thick bush held by the enemy, as the N.P. had to do
at Mpanza, it would appear advisable for the advanced guard to
dismount and hand horses to Nos. 3, as, in the event of attack, men
would then be able to reply at once, as well as stand together to
resist the rush. Horses are startled by the shouting inevitable on such
occasions, with the result that a man's time is taken up in trying to
keep his seat, thereby becoming practically hors de combat at a very
critical moment.
The following miscellaneous extracts are taken from an unpublished
general report by Sir Duncan McKenzie:
Transport.—"The majority of the transport was ox-transport; for
military operations, mule-transport is absolutely necessary....
Expense should not be considered in such an important matter.[307]
... The necessity of good conductors was apparent." Closer
supervision should be exercised by O.C. units than was done to
ensure that only the regulation weight per man is put on the waggons.
"Pack transport is absolutely necessary in rough country, and the
saddles should be carried on the waggons, so that they can be used
when the country will not permit of waggons accompanying the
troops."
Remounts.—"The loss of horses from hard work, exposure and want
of suitable food is bound to be heavy.... Steps should be taken to
enable the remount officer to know exactly where he can put his
finger on suitable horses when required.... The establishment of a
proper remount depôt is strongly recommended."](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76643-250317051804-f14dbb2e/75/A-Handbook-for-Doctoral-Supervisors-3rd-Edition-Stan-Taylor-32-2048.jpg)
![conferred on the black race, and they will now be exalted to a position
above the whites. You shall enjoy complete ascendancy over
Europeans, for the power has at length been restored to you by the
Almighty. Even were actual conflicts to occur between you and the
whites, you will surely put them to flight, for God is standing by you."
The services were usually held in out-of-the-way places, and always
out of hearing of Europeans or their Native agents. It was found
exceedingly difficult to obtain sufficient evidence to prosecute, even
though sedition was known to be constantly preached. When
hostilities actually broke out, many of these men determined to
practise what they had preached; they accordingly broke away from
mission stations, notably in Mapumulo, Ndwedwe and Umsinga
divisions, and joined the rebels.
In July, 1907, it was found that of the Native prisoners then in Natal
gaols, 418 were Christians. Of this number, 204 were ordinary
criminals, whilst 214 had been convicted of rebellion.[308] Of the latter
figure, seven were preachers. The foregoing totals, which are below
the actual numbers, owing to the difficulty of ascertaining who were
converts, were obtained subsequent to the release of about 500
rebels, among whom other so-called Christians would probably have
been found.
In addition to the above, several preachers and many members of
different denominations were shot during the operations. Hunt and
Armstrong, it will be remembered, were murdered by a band of
mission Natives.
It is but fair to add that many of the Christian Natives who rebelled
were not attached to any recognized missionary body at the time they
did so.
A number of other matters, which might have been noticed here,
have already been sufficiently dealt with in preceding chapters. The
Native Affairs Commission drew attention to various reforms in
administration, many of which have already been introduced, such as
the appointment of a Council for Native Affairs and Commissioners,
[309] limitation of interest on loans, various problems connected with
labour, and compulsory service on public works.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76643-250317051804-f14dbb2e/75/A-Handbook-for-Doctoral-Supervisors-3rd-Edition-Stan-Taylor-36-2048.jpg)
![The fact that none of the Magistrates of such districts as Mahlabatini
(H.M. Stainbank, later J.Y. Gibson), Nongoma (G.W. Armstrong), and
Nkandhla (B. Colenbrander), in Zululand, and Umsinga (A.E.
Harrington) and Mapumulo (T. Maxwell), in Natal, were withdrawn,
but continued to discharge the duties of their office throughout the
Rebellion, tended to influence and reassure many European farmers,
storekeepers and others, preventing them from getting into a panic,
and, by flying off to other parts for protection, making matters
considerably worse than they were. With the troops often operating at
a distance, there is no doubt considerable danger was run of any of
these magistracies being attacked and the officials murdered. As very
little protection was immediately available, sometimes even with the
Native police disaffected, it would have been comparatively easy for
any band of determined rebels to have brought about one or more of
such results before assistance could have been rendered.
Much credit is due to Magistrates generally for the admirable manner
in which they retained a hold on the Natives of their districts
throughout the period of unrest. Occasionally, however, scares
among Europeans could not be prevented. Those at Greytown and
Nqutu have already been noticed; another occurred at
Pietermaritzburg.
It will already have been gathered that many loyalists, especially
those of tribes within the area of disturbance, stood in an extremely
invidious and dangerous position. Too little consideration is given to
the fact that, unless promptly supported by Government forces,
loyalists are liable to be murdered or their property looted. When an
outbreak occurs, it is almost as important to support the well-affected
as it is to operate against the insurgents themselves. The reason is
clear. If you do not back up those on your side when in danger, do not
be surprised if, in your absence, they are coerced into taking up arms
against you, and so add greatly to your difficulties.
FOOTNOTES:
[304] Except to the extent indicated on p. 63.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76643-250317051804-f14dbb2e/75/A-Handbook-for-Doctoral-Supervisors-3rd-Edition-Stan-Taylor-37-2048.jpg)
![[305] Perhaps the principal feature of the rebels' tactics was that
the troops should assume the offensive.
[306] General Report. Sept. 1906 (not published).
[307] In his report for 1906, Col. Bru-de-Wold observes: "The
recent operations have shown the absolute necessity for mobile
transport, as rapidity of movement is the secret of success where
Natives are concerned; ox-transport is far too slow to meet the
requirements."
[308] Those convicted of rebellion were about 5·3 per cent. of the
total number of rebel prisoners, less the 500 referred to in the text.
[309] The Union Government has abolished both the Council and
the Commissioners, so that Natal is now practically in the same
position in which she was before the Rebellion.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76643-250317051804-f14dbb2e/75/A-Handbook-for-Doctoral-Supervisors-3rd-Edition-Stan-Taylor-38-2048.jpg)
![fullest extent by collecting information from all sources, European,
official and unofficial—Native and others; all being invited who could
further the investigation, by advice or suggestion, or the results of
their observation or experience.... The Commission held its first
meeting on the 16th October, 1906, ... evidence was received from
time to time up to the 18th June, 1907. To facilitate this object, thirty-
four places were visited, at which statements by 301 Europeans were
received, together with those of 906 Natives and others, who
addressed the Commission personally or by delegation. So highly did
the Natives appreciate the opportunities afforded them of expressing
their views that at least 5,500, including Chiefs and headmen,
exempted and Christian Natives, attended, and, on the whole, spoke,
as they were invited to do, with remarkable freedom."[310]
The recommendations of the Commission will be referred to later.
Colonel Bru-de-Wold was unfortunately obliged to retire from the
position of Commandant of Militia, as well as from the public service,
at the beginning of 1907. He had served in several capacities, chiefly
as a soldier—always with benefit to the Colony and credit to himself
—for upwards of thirty years. In recognition of the splendid work done
by him before and during the Rebellion, the honour of D.S.O. was
conferred on him by the King. The Natal Militia, moreover, presented
him with a sword of honour, formally handed to him by the Governor.
Colonel Sir Duncan McKenzie, K.C.M.G., succeeded as
Commandant.
A general election took place towards the end of 1906, when Mr.
Smythe's Ministry, finding itself without a sufficient working majority,
resigned in November. The Right Hon. Sir Frederick R. Moor, P.C.,
K.C.M.G., was then called on to form a ministry. This he did, the
portfolio of Premier and Minister for Native Affairs being taken by
himself.
In connection with many of the courts-martial referred to in the
preceding chapter, a considerable amount of evidence was led more
or less implicating Dinuzulu in the Rebellion. Moreover, a Native who
had visited Usutu kraal on private business in January, 1907,
reported having seen being harboured there twenty-eight rebels he
knew by name and some hundred or more others. The men, it was](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76643-250317051804-f14dbb2e/75/A-Handbook-for-Doctoral-Supervisors-3rd-Edition-Stan-Taylor-40-2048.jpg)
![averred, had been formed into three companies and called the
Mbambangwe (leopard-catcher) regiment, because, for the most part,
they consisted of those who had almost annihilated a small portion of
Royston's Horse at Manzipambana.[311] In these circumstances, the
Government arrived at a decision in August to hold an inquiry into
Dinuzulu's conduct. Although action followed, it was soon suspended
in favour of the Chief himself paying the Governor a visit. The making
of such visit arose out of a conversation Sir Charles Saunders had
with Dinuzulu (then at Nongoma) over the telephone. The latter had
wished to 'unburden his heart.' After doing this as well as he could
through the telephone, he asked that what he had said might be
transmitted to the Government. This, the Commissioner replied, it
was obviously impossible to do, although he promised to forward a
summary, and suggested Dinuzulu's paying the Governor a visit and
setting forth at a tête-a-tête all he wished to say. As, by this time, the
Imperial Government wanted Sir Henry McCallum to assume the
Governorship of Ceylon at an early date, suggestions were made to
Dinuzulu that he should proceed to Pietermaritzburg for the purpose
of unburdening himself, and, at the same time, bidding His Excellency
good-bye. After some delay in arranging preliminaries, he proceeded
to the railhead at Somkele. At various stopping-places on the way to
Pietermaritzburg, he was visited by Natives, who not only accorded
him the highest royal salutes, but laid at his feet other tokens of
devotion and humble allegiance. This triumphal progress continued
until he had reached Pietermaritzburg. At this place, too, the Natives
treated him in a manner that could not have been outdone by the
most servile subjects of an eastern potentate.
On the 20th and 21st May, he was summoned to Government House,
where he, with his indunas, Mankulumana and Mgwaqo, and others,
had lengthy interviews with Sir Henry McCallum in the presence of
the Minister for Native Affairs and other officials. After saying all that
was on his mind, Dinuzulu was spoken to straightly in respect of his
misbehaviour and offences, real and imaginary, so far as these were
then known. He parried too searching inquiries with his usual
dexterity, not unmingled with suppressio veri, but there were certain
accusations which he was unable, even with the assistance of his
counsellors, Mankulumana and Mgwaqo, to quite brush aside. For](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76643-250317051804-f14dbb2e/75/A-Handbook-for-Doctoral-Supervisors-3rd-Edition-Stan-Taylor-41-2048.jpg)
![instance, his having received messengers from Chiefs in all parts of
the country in connection with the poll tax and not reporting them to
the local Magistrate, as required to do by standing instructions.
The Governor's object, however, was not to punish him for such
misdeeds as had come to light, or to probe too deeply into others that
rested merely on suspicion, but to show him that the Government
was in possession of information which clearly proved misbehaviour
on his part, and to afford friendly counsel as to his conduct in the
future. Little did the Governor or the Government know that the man
then being addressed and urged to make a clean breast of his
grievances, as he had himself requested to do, had already
committed several serious and unpardonable acts of high treason.
After another interview, this time with the Acting Prime Minister and
other Ministers, the Chief returned to his kraal.
By this time, the Native Affairs Commission was touring in Zululand,
holding meetings at most of the magistracies with Chiefs and
followers, under conditions the most pleasing to the Natives. Zulus
rejoiced at having that opportunity of laying their grievances before
the official delegates. Not so Dinuzulu. And yet the Governor's words
to him, through the interpreter, were that he would "have an
opportunity of laying his views before the Commission. I ask him to
do so, because I can assure him that any recommendations which
that Commission may send in will receive the earnest consideration
of the Government."[312]
When Dinuzulu got to Somkele by rail, the Commission happened to
be there too. This Dinuzulu knew, and yet although compelled for
some hours to be at the station, he was unable to leave his railway
carriage and walk a hundred yards to tender evidence, general in
character, which it was well within his power to give, and which, in the
interests of the people one would think he would rejoice to have
tendered.
By reason of the fact that interviews had taken place with Dinuzulu,
the Governor decided to arrange others with the most influential of
those Natal and Zululand Chiefs who had behaved loyally during the
Insurrection. Some of these men controlled tribes as large or larger](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76643-250317051804-f14dbb2e/75/A-Handbook-for-Doctoral-Supervisors-3rd-Edition-Stan-Taylor-42-2048.jpg)
A Handbook for Doctoral Supervisors 3rd Edition Stan Taylor
- 1. Visit ebookfinal.com todownload the full version and explore more ebooks or textbooks A Handbook for Doctoral Supervisors 3rd Edition Stan Taylor _____ Click the link below to download _____ https://ebookfinal.com/download/a-handbook-for-doctoral- supervisors-3rd-edition-stan-taylor/ Explore and download more ebooks or textbook at ebookfinal.com
- 2. Here are somerecommended products that we believe you will be interested in. You can click the link to download. Thesis and Dissertation Writing in a Second Language A Handbook for Supervisors 1st Edition Brian Paltridge https://ebookfinal.com/download/thesis-and-dissertation-writing-in-a- second-language-a-handbook-for-supervisors-1st-edition-brian- paltridge/ Logic 3rd Edition Stan Baronett https://ebookfinal.com/download/logic-3rd-edition-stan-baronett/ How to get a PhD a handbook for students and their supervisors 4th ed., rev. and updated Edition Pugh https://ebookfinal.com/download/how-to-get-a-phd-a-handbook-for- students-and-their-supervisors-4th-ed-rev-and-updated-edition-pugh/ Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics 3rd Edition Stan Gibilisco https://ebookfinal.com/download/teach-yourself-electricity-and- electronics-3rd-edition-stan-gibilisco/
- 3. Veterinary Parasitology 3rded Edition Taylor https://ebookfinal.com/download/veterinary-parasitology-3rd-ed- edition-taylor/ A history of the Vietnamese 3rd printing. Edition Keith Weller Taylor https://ebookfinal.com/download/a-history-of-the-vietnamese-3rd- printing-edition-keith-weller-taylor/ Ethical and legal issues for doctoral nursing students a textbook for students and reference for nurse leaders 1st Edition Peirce https://ebookfinal.com/download/ethical-and-legal-issues-for-doctoral- nursing-students-a-textbook-for-students-and-reference-for-nurse- leaders-1st-edition-peirce/ Stan Lee s Master Class LQ 1st Edition Stan Lee https://ebookfinal.com/download/stan-lee-s-master-class-lq-1st- edition-stan-lee/ How to Handle Staff Misconduct A Practical Guide for School Principals and Supervisors 2nd Edition C. Edward Lawrence https://ebookfinal.com/download/how-to-handle-staff-misconduct-a- practical-guide-for-school-principals-and-supervisors-2nd-edition-c- edward-lawrence/
- 5. A Handbook forDoctoral Supervisors 3rd Edition Stan Taylor Digital Instant Download Author(s): Stan Taylor, Margaret Kiley ISBN(s): 9781003432159, 1003432158 Edition: 3 File Details: PDF, 4.74 MB Year: 2024 Language: english
- 7. A Handbook forDoctoral Supervisors Based on the latest research and covering key recent developments in supervisory practice, the third edition of A Handbook for Doctoral Supervisors is designed to support new and established supervisors in reviewing how they may make their supervision practice more effective day to day. This new edition is fully updated and extended to provide guidance on all aspects of the supervisory role, including: � Recruitment and selection, including placing greater emphasis on candidate diversity; � Establishing and managing research projects, from initial conception through to completion and examination; � Relationships with candidates and co-supervisors, and the implementation of an explicit respect agenda in relationships with candidates; � Providing personal, professional, and career advice, including monitoring the wellbeing and mental health of doctoral candidates; � The implications for supervisors of the rapid adoption of online supervision and examination. With a self-interrogatory style which enables supervisors to reflect upon and, where appropriate, consider how to enhance their practice, this key handbook is a crucial read for those directly involved in doctoral supervision, those who manage supervisors, as well as policy-makers, administrators, and scholars within the field of doctoral education. Stan Taylor is an Honorary Professor in the School of Education, Durham Uni versity, UK. He is the author of the UK Council for Graduate Education's Fra mework for Good Supervisory Practice and was the founding Chair of its Research Supervisors Network. Margaret Kiley holds an adjunct position in the Research School of Humanities and Arts at the Australian National University, Canberra.
- 9. A Handbook forDoctoral Supervisors Third Edition Stan Taylor and Margaret Kiley
- 10. Designed cover image:Getty Images Third edition published 2025 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2025 Stan Taylor and Margaret Kiley The right of Stan Taylor and Margaret Kiley to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Routledge 2005 Second edition published by Routledge 2018 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-032-55774-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-55773-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-43215-9 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003432159 Typeset in Galliard by Taylor & Francis Books
- 11. To the memoryof Dr Nigel Beasley 1942–2021
- 13. Contents Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 PARTI The context 5 1 The overall context 7 2 The institutional context 20 3 The disciplinary context 38 4 The programme context 51 PART II Preparing the ground 65 5 Recruitment and selection 67 6 Working relationships: 1. Candidates 82 7 Working relationships: 2. Co-supervisors 100 PART III Supporting the research project 115 8 Academic advice and support: Approaching research 117 9 Academic guidance and support: The research project 130 10 Encouraging writing and giving feedback 145
- 14. viii Contents 11 Keepingthe research on track and monitoring progress 160 PART IV Supporting the candidate 171 12 Pastoral support 173 13 Supporting professional knowledge and skills 186 14 Supporting preparation for careers 198 PART V Supporting diversity 213 15 Supporting diversity: 1. Non-traditional candidates 215 16 Supporting diversity: 2. International candidates 230 17 Supporting diversity: 3. Part-time and off-campus candidates 246 PART VI Completion and examination 263 18 Drafting and submission 265 19 Examination 279 PART VII Enhancing practice 295 20 Evaluation, reflection, recognition, and dissemination 297 Conclusions 312 Index 316
- 15. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledgethe following for permission to reproduce copyright material: Australian Council for Graduate Research for an extract from AGCR Good Practice Guidelines for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Research Education. Elly Grossman and Nigel Crother for an extract from Grossman, E. and Crowther, N. (2015) Co-supervision in postgraduate training: ensuring the right hand knows what the left hand is doing. South African Journal of Science, 111(11–12): 104–111. Erica McWilliam for an extract from McWilliam, E. (2004) On being accoun table: risk-consciousness and the doctoral supervisor. Paper submitted for full refereeing for the Australian Association for Research in Education Conference, Melbourne 28 November–2 December 2004. Eva Brodin and Anders Sonesson for an extract from the Lund University Doc toral Supervision Syllabus. Emerald Publishing Ltd. for an extract from Kuzhabekova, A. and Temer bayeva, A. (2018) The role of conferences in doctoral student socialization. Stu dies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education, 9(2): 181–196. Kay Guccione for an extract from Difficult Conversation Planner for Supervisors. Margaret Kiley for permission to reproduce Kiley, M. (2015). Possible Issues to Discuss with Co-supervisors. Martin McAndrew of the Postgraduate Advisory Service and Joanna Kesika, Student Counselling Service, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland for extracts from their original presentation on ‘Staying Well’ at the Irish Universities Association conference on Research Supervision: Growing Excellence held at University College, Dublin, 19 May 2023. Monash University, Australia, for an extract from the Supervision Framework. Robin Humphrey and Bob Simpson for an extract from Humphrey, R. and Simpson, B. (2013) Negotiating a ‘scary gap’: doctoral candidates, ‘writing up’ qualitative data and the contemporary supervisory relationship. Journal of Educa tion and Training Studies, 1(1): 1–10. Springer for extracts from: Salminen-Karlsson, M. and Wallgren, L. (2008) The interaction of academic and industrial supervisors in graduate education. Higher Education, 56: 77–93 and Warnock, D. and Appel, S. (2012) Learning the
- 16. x Acknowledgements unwritten rules:working class students in graduate school. Innovations in Higher Education, 37: 307–321. Taylor and Francis for extracts from: Donelan, H. (2016) Social media for professional development and networking opportunities in academia. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 40(5): 706– 729; Feather, D. and McDermott, K. (2014) The role of new doctoral supervisors in higher education – a reflective view of literature and experience using two case stu dies. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 19(2): 165–176; Gardner, S. (2008) ‘What’s too much and what’s too little’: The process of becoming an independent researcher in doctoral education. Journal of Higher Education, 79(3): 326–350; Gurr, G. (2001) Negotiating the ‘rackety bridge’ – a dynamic model for aligning supervisory style with research student development. Higher Education Research and Development, 20(1): 81–92; Halse, C. (2011) Becoming a supervisor: the impact of doctoral supervision on supervisors’ learning. Studies in Higher Education, 36(5): 557–570; Halse, C. and Malfoy, J. (2010) Retheorising doctoral advising as profes sional work. Studies in Higher Education, 35(1): 79–92; Hughes, C. (2011) Plea sure, change and values in doctoral pedagogy. Studies in Higher Education, 36(6): 621–635; Johnson, L., Lee, A., and Green, B. (2000) The PhD and the autonomous self: gender, rationality and postgraduate pedagogy. Studies in Higher Education, 25 (2): 135–147; Kidman, J., Manathunga, C., and Cornforth. S. (2017) Intercultural PhD supervision: exploring the hidden curriculum in a social science faculty doctoral programme. Higher Education Research and Development; Lee, A. and McKenzie, J. (2011) Evaluating doctoral supervision: tensions in eliciting students’ perspectives. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 48(1): 69–78; Lines, L. (2016) Substantive editing as a form of plagiarism among postgraduate students in Australia. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education. DOI: 10.1080/ 02602938.2015.1013919; Maher, M., Feldon, D., Timmerman, B., and Chao, J. (2014) Faculty perceptions of common challenges encountered by novice doctoral writers. Higher Education Research and Development, 33(4): 699–711; Mason, S. and Merga, M. (2018) Integrating publications in the social science doctoral thesis by publication. Higher Education Research & Development. DOI: 10.1080/ 07294360.2018.1498641; McAlpine, L. (2013) Doctoral supervision: not an indi vidual but a collective institutional responsibility. Infancia y Aprendizaje Journal for the Study of Education and Development, 36(3): 259–280; Ostrove, J., Stewart, A., and Curtin, N. (2011) Social class and belonging: implications for graduate students. The Journal of Higher Education, 82(6): 748–774; Robertson, M. (2017) Team modes and power: supervision of doctoral students. Higher Education Research and Development. DOI: 10.1080/07294360.2016.1208157. Trudgett, M. (2014) Supervision provided to Indigenous Australian doctoral students: a black and white issue. Higher Education Research & Development, 33(5): 1035–1048; Wisker, G. and Robinson, G. (2013) Doctoral ‘orphans’: nurturing and supporting the success of postgraduates who have lost their supervisors. Higher Education Research and Development, 32(2): 300–313. Macquarie University, Australia, for an extract from Academic Promotions.
- 17. Acknowledgements xi Jannie Roedfor extracts from Roed. J. (2012) Labour of Love: Emotions and Identities in Doctoral Supervision. EdD Thesis, University of Sussex. Stellenbosch University, South Africa for an extract from Postgraduate Office, Division for Research Development, Memorandum of Understanding. The Institute of Professional Editors, Australia, for an extract from Guidelines for Editing Research Theses. The Publications Office of the European Union for an extract from The Eur opean Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning. The University of Adelaide, Australia, for an extract from the Research Student Handbook: Supervisor Responsibilities. The University of Birmingham, UK for an extract from the Supervision Record. The University of Cumbria, UK. for an extract from Philpott, C. (2015) Rea sons for doctoral non-completion: one non-completing doctoral student’s voice on limitations in the academic literature. Practitioner Research in Higher Educa tion, 9(1): 67–72. The University of Edinburgh, UK, for an extract from the Code of Practice for Supervisors and Research Students. The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, for an extract from the University Handbook for Examiners of Research Degrees by Thesis. The University of Otago, New Zealand, for extracts from the Induction Check list for Supervisors and Peer Review of Teaching and Supervision. The University of Queensland, Australia, for an extract from advertisement for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Scholarships. The University of Western Australia, for an extract from the Graduate School: Examiners’ Recommendation Form: Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The UK Council for Graduate Education for an extract from D. Halliday and G. Clark (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Developments in Doctoral Education and Training. Lichfield, UK Council for Graduate Education: 10–17. Universities Australia, National Tertiary Education Union, Council of Aus tralian Postgraduate Associations, and Australian Council of Graduate Research for an extract from Principles for Respectful Supervisory Relationships. University College Dublin, Ireland, for an extract from Policy on Inter-Institu tional Co-Supervisory Agreements (including Cotutelle) for PhD Students. Finally, we would like to thank Professor Alexander Easton, Director of the Institute for Advanced Studies of the University of Durham, for providing facilities in the magnificent setting of Cosin’s Hall for us to meet and finalise the drafting of the book. We are also very grateful to the Manager of the Institute, Linda Crowe, for looking after us so well.
- 19. Introduction In 2005, Routledgepublished the first edition of A Handbook for Doctoral Supervisors written by Stan Taylor and the late Nigel Beasley, to whose memory this edition is dedicated. The book was well received and was widely used as a textbook and a source for professional development by supervisors across the globe. Over time, it became out of date and Routledge commissioned a second edition written by Stan Taylor, Margaret Kiley, and Robin Humphrey which was published in 2018. It is a measure of the pace of change in doctoral education that, six years later, there is a need for a further edition. This reflects the fact that, in the relatively short space of time since the second edition was published, there have been sig nificant developments. These include variously; a much stronger focus on ensuring equality of opportunity in access, particularly for indigenous populations and other ethnic and racial minorities; a greater emphasis on ‘respect’ in supervisory-candi date relationships; a move towards online supervision and online examination; an increased realisation of the need to offer doctoral candidates appropriate personal support during their studies, particularly in relation to their wellbeing and mental health; and a heightened awareness of the importance of assisting them to prepare them for careers outside as well as inside academia. These developments pre-dated the Covid-19 outbreak of 2020–2022 but in many cases their importance was dramatically amplified during the pandemic, leaving a legacy that is still continuing. All of them have impacted the roles of supervisors, particularly in terms of recruiting and selecting candidates, managing working relationships, offering academic advice and support in the online envir onment, and providing personal, professional, and career support. These changes have attracted a considerable amount of attention from researchers in the field of doctoral education, and this has been reflected in a rapid growth in published research. The aims of this new edition are to incorporate these changes in the roles of supervisors into the content of the Handbook and to bring the latter up to date with the latest research. This has involved a substantial re-writing of many of the original chapters to incorporate new themes and new materials. DOI: 10.4324/9781003432159-1
- 20. 2 Introduction It hasalso involved a change of co-authors; Robin Humphrey has now retired, and indicated, with regret, that he would not be involved in a third edition. This version has then been co-authored by Stan Taylor and Margaret Kiley. As with the first and second editions, the third is aimed at the potential or established supervisor/advisor facing the changing world of doctoral super vision and considering what makes for effective supervision in their day-to-day practice. We are aware that, while there is no hard and fast rule, the term ‘supervisor’ tends to be used in most of Europe, the UK, and Oceania. Elsewhere, parti cularly in the United States and countries with systems based upon that model, the more common term is ‘advisor’. We are also aware that this is not just a matter of style but also of substance; ‘supervisor’ implies a wider range of intervention with regard to the candidate and to the research project than ‘advisor’. But, while we have written this book for supervisors (and used the term throughout) we believe that most, if not all, of it is also relevant to advisors, that is, in covering the roles of the former we are also covering those of the latter. With regard to ‘supervision’, it may be noted that our use of this term is pri marily confined to the supervision of the candidate’s research project. It does not include any taught components, but we do think it is important that, particularly in the case of more structured doctorates, supervisors are aware of the whole doctoral programme in order that they can, where appropriate, advise candidates how to build upon their previous studies. With regard to ‘effective’, this could be taken as meaning simply getting the candidate over the line to a doctorate. But we believe there is more to it than that in terms of both ‘outcomes’ and ‘outputs’. With regard to the former, ‘effective ness’ means a high-quality submission, completion on time or as near as possible, and dissemination to the subject community; with regard to the latter, it means that the candidate has successfully developed the creative, critical, and analytical skills and knowledge of a researcher and laid the basis for their future career inside, or increasingly outside, academia. So, in our view, an effective supervisor is one who supports candidates to: � where appropriate, initiate and plan a research project; � acquire the research skills to undertake it and gain adequate access to resources; � complete it on time; � produce a high-quality submission; � be successful in examination; � disseminate the results of their research; � develop the creative, critical, and analytical skills and knowledge of a researcher; � lay the basis for their future career.
- 21. Introduction 3 We believethat, in order to be effective as defined above, supervisors need to: � have a knowledge and understanding of the context within which they are supervising doctoral candidates, including recent changes accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic; � be able to recruit, select and support candidates from diverse populations and assist them to be successful and complete on time; � establish positive and respectful working relationships with them and, where appropriate, with co-supervisors; � support candidates’ research projects; � assist in their personal development, including their wellbeing and mental health; � support their professional development, including networking, presentations, publications and the acquisition of teaching skills; � support their career development, including preparation for employment inside and outside academia; � in undertaking the above, to be aware of the benefits of and challenges facing non-traditional domestic candidates, international candidates, and those studying part-time or off-campus; � assist candidates through the processes of completion of their thesis or dis sertation or publications or artefacts and final examination, including exam ination online; and � be able to evaluate and enhance their practice and, where appropriate, dis seminate good practice. In accordance with this model, we have divided the book into seven parts. Part I deals with the various contexts of supervision divided into the overall, institutional, disciplinary, and programme contexts respectively. Part II is concerned with preparing the ground in terms of recruiting and selecting candidates, forming working relationships with them, and managing relationships with co-supervisors. Part III is devoted to supporting the research project, including initiating candidates into research, assisting them to get their projects up and running and to overcome any initial academic problems, encouraging them to write early and often and giving effective feedback, and helping them to keep projects on track while monitoring their progress. Part IV is concerned with supporting candidates in a range of ways including personal, academic and career development Part V is concerned with recognising and responding to domestic and interna tional diversity among the candidate population and diversity in modes of study in terms of candidates studying part-time and/or off-campus. Part VI is devoted to the final stages of the doctorate including drafting and submission and examination. Part VII is concerned with how doctoral supervisors might go about evaluating their practice, and disseminating it, as well as gaining recognition and reward for good practice.
- 22. 4 Introduction In additionto describing the content of the book, it is also appropriate to comment upon the approach adopted in writing it. In order to illustrate effective practice, we have included numerous examples drawn from a wide range of sour ces. To enable readers to reflect, we have supplied prompts at key points in the narrative to encourage readers to interrogate their own practice. Our hope is that, through this process, readers will be able to personally engage with their practice and, where appropriate, enhance it. Finally, it may be noted that all of the links to online materials in the text were accessed on 5 December 2023.
- 23.
- 25. Chapter 1 The overallcontext Introduction Supervisors tend to be immersed in their busy academic and/or professional lives, not to mention their personal ones, and seldom have the time to maintain an overview of ongoing developments and research in doctoral education. As a con sequence, many are experiencing new demands without necessarily understanding the wider context within which they arise. The purpose of the present chapter is to try to set that wider context. It is based on the work of Taylor (2012, 2023) and begins with a brief summary of the historical origins and evolution of doctoral education from its modern origins through to the 1980s and then looks at sub sequent developments that have transformed the field and the context of supervision. The origins and evolution of doctoral education Doctorates have their origins in the mediaeval universities when they were used primarily as a means of licensing teachers in the professions of medicine, law, and theology (Bernstein et al. 2014, Amaral and Carvalho 2020). This paradigm remained dominant until, in the early 19th century, a number of eminent Enlightenment thinkers in Prussia began to advocate a new kind of university, one in which the core mission would be the creation of original knowledge and understanding and in which research would be pre-eminent. These advocates included Friedrich Schliermacher, Johann Fichte, and Wilhelm von Humboldt (see Watson 2010). It was von Humboldt who was able to implement this new model when, in 1809, he became Under-Secretary in the Ministry of the Interior and responsible for education in Prussia. Although he was in office for a mere 16 months, he initiated reforms designed, as Nybom (2003: 152) has put it, ‘to create an entirely new type of academic institutional order and a new type of academic’. With regard to the former, he took the lead in reorganising the University of Berlin which in 1810 became the world’s first explicitly research-led university. With regard to the latter, the new type of academic was to be engaged both in DOI: 10.4324/9781003432159-3
- 26. Discovering Diverse ContentThrough Random Scribd Documents
- 27. that their tacticsin 1906 were, on the whole, successful; Mome, though a catastrophe, was due to accident or carelessness that could easily have been avoided by a competent commander. That an outbreak should have occurred at Mapumulo subsequent to the débâcle in Zululand, is remarkable chiefly as showing lack of territorial organization. Although a certain amount had been introduced at Nkandhla, between the arrival of Bambata and the action at Mome, the army daily becoming more crafty and efficient, it had reference only to such rebels as had actually massed at that place. A supreme organizer was wanting, one who, whilst directing at Nkandhla, could have so far enforced obedience as to control situations such as those at Umsinga, and especially in Mapumulo and Ndwedwe divisions. That there was this want was undoubtedly felt by every insurgent. They knew too much of Tshaka's successes to do otherwise than realize that they were weak, and see what such weakness was due to. That is why Dinuzulu's personality and presence was so much in demand. That is why, for instance, one heard of such talk as that they would seize and carry him off to lead them whether he willed it or not. To have a visible leader and to submit to his direction, that was the height of their ambition. Only then did they feel themselves to be a people, possessed to some extent of their former solidarity. To sacrifice their lives for someone is everything, to have to do so for an absent reality, nothing. Another lesson is the necessity of pursuing the enemy the moment he starts hostilities. Quick pursuit is what every Zulu holds as a primary maxim of warfare. Such action inspires loyalists with confidence, because affording them protection at the time they most require it. The policy of the rebels having been to avoid conflict whenever the conditions were unfavourable, meant that the campaign resolved itself into one where the troops had always to assume the offensive. [305] The enemy deliberately invited being hunted in the forests in which he took refuge. There was no other alternative but to 'hunt' him. His perpetual and masterly evasiveness was resorted to just because felt to be the most telling and safest tactics to adopt. He knew that, man for man, he was infinitely better acquainted with forests,
- 28. streams, dongas, caves,hills and valleys than the Europeans, most of whom had spent the greater part of their lives in towns at a distance and in sedentary occupations. But, whilst practising these methods, the motive was invariably to draw the troops on after him in the hope of small parties becoming detached when the opportunity was smartly seized, and the severest blow possible struck. This being the game, can it be wondered at that the rebels were severely punished whenever they were come upon? For it must be remembered that, up to the moment of Mome, nothing had been further from their minds than to surrender. Ample opportunities for so doing, notably when the troops first went to Cetshwayo's grave, were afforded, but the negotiations fell through because they felt, and even publicly stated that they had not had enough fighting. From their point of view, it was in their interest to continue. This watchful evasiveness, then, was the essence of the situation at Nkandhla. Hence it sometimes happened that the troops drove one or other of the bushes in the belief the enemy was there, whereas, as a matter of fact, he was not there at all, but at Macala ten miles off or elsewhere, having slipped away during the night. In these circumstances, it was soon realized that, not 2,500, but 10,000 men were required to deal with Nkandhla alone, although the rebels themselves did not exceed 2,000 in number. In no other way was it possible to put a cordon round the forests, and, by confining the enemy, speedily starve him into submission. Connected with the same tactics was the waylaying of a force when on the march. This generally took place at a carefully-selected position, from which there was an immediate and safe line of retreat. Instances of this occurred at Mpanza, Bobe, Macrae's store, Peyana, Insuze and Ponjwana. At all, except Mpanza and others not here named, the method was to divide the impi into two bodies, one to attack the front, and the other the rear, of the advancing column. And the principle was observed, although the ground rendered the application thereof extremely difficult. On no occasion did attack take place in the open, as often happened during the Zulu War. The only standing camp attacked was that of Leuchars at Mpukunyoni. This took place at dawn, there being no shelter for the
- 29. troops except theirsaddles. At Macrae's store, the attack came just after sunset and later—the only instance of night attack. When the offensive is assumed by Zulus, the proper time to do so is just before dawn, unless the force be a strong one, when battle would be given in broad daylight. The rebels moved about to get food and seize cattle chiefly at night, sometimes going ten or more miles for the purpose. Those wounded in action, too, were removed after dark. A close watch was always kept on each column, especially by spies posted on hills, where, if out of rifle range, they did not mind whether they exposed themselves or not. Occasionally it happened that those who had fought against the troops, but had been obliged to surrender, took up arms against their own people. Several of such men were utilized as spies, and proved invaluable. European troops.—Having regard to the number of troops in the field, the importance of the campaign, and the wide area covered by the operations, it would seem the officer in supreme command should have been given the rank of Brigadier or Major-General. The O.C. Troops was, of course, a full Colonel, but, on being appointed over Natal and Zululand, it would, perhaps, have been more in accord with the general duties he had to perform, to have conferred on him a rank conspicuously higher than that of any one else in his command. The rank, however, seeing the campaign was being conducted by Colonial troops, could have been conferred only by the local authorities. The want of a trained staff was much felt by each column. "It is," says Sir Duncan McKenzie,[306] "of great importance that an intelligence department should be formed on the soundest of bases.... It is not sufficient that an intelligence officer should simply be able to speak the language of the country. He should have all the available information at his instant disposal and also be able to guide or conduct his O.C. anywhere.... Intelligence officers should not be attached to any regiment in peace-time, but in the event of a force
- 30. being required inany district, the intelligence officer from that district should be placed at the disposal of the column commander." All the columns were supplied with excellent intelligence. To the fine work done by Lieut. Hedges and Sergts. Calverley and Titlestad at Nkandhla must be attributed much of the success met with in that district. The two points on which attention was, perhaps, chiefly concentrated were (a) methods of dealing with the enemy when concealed in forests, and (b) advanced guards. That such matters assumed the importance they did, was due to the enemy habitually leaving the initiative to be taken by the troops. The troops never went out to drive forests, but some catastrophe was possible. The greatest circumspection had invariably to be exercised, not so much because unable to afford the loss of men, as because the loss would have been absurdly magnified by the enemy to obtain further recruits. The principal authority as to dealing with the enemy in the Nkandhla forests is, of course, Sir Duncan McKenzie. "A General Officer Commanding," he says, "at a place like Nkandhla should have 10,000 men at his disposal. I, however, derived confidence from the fact that not above 2,000 rebels were in the bush, consequently greater risks were taken than would have happened had they been more numerous. The chief aim as to the drives was this: I fitted my force to the bush, not the bush to my force. It was impossible to do the latter, so I did the former. As soon as the intelligence, which was good, showed in what part of the forests the enemy was, it was at once driven. "The forests could never have been completely driven at one time, i.e. in one day. Empandhleni and a number of other places had to be garrisoned, whilst the different camps had to be protected during the actual operations. Such calls naturally greatly reduced the force available for driving. "I do not see how the driving could have been carried out more effectively than was done with the men at my disposal. My tactics, of course, would have been considerably altered had there been, say, 10,000 troops. I would, in that event, have put the men in a line as
- 31. skirmishers, with smallsupports at intervals of every 500 yards, and larger ones at points that appeared more dangerous. "So long as there was no reverse or tight corner, I felt the levies were all right, hence their being sent in with the troops, as they were to assist in the drive. "I always made a point of driving downhill as much as possible, so that when the enemy was come upon, he would be obliged to charge uphill." Barker, who was more frequently attacked when actually on the march than any other column commander, says of advanced guards: "I would never allow the guard to be more than 300 yards from the main body as, if further, I would not have been able to gallop up in time on its being suddenly attacked. "I had only one squadron as advanced guard between Noodsberg camp and Dalipa (wattle plantation). It was formed of two troops in front in sections of four (in close touch with each other), with two troops close up on either side in support. The head of the main column was, at the same time, marching in the centre, not more than 200 yards away. This order was adopted as I expected to be attacked. The guard, in this way, were able to at once deliver a counter attack, instead of falling back on the main body. Had they been weaker, they would have been obliged to fall back. "It is, moreover, necessary to have the guard so arranged that the main body can be pushed forward to support whichever side the attack comes from. In Native warfare, one can never tell what flank will be threatened. "I fully realized that the whole essence of the position lay in the advanced guard. Hence, before the action at Ponjwana, having seen Natives collecting the previous day along the route to be traversed, I warned the officer in command to be on the alert. When the attack came, sudden though it was, his men were ready in a moment to engage the enemy." One of the surprises of the campaign, in the opinion of competent judges, was the prominent part played by infantry, e.g. D.L.I., N.R.R.
- 32. and N.R. Becausea less showy arm, infantry has been apt to be underrated in connection with Native warfare. It is, however, not too much to say that any such opinions as existed in Natal have had to be considerably modified on account of the consistently fine work that was done at Nkandhla, and in the actions of Bobe, Mome and Izinsimba. Not only was it found that a well-trained corps could march twenty or even thirty miles a day, but able to take a share in the fighting as effective as that of troops conveyed on horseback to the scene of action. As Native wars of the future will probably be fought on difficult and out-of-the-way ground, similar to that chosen in 1906, it would be well to bear this fact in mind. In going through thick bush held by the enemy, as the N.P. had to do at Mpanza, it would appear advisable for the advanced guard to dismount and hand horses to Nos. 3, as, in the event of attack, men would then be able to reply at once, as well as stand together to resist the rush. Horses are startled by the shouting inevitable on such occasions, with the result that a man's time is taken up in trying to keep his seat, thereby becoming practically hors de combat at a very critical moment. The following miscellaneous extracts are taken from an unpublished general report by Sir Duncan McKenzie: Transport.—"The majority of the transport was ox-transport; for military operations, mule-transport is absolutely necessary.... Expense should not be considered in such an important matter.[307] ... The necessity of good conductors was apparent." Closer supervision should be exercised by O.C. units than was done to ensure that only the regulation weight per man is put on the waggons. "Pack transport is absolutely necessary in rough country, and the saddles should be carried on the waggons, so that they can be used when the country will not permit of waggons accompanying the troops." Remounts.—"The loss of horses from hard work, exposure and want of suitable food is bound to be heavy.... Steps should be taken to enable the remount officer to know exactly where he can put his finger on suitable horses when required.... The establishment of a proper remount depôt is strongly recommended."
- 33. Boots, clothing, etc.—"Theseshould be issued on repayment at cost price and the articles should be of really good quality. The wear and tear on clothing, and more especially on boots, was very heavy.... A man without boots is useless." Searchlights.—"Their usefulness for defensive purposes is of the greatest value.... They should be so arranged that with one engine and dynamo, two or more lights could be placed at different positions in the defences." Maxim Transport.—"Having seen practical results with the C.M.R., who carried their Maxims on pack mules led by Cape boys, and the Natal Militia regiment, who carried theirs on pack horses led by a mounted man, I certainly recommend that we should follow the C.M.R. in this respect." Stretcher-bearers.—"These are indispensable when fighting takes place in the bush or rough country. There was no organized supply until too late." Natives had to be employed at exorbitant rates. Native levies.—Their value was largely discounted by the fact that parts of many tribes had joined the rebels. "Their services came in useful in clearing up after an engagement, collecting and driving cattle, etc., and also using up the enemy's supplies. They require to be led by experienced officers who are known to them and who are also well acquainted with Native habits and customs. For operations, they need to be stiffened with a good proportion of European troops." Colonel Leuchars, who had exceptional opportunities of observing them, is of opinion that "as a fighting force, they were useless, though those under Sibindi (a Chief quite above the average) were, as far as I know, keen to help the Government. The use I expected to make of them was in skirmishing down broken, bushy valleys, but my experience goes to show that for this work they were useless as, although I succeeded, after some trouble, in extending them, they would always, a little further down the valley, collect and march along in groups. As scouts and camp followers, they were useful. In a lager, through not being armed with rifles, they are only an encumbrance. Their only use would be to skirmish through rough country known to
- 34. be occupied bythe enemy, and this, as pointed out above, they failed to do." The Rexer guns.—"This arm," says McKenzie, "gave most satisfactory results. Handiness and portability in rough country are its chief advantages. It does not afford a large target for the enemy, as is the case with the Maxim. No cases of jamming occurred. The number of spare parts to be carried is few. On more than one occasion, the gun was caught up by the gunner and used from the shoulder when, owing to scrub and long grass, the tripod could not be used. The present equipment for carrying the gun is not satisfactory.... Every squadron of mounted men and company of infantry should have three of these guns." Branding of loot stock.—"It is imperative that all captured stock should be at once branded with a distinctive mark. A responsible officer with each column should be detailed for this purpose." Miscellaneous.—No epidemic or cases of serious illness occurred. The organization of the medical department was so carefully planned and carried out that only four died from disease out of over 9,000 men in the field. "Generally speaking, veterinary surgeons had more animals to look after per man than it was possible to deal with." "The establishment of a field bakery and consequent supply of fresh bread was an excellent innovation." Sufficient transport was always available, although at times the demands were very heavy. The making of roads through all inaccessible parts of the Colony would appear to be necessary. The want of these was felt along both sides of the Tugela. A belt of country, some five miles wide on either side, needs attention, though that is by no means the only region in Natal that is difficult of access. Only narrow and inexpensive roads are required. These, in time of peace, would be of assistance to the inhabitants in facilitating conveyance of produce to available markets, and generally developing the locations. MISCELLANEOUS.
- 35. The lesson tobe learned from the poll tax is, of course, that no taxation should be imposed on Natives without previously consulting them in some way or another. It is, however, unnecessary to obtain the views of more than a few of the leading and most influential advisers. These would speedily reveal the attitude likely to be taken up by the majority towards any such proposal. The advisability of securing uniformity when promulgating measures closely affecting the Natives is so obvious as to call for no special comment. The likelihood of some of the Native police (Government) taking part in the Rebellion was realized at the outset, consequently, at such places as Krantzkop and Mapumulo, men connected with the divisions were removed to another part of the Colony, their places being taken by others. Native police from such stations as Insuze, Kearsney, Glendale, Umhlali and Stanger rebelled. Sixteen were recognized, by their finger-prints, among the rebel prisoners, whilst at least four were killed. About eighty Durban Borough police are said to have taken up arms. On the other hand, out of the whole of the Nongqai, whose members and ex-members numbered some thousands, only one man, who left the force some twenty years previously, is known to have joined the enemy. Full and careful inquiry was made in the matter by Chief Commissioner Mansel. This highly creditable state of affairs may be accounted for by the fact that, during the many years Mansel had control of the force, he never allowed any one to serve as 'substitute' for a regular member. An account of the Nongqai will be found in Appendix XI. The part taken by Christian Natives in the Insurrection was a large and prominent one. The teaching of many Native preachers, generally belonging to Ethiopian denominations, was of a distinctly seditious character. Here, for instance, is a type of an address frequently repeated in 1906 in a location within the vicinity of Greytown: "The end of the age is at hand! On the black race did God originally bestow the right of governing. The race, however, failed to acquire the art. Now is the time drawing to a close. The right to govern is reverting to its original possessors. Authority will be
- 36. conferred on theblack race, and they will now be exalted to a position above the whites. You shall enjoy complete ascendancy over Europeans, for the power has at length been restored to you by the Almighty. Even were actual conflicts to occur between you and the whites, you will surely put them to flight, for God is standing by you." The services were usually held in out-of-the-way places, and always out of hearing of Europeans or their Native agents. It was found exceedingly difficult to obtain sufficient evidence to prosecute, even though sedition was known to be constantly preached. When hostilities actually broke out, many of these men determined to practise what they had preached; they accordingly broke away from mission stations, notably in Mapumulo, Ndwedwe and Umsinga divisions, and joined the rebels. In July, 1907, it was found that of the Native prisoners then in Natal gaols, 418 were Christians. Of this number, 204 were ordinary criminals, whilst 214 had been convicted of rebellion.[308] Of the latter figure, seven were preachers. The foregoing totals, which are below the actual numbers, owing to the difficulty of ascertaining who were converts, were obtained subsequent to the release of about 500 rebels, among whom other so-called Christians would probably have been found. In addition to the above, several preachers and many members of different denominations were shot during the operations. Hunt and Armstrong, it will be remembered, were murdered by a band of mission Natives. It is but fair to add that many of the Christian Natives who rebelled were not attached to any recognized missionary body at the time they did so. A number of other matters, which might have been noticed here, have already been sufficiently dealt with in preceding chapters. The Native Affairs Commission drew attention to various reforms in administration, many of which have already been introduced, such as the appointment of a Council for Native Affairs and Commissioners, [309] limitation of interest on loans, various problems connected with labour, and compulsory service on public works.
- 37. The fact thatnone of the Magistrates of such districts as Mahlabatini (H.M. Stainbank, later J.Y. Gibson), Nongoma (G.W. Armstrong), and Nkandhla (B. Colenbrander), in Zululand, and Umsinga (A.E. Harrington) and Mapumulo (T. Maxwell), in Natal, were withdrawn, but continued to discharge the duties of their office throughout the Rebellion, tended to influence and reassure many European farmers, storekeepers and others, preventing them from getting into a panic, and, by flying off to other parts for protection, making matters considerably worse than they were. With the troops often operating at a distance, there is no doubt considerable danger was run of any of these magistracies being attacked and the officials murdered. As very little protection was immediately available, sometimes even with the Native police disaffected, it would have been comparatively easy for any band of determined rebels to have brought about one or more of such results before assistance could have been rendered. Much credit is due to Magistrates generally for the admirable manner in which they retained a hold on the Natives of their districts throughout the period of unrest. Occasionally, however, scares among Europeans could not be prevented. Those at Greytown and Nqutu have already been noticed; another occurred at Pietermaritzburg. It will already have been gathered that many loyalists, especially those of tribes within the area of disturbance, stood in an extremely invidious and dangerous position. Too little consideration is given to the fact that, unless promptly supported by Government forces, loyalists are liable to be murdered or their property looted. When an outbreak occurs, it is almost as important to support the well-affected as it is to operate against the insurgents themselves. The reason is clear. If you do not back up those on your side when in danger, do not be surprised if, in your absence, they are coerced into taking up arms against you, and so add greatly to your difficulties. FOOTNOTES: [304] Except to the extent indicated on p. 63.
- 38. [305] Perhaps theprincipal feature of the rebels' tactics was that the troops should assume the offensive. [306] General Report. Sept. 1906 (not published). [307] In his report for 1906, Col. Bru-de-Wold observes: "The recent operations have shown the absolute necessity for mobile transport, as rapidity of movement is the secret of success where Natives are concerned; ox-transport is far too slow to meet the requirements." [308] Those convicted of rebellion were about 5·3 per cent. of the total number of rebel prisoners, less the 500 referred to in the text. [309] The Union Government has abolished both the Council and the Commissioners, so that Natal is now practically in the same position in which she was before the Rebellion.
- 39. XX. NATIVE AFFAIRS COMMISSION.—VISITOF DINUZULU TO PIETERMARITZBURG.—MURDERS OF LOYALISTS.— ESCAPE OF BAMBATA'S WIFE AND CHILDREN FROM USUTU.—REMOBILIZATION OF MILITIA TO ARREST DINUZULU. As far back as June, 1906, the Prime Minister had informed the Legislative Assembly that certain bills, prepared by the Native Affairs Department, and of the greatest importance in connection with Native administration, would be laid on the table of the House. At the same time, the Government was of opinion that the scope of these should be extended. It had, accordingly, been deemed advisable to appoint a Commission to inquire into the whole subject of Native administration and legislation. In this proposal the Governor concurred; indeed, in his capacity as Supreme Chief, he had already urged the taking of some such step. The appointment of the Commission, however, could not take effect until September, primarily on account of hostilities in the eastern districts of Natal, as well as of the dissolution of Parliament and following general election. The terms of reference were of the widest range, practically every aspect of Native legislation and administration being set down for inquiry. There was, however, one matter which did not fall within the scope of the inquiry, viz. the actual causes of the Rebellion. The seven Commissioners appointed included a representative of the Imperial Government. No time was lost in getting to work. The labours and area covered by this important body are succinctly set forth in the following extracts from its own report: "The design of the inquiry being both general and particular, the powers conferred have been used in the manner intended and to the
- 40. fullest extent bycollecting information from all sources, European, official and unofficial—Native and others; all being invited who could further the investigation, by advice or suggestion, or the results of their observation or experience.... The Commission held its first meeting on the 16th October, 1906, ... evidence was received from time to time up to the 18th June, 1907. To facilitate this object, thirty- four places were visited, at which statements by 301 Europeans were received, together with those of 906 Natives and others, who addressed the Commission personally or by delegation. So highly did the Natives appreciate the opportunities afforded them of expressing their views that at least 5,500, including Chiefs and headmen, exempted and Christian Natives, attended, and, on the whole, spoke, as they were invited to do, with remarkable freedom."[310] The recommendations of the Commission will be referred to later. Colonel Bru-de-Wold was unfortunately obliged to retire from the position of Commandant of Militia, as well as from the public service, at the beginning of 1907. He had served in several capacities, chiefly as a soldier—always with benefit to the Colony and credit to himself —for upwards of thirty years. In recognition of the splendid work done by him before and during the Rebellion, the honour of D.S.O. was conferred on him by the King. The Natal Militia, moreover, presented him with a sword of honour, formally handed to him by the Governor. Colonel Sir Duncan McKenzie, K.C.M.G., succeeded as Commandant. A general election took place towards the end of 1906, when Mr. Smythe's Ministry, finding itself without a sufficient working majority, resigned in November. The Right Hon. Sir Frederick R. Moor, P.C., K.C.M.G., was then called on to form a ministry. This he did, the portfolio of Premier and Minister for Native Affairs being taken by himself. In connection with many of the courts-martial referred to in the preceding chapter, a considerable amount of evidence was led more or less implicating Dinuzulu in the Rebellion. Moreover, a Native who had visited Usutu kraal on private business in January, 1907, reported having seen being harboured there twenty-eight rebels he knew by name and some hundred or more others. The men, it was
- 41. averred, had beenformed into three companies and called the Mbambangwe (leopard-catcher) regiment, because, for the most part, they consisted of those who had almost annihilated a small portion of Royston's Horse at Manzipambana.[311] In these circumstances, the Government arrived at a decision in August to hold an inquiry into Dinuzulu's conduct. Although action followed, it was soon suspended in favour of the Chief himself paying the Governor a visit. The making of such visit arose out of a conversation Sir Charles Saunders had with Dinuzulu (then at Nongoma) over the telephone. The latter had wished to 'unburden his heart.' After doing this as well as he could through the telephone, he asked that what he had said might be transmitted to the Government. This, the Commissioner replied, it was obviously impossible to do, although he promised to forward a summary, and suggested Dinuzulu's paying the Governor a visit and setting forth at a tête-a-tête all he wished to say. As, by this time, the Imperial Government wanted Sir Henry McCallum to assume the Governorship of Ceylon at an early date, suggestions were made to Dinuzulu that he should proceed to Pietermaritzburg for the purpose of unburdening himself, and, at the same time, bidding His Excellency good-bye. After some delay in arranging preliminaries, he proceeded to the railhead at Somkele. At various stopping-places on the way to Pietermaritzburg, he was visited by Natives, who not only accorded him the highest royal salutes, but laid at his feet other tokens of devotion and humble allegiance. This triumphal progress continued until he had reached Pietermaritzburg. At this place, too, the Natives treated him in a manner that could not have been outdone by the most servile subjects of an eastern potentate. On the 20th and 21st May, he was summoned to Government House, where he, with his indunas, Mankulumana and Mgwaqo, and others, had lengthy interviews with Sir Henry McCallum in the presence of the Minister for Native Affairs and other officials. After saying all that was on his mind, Dinuzulu was spoken to straightly in respect of his misbehaviour and offences, real and imaginary, so far as these were then known. He parried too searching inquiries with his usual dexterity, not unmingled with suppressio veri, but there were certain accusations which he was unable, even with the assistance of his counsellors, Mankulumana and Mgwaqo, to quite brush aside. For
- 42. instance, his havingreceived messengers from Chiefs in all parts of the country in connection with the poll tax and not reporting them to the local Magistrate, as required to do by standing instructions. The Governor's object, however, was not to punish him for such misdeeds as had come to light, or to probe too deeply into others that rested merely on suspicion, but to show him that the Government was in possession of information which clearly proved misbehaviour on his part, and to afford friendly counsel as to his conduct in the future. Little did the Governor or the Government know that the man then being addressed and urged to make a clean breast of his grievances, as he had himself requested to do, had already committed several serious and unpardonable acts of high treason. After another interview, this time with the Acting Prime Minister and other Ministers, the Chief returned to his kraal. By this time, the Native Affairs Commission was touring in Zululand, holding meetings at most of the magistracies with Chiefs and followers, under conditions the most pleasing to the Natives. Zulus rejoiced at having that opportunity of laying their grievances before the official delegates. Not so Dinuzulu. And yet the Governor's words to him, through the interpreter, were that he would "have an opportunity of laying his views before the Commission. I ask him to do so, because I can assure him that any recommendations which that Commission may send in will receive the earnest consideration of the Government."[312] When Dinuzulu got to Somkele by rail, the Commission happened to be there too. This Dinuzulu knew, and yet although compelled for some hours to be at the station, he was unable to leave his railway carriage and walk a hundred yards to tender evidence, general in character, which it was well within his power to give, and which, in the interests of the people one would think he would rejoice to have tendered. By reason of the fact that interviews had taken place with Dinuzulu, the Governor decided to arrange others with the most influential of those Natal and Zululand Chiefs who had behaved loyally during the Insurrection. Some of these men controlled tribes as large or larger
- 43. than that ofDinuzulu. It was, indeed, for that particular reason that no differentiation was shewn between him and them. The interviews, held on the 3rd and 4th June, helped materially to allay much of the nervousness then still prevalent among the people at large, and to restore the former amicable relations between them and the authorities. This proved to be the last of many useful services Sir Henry McCallum was called on to perform as Governor of Natal. With the greatest regret did Natalians of every class take leave of this public officer, for he was one who had very closely identified himself with their interests, in times of peace and of war. The energy and ability with which he had grappled with the numerous issues of the Rebellion were at all times conspicuous and conspicuously successful. Difficulties of the most serious nature arose, sometimes with surprising force and suddenness, only to be met with coolness and courage, and invariably surmounted. The Colony prided herself in having him as her Governor. In his hands she felt safe. So satisfied was she with him in command, as to accord him every privilege in connection with internal affairs as it was possible to do. In parting with him, after more than the normal term of years, she rejoiced to know that his services and experience, which had been of such intrinsic value to her in times of stress and of peril, would not be lost to the great Empire of which she formed a part. Until the new Governor's arrival at the beginning of September, Mr. (now Sir William H.) Beaumont, one of the judges of the Supreme Court, acted as Administrator. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Matthew Nathan, K.C.M.G., who had served with distinction as Governor on the Gold Coast and Hong Kong, arrived at a critical time to preside over the affairs of the Colony. He at once addressed himself to the situation which, as will be seen, had been rapidly developing during Mr. Beaumont's tenure of office. During Dinuzulu's visit to Pietermaritzburg to see Sir Henry McCallum, reference had been made to certain two murders in regard to which the Chief was said to have rendered no assistance to the Government. He explained, though not at that moment, that one of the men had 'died' in his ward and the other (Mnqandi) outside it. The
- 44. latter who, upto the time of his death, had been living at Usutu kraal, had had his throat cut, but after walking a long way, died some eight miles from the kraal. This incident occurred about the same time that Stainbank was murdered. Dinuzulu declared he was unable to offer any explanation as to how the crimes had come to be committed. These murders, both of which took place during the first half of 1906, are mentioned because it was owing to them and similar mysterious occurrences in 1907, again associated with Dinuzulu, that the Colony came once more to be placed under martial law, and a large portion of the Militia mobilized for the purpose of restoring order. Following on a charge of having committed adultery with one of Dinuzulu's wives (a charge which was not substantiated), and on that account, believed to have caused Dinuzulu to become ill, another man, Gence alias Nsasa, formerly employed by the Chief as a doctor, was murdered in Nkandhla district in April, 1907. The latter incident, however, because of deceased's low rank, did not excite nearly as much attention as the murder of a prominent and conspicuously loyal Chief, also of Nkandhla, named Sitshitshili. This man had materially assisted the Government to the utmost of his ability during the Rebellion. Many years before he had saved Dinuzulu's life, when the kraal at which the latter was staying was suddenly attacked by Zibebu's impi. Sitshitshili's murderer, who professed to be a messenger, was a stranger to deceased. He was allowed to spend a couple of days at the kraal. Seizing his opportunity when his host was alone at night, and after drinking a cup of coffee with him a few minutes before, he shot him in the chest and stomach with a revolver and, though pursued, escaped in the dark. The effect instantly created on the Native mind by this revolting and brutal murder is best stated in the words of Sir Charles Saunders, written but two weeks after the occurrence: "Several of the loyal Chiefs from different parts have either visited or sent representatives to me to express their regret and horror at what has happened, and emphatically assert that the life of no loyal person is now safe.... There appears to be no doubt in their minds that this murder, as well as others, was inspired at the Usutu kraal. Some say so openly, whilst others, who are not so frank, insinuate in
- 45. unmistakable terms thatthey share the same view, and it is not difficult to perceive that they hold Dinuzulu, either directly or indirectly, responsible for the whole."
- 47. Welcome to ourwebsite – the ideal destination for book lovers and knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to specialized publications, self-development books, and children's literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system, we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading. Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and personal growth! ebookfinal.com