A Course in Public Economics:
Resources for Instructors
John Leach
August 2002
Course Design
Overview
Areviewof thecontents andmethodologyofeachchapter follows. Thenumber in themiddle
column is an estimate of the chapters difÞculty, on a 1�5 scale with 1 being the easiest. For
this purpose, I have imagined the students to be in their third or fourth year, with one or two
terms of Varian-style intermediate microeconomics, and with a grasp of basic calculus but
little exposure to statistics.
1: Introduction 1 Discusses the two fundamental theorems of welfare economics.
Informally states the requirements of the Þrst theorem, and de-
scribes themarket failures that arisewhen these requirementsare
not satisÞed: public goods, externalities, imperfect competition.
Introduces theconceptofasymmetric information, anddiscusses
its relevance to the Þrst theorem. Argues that asymmetric infor-
mation precludes the government from transferring income in a
lump sum fashion, so that the requirements of the second theo-
rem are also unlikely to be satisÞed. This chapter are entirely
verbal.
2: The Exchange
Economy
2 Introduces theconceptofParetooptimalityand illustrates itwith
a simple example. Develops the Edgeworth box, and uses it
to discuss Pareto optimality and competitive equilibrium within
the context of an exchange economy with two people and two
goods. Demonstrates the two theorems for this economy. The
arguments are verbal and graphical.
3: An Algebraic
Exchange
Economy
2 Constructs an algebraic version of the two person, two good ex-
change economy. Describes Pareto optimal allocations as so-
lutions to an under-determined equation system and presents a
Cobb-Douglas example. Describes competitive equilibrium as
the solution to an equation system and presents a Cobb-Douglas
example. Demonstrates the two theorems by comparing the two
equation systems.
4 Course Design
4: The Production
Economy
3 Develops a two person, two good economy in which the people
areendowedwith twofactorsofproductionand theownershipof
Þrms, but not with consumer goods. Describes a Pareto optimal
allocation as one satisfying three efÞciency conditions, and dis-
cusses eachefÞciencycondition. Shows that aParetooptimal al-
location can be represented as a solution to anunder-determined
equation system. Describes competitive equilibrium, and shows
that it can also be thought of as the solution to an equation sys-
tem. Presents an example of competitive equilibrium involving
simple functional forms. Demonstrates theÞrst theorembycom-
paring the equation systems.
5: Consumer
and Producer
Surplus
2 Shows that the increase in total cost when output rises can be
measured by an area under the marginal cost curve. Presents a
more general rule of the relationship between margins and to-
tals. Introduces consumer and producer surplus, and uses the
general rule to measure them. Argues that a system of free mar-
kets maximizes surplus, and that interventions cause a loss o.
1. Begin with a GeorgeHarriet (exchange) economy with 2 units of .docxSONU61709
1. Begin with a George/Harriet (exchange) economy with 2 units of ale and 1 unit of bread (so that the Edgeworth Box is rectangular.) Assume generic preferences. [Hint: There isn’t a unique way to draw indifference curves. Every time we change the utility function, we change which points are on the same indifference curve. Our theory is general enough that it works with lots of utility functions, so that we don’t have to specify a specific one in advance. But what makes the utility function part of the environment is that if you ever change it after picking one, you are talking about an entirely different economy.] Define the Contract Curve. Argue through the definition of Pareto Optimality why the allocations which give all of the resources to one of the two agents (George or Harriet are on the curve.) Pick one point above the contract curve and one point below, show why these two points are not on the indifference curve. Find all of the points on the Contract Curve which dominate one of your two points. Explain why at least one of these points is on the Contract Curve.
2. Consider the same above economy and assume a specific endowment such that George has all of the ale and Harriet all of the bread. Assume both agents’ preferences can be represented by the same utility function. Show how to construct the supply and demand curves for ale by constructing at least three points on it via an explained graph. What items in the Edgeworth box adjust to show that? Make sure one of the points you include is the equilibrium point, a second represents a shortage and the third a surplus of ale. Label the amount of the shortage/surplus on the Edgeworth box and the supply/demand curve.
3. Again consider the previous economy. Suppose that a public official has her own preferences for this economy that considers a point on the contract curve which gives Harriet strictly higher utility than the competitive equilibrium. Explain intuitively the meaning of lump sum taxes. Show how the public official can use lump sum taxes such that the resulting equilibrium matches her preferences for the economy’s outcome. Could she use lump sum taxes to implement an outcome that was off the Contract Curve if for some very unusual reason she wanted to?
4. Let’s suppose that we believe that an Edgeworth box economy is a good description of the resource allocation problem for an actual economy where George and Harriet are stand in for two organized political factions in a democratic political system. What would the welfare theorems lead us to predict about the extent (and possible) outcomes of political conflict in the outside economy? Let’s say upon observation, we saw that the two political parties claimed that their preferred policies towards resource allocation satisfied a “national interest.” [This is not a economic term with a known meaning]. How would the models in Chapter 2 and 3 help you interpret/understand this claim? Let’s say that we hoped to interpret this clai ...
Midterm Exam Prep 1. Begin with a GeorgeHarriet.docxARIV4
Midterm Exam Prep
1. Begin with a George/Harriet (exchange) economy with 2 units of ale and 1 unit of
bread (so that the Edgeworth Box is rectangular.) Assume generic preferences. [Hint:
There isn’t a unique way to draw indifference curves. Every time we change the utility
function, we change which points are on the same indifference curve. Our theory is
general enough that it works with lots of utility functions, so that we don’t have to
specify a specific one in advance. But what makes the utility function part of the
environment is that if you ever change it after picking one, you are talking about an
entirely different economy.] Define the Contract Curve. Argue through the
definition of Pareto Optimality why the allocations which give all of the resources to one
of the two agents (George or Harriet are on the curve.) Pick one point above the
contract curve and one point below, show why these two points are not on the
indifference curve. Find all of the points on the Contract Curve which dominate one of
your two points. Explain why at least one of these points is on the Contract Curve.
2. Consider the same above economy and assume a specific endowment such that George
has all of the ale and Harriet all of the bread. Assume both agents’ preferences can be
represented by the same utility function. Show how to construct the supply and
demand curves for ale by constructing at least three points on it via an explained graph.
What items in the Edgeworth box adjust to show that? Make sure one of the points
you include is the equilibrium point, a second represents a shortage and the third a
surplus of ale. Label the amount of the shortage/surplus on the Edgeworth box and the
supply/demand curve.
3. Again consider the previous economy. Suppose that a public official has her own
preferences for this economy that considers a point on the contract curve which gives
Harriet strictly higher utility than the competitive equilibrium. Explain intuitively the
meaning of lump sum taxes. Show how the public official can use lump sum taxes such
that the resulting equilibrium matches her preferences for the economy’s outcome.
Could she use lump sum taxes to implement an outcome that was off the Contract
Curve if for some very unusual reason she wanted to?
4. Let’s suppose that we believe that an Edgeworth box economy is a good description of
the resource allocation problem for an actual economy where George and Harriet are
stand in for two organized political factions in a democratic political system. What
would the welfare theorems lead us to predict about the extent (and possible)
outcomes of political conflict in the outside economy? Let’s say upon observation, we
saw that the two political parties claimed that their preferred policies towards resource
allocation satisfied a “national interest.” [This is not a economic term with a known
...
A Pure Theory of Local ExpendituresAuthor(s) Charles M.docxtarifarmarie
A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures
Author(s): Charles M. Tiebout
Source: Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 64, No. 5 (Oct., 1956), pp. 416-424
Published by: The University of Chicago Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1826343
Accessed: 11-02-2019 15:20 UTC
REFERENCES
Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1826343?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and
extend access to Journal of Political Economy
This content downloaded from 128.146.137.156 on Mon, 11 Feb 2019 15:20:00 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
A PURE THEORY OF LOCAL EXPENDITURES'
CHARLES M. TIEBOUT
Northwestern University
NE of the most important recent
developments in the area of
"applied economic theory" has
been the work of Musgrave and Samuel-
son in public finance theory.2 The two
writers agree on what is probably the
major point under investigation, namely,
that no "market type" solution exists to
determine the level of expenditures on
public goods. Seemingly, we are faced
with the problem of having a rather
large portion of our national income
allocated in a "non-optimal" way when
compared with the private sector.
This discussion will show that the
Musgrave-Samuelson analysis, which is
valid for federal expenditures, need not
apply to local expenditures. The plan of
the discussion is first to restate the as-
sumptions made by Musgrave and
Samuelson and the central problems with
which they deal. After looking at a key
difference between the federal versus
local cases, I shall present a simple
model. This model yields a solution for
the level of expenditures for local public
goods which reflects the preferences of
the population more adequately than
they can be reflected at the national
level. The assumptions of the model will
then be relaxed to see what implications
are involved. Finally, policy considera-
tions will be discussed.
THE THEORETICAL ISSUE
Samuelson has defined public goods as
"collective consumption goods (Xn + 1,
. . ., XX + n) which all enjoy in com-
mon in the sense that each individual's
consumption of such a good leads to no
subtraction from any other individual's
consumption of that good, so that
X,, + j = XI + j simultaneously for
each and every ith individual and each
collecti.
1. Begin with a GeorgeHarriet (exchange) economy with 2 units of .docxSONU61709
1. Begin with a George/Harriet (exchange) economy with 2 units of ale and 1 unit of bread (so that the Edgeworth Box is rectangular.) Assume generic preferences. [Hint: There isn’t a unique way to draw indifference curves. Every time we change the utility function, we change which points are on the same indifference curve. Our theory is general enough that it works with lots of utility functions, so that we don’t have to specify a specific one in advance. But what makes the utility function part of the environment is that if you ever change it after picking one, you are talking about an entirely different economy.] Define the Contract Curve. Argue through the definition of Pareto Optimality why the allocations which give all of the resources to one of the two agents (George or Harriet are on the curve.) Pick one point above the contract curve and one point below, show why these two points are not on the indifference curve. Find all of the points on the Contract Curve which dominate one of your two points. Explain why at least one of these points is on the Contract Curve.
2. Consider the same above economy and assume a specific endowment such that George has all of the ale and Harriet all of the bread. Assume both agents’ preferences can be represented by the same utility function. Show how to construct the supply and demand curves for ale by constructing at least three points on it via an explained graph. What items in the Edgeworth box adjust to show that? Make sure one of the points you include is the equilibrium point, a second represents a shortage and the third a surplus of ale. Label the amount of the shortage/surplus on the Edgeworth box and the supply/demand curve.
3. Again consider the previous economy. Suppose that a public official has her own preferences for this economy that considers a point on the contract curve which gives Harriet strictly higher utility than the competitive equilibrium. Explain intuitively the meaning of lump sum taxes. Show how the public official can use lump sum taxes such that the resulting equilibrium matches her preferences for the economy’s outcome. Could she use lump sum taxes to implement an outcome that was off the Contract Curve if for some very unusual reason she wanted to?
4. Let’s suppose that we believe that an Edgeworth box economy is a good description of the resource allocation problem for an actual economy where George and Harriet are stand in for two organized political factions in a democratic political system. What would the welfare theorems lead us to predict about the extent (and possible) outcomes of political conflict in the outside economy? Let’s say upon observation, we saw that the two political parties claimed that their preferred policies towards resource allocation satisfied a “national interest.” [This is not a economic term with a known meaning]. How would the models in Chapter 2 and 3 help you interpret/understand this claim? Let’s say that we hoped to interpret this clai ...
Midterm Exam Prep 1. Begin with a GeorgeHarriet.docxARIV4
Midterm Exam Prep
1. Begin with a George/Harriet (exchange) economy with 2 units of ale and 1 unit of
bread (so that the Edgeworth Box is rectangular.) Assume generic preferences. [Hint:
There isn’t a unique way to draw indifference curves. Every time we change the utility
function, we change which points are on the same indifference curve. Our theory is
general enough that it works with lots of utility functions, so that we don’t have to
specify a specific one in advance. But what makes the utility function part of the
environment is that if you ever change it after picking one, you are talking about an
entirely different economy.] Define the Contract Curve. Argue through the
definition of Pareto Optimality why the allocations which give all of the resources to one
of the two agents (George or Harriet are on the curve.) Pick one point above the
contract curve and one point below, show why these two points are not on the
indifference curve. Find all of the points on the Contract Curve which dominate one of
your two points. Explain why at least one of these points is on the Contract Curve.
2. Consider the same above economy and assume a specific endowment such that George
has all of the ale and Harriet all of the bread. Assume both agents’ preferences can be
represented by the same utility function. Show how to construct the supply and
demand curves for ale by constructing at least three points on it via an explained graph.
What items in the Edgeworth box adjust to show that? Make sure one of the points
you include is the equilibrium point, a second represents a shortage and the third a
surplus of ale. Label the amount of the shortage/surplus on the Edgeworth box and the
supply/demand curve.
3. Again consider the previous economy. Suppose that a public official has her own
preferences for this economy that considers a point on the contract curve which gives
Harriet strictly higher utility than the competitive equilibrium. Explain intuitively the
meaning of lump sum taxes. Show how the public official can use lump sum taxes such
that the resulting equilibrium matches her preferences for the economy’s outcome.
Could she use lump sum taxes to implement an outcome that was off the Contract
Curve if for some very unusual reason she wanted to?
4. Let’s suppose that we believe that an Edgeworth box economy is a good description of
the resource allocation problem for an actual economy where George and Harriet are
stand in for two organized political factions in a democratic political system. What
would the welfare theorems lead us to predict about the extent (and possible)
outcomes of political conflict in the outside economy? Let’s say upon observation, we
saw that the two political parties claimed that their preferred policies towards resource
allocation satisfied a “national interest.” [This is not a economic term with a known
...
A Pure Theory of Local ExpendituresAuthor(s) Charles M.docxtarifarmarie
A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures
Author(s): Charles M. Tiebout
Source: Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 64, No. 5 (Oct., 1956), pp. 416-424
Published by: The University of Chicago Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1826343
Accessed: 11-02-2019 15:20 UTC
REFERENCES
Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1826343?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and
extend access to Journal of Political Economy
This content downloaded from 128.146.137.156 on Mon, 11 Feb 2019 15:20:00 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
A PURE THEORY OF LOCAL EXPENDITURES'
CHARLES M. TIEBOUT
Northwestern University
NE of the most important recent
developments in the area of
"applied economic theory" has
been the work of Musgrave and Samuel-
son in public finance theory.2 The two
writers agree on what is probably the
major point under investigation, namely,
that no "market type" solution exists to
determine the level of expenditures on
public goods. Seemingly, we are faced
with the problem of having a rather
large portion of our national income
allocated in a "non-optimal" way when
compared with the private sector.
This discussion will show that the
Musgrave-Samuelson analysis, which is
valid for federal expenditures, need not
apply to local expenditures. The plan of
the discussion is first to restate the as-
sumptions made by Musgrave and
Samuelson and the central problems with
which they deal. After looking at a key
difference between the federal versus
local cases, I shall present a simple
model. This model yields a solution for
the level of expenditures for local public
goods which reflects the preferences of
the population more adequately than
they can be reflected at the national
level. The assumptions of the model will
then be relaxed to see what implications
are involved. Finally, policy considera-
tions will be discussed.
THE THEORETICAL ISSUE
Samuelson has defined public goods as
"collective consumption goods (Xn + 1,
. . ., XX + n) which all enjoy in com-
mon in the sense that each individual's
consumption of such a good leads to no
subtraction from any other individual's
consumption of that good, so that
X,, + j = XI + j simultaneously for
each and every ith individual and each
collecti.
Extra Credit
1. A “natural monopoly” exists when
A company creates a monopoly because it has an important patent
A company naturally creates a monopoly because it was more innovative than other competitors
One company can serve a market less costly than two or more firms.
2. True or False? Most public utilities are considered to be natural monopolies.
3. The presence of very large fixed costs and relatively low variable costs typically results in
A. Average costs declining throughout the relevant range of demand
B. A natural monopoly
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
4. An example of a Public Utility would be
Walmart
El Paso Electric Co.
Congress
Microsoft
5. The Public Interest Theory of regulation suggests
Government regulates to promote social economic welfare (as economists would prescribe)
Government regulates to promote their own welfare
Government should not regulate at all
None of the above
6. True or False? Stigler’s Economic Theory of Regulation suggests that people in government are self-interested individuals.
Suppose a power plant generates an additional 10 mWh of electricity for a profit of $100,000. This additional production also creates pollution damages to others equivalent to $120,000. From society’s view, the efficient decision is not to generate the additional power.
7. True or False? Under the Coase Theorem without transactions costs, the efficient decision will be made when the public has the right to receive damage payments.
8. True or False? Under the Coase Theorem without transactions costs, the efficient decision will be made when the power plant has the right to pollute.
9. True or False? If the market causing a negative externality has a property right to do so, the Coase Theorem would suggest that those being harmed would organize and make a payment to stop or limit the market activity.
10. The presence of transaction costs in the “real world” may
Give a rationale for government regulation.
Ensure that the Coase Theorem efficiency results always prevail.
Make it easy to organize people against a polluting company.
11. Why is it rational for groups affected by regulation to expend resources to influence regulatory decisions?
Government’s power of coercion may be used to redistribute wealth between groups of people.
Government will do what is best for the public interest.
Government regulation should be eliminated.
12. “Taxation by Regulation” (Richard Posner) suggests that regulation is used for what purpose?
Help airlines and other regulated industries.
Cross-subsidize certain markets or market segments.
Increase the general fund (tax revenues) directly collected by the government.
Protect the environment.
13. True or False? The “Capture Theory” of regulation is an extreme (polar) case of the Economic Theory of Regulation.
14. Which of the following is not an assumption under Professor Stigler’s “Economic Theory of Regulation”?
All actors in a political-economy are self-int.
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ECONOMICS 201 Introduction to MicroeconomicsNUMBER ONE {60 poin.docxjack60216
ECONOMICS 201: Introduction to Microeconomics
NUMBER ONE {60 points}. Using the production possibilities frontiers for WOMEN and
MEN provided below, explain which group has a comparative advantage over which type of
goods. Is it rational for WOMEN to trade with MEN? Explain. What will keep each group
from trying to overcharge the other for their specialized product? What are some of the barriers
to trade which might keep the two groups apart even if there are mutually beneficial gains from
exchange possible?
Child Care (CC) Income Earning (IE)
WOMEN 100 400
MEN 80 240
NUMBER TWO {60 points}. Suppose there is market for airfares to Caribbean Beach Vacation
Destinations (CBVDs). Consider the following list of factors which might influence the market
for CBVDs:
A. the public becomes more workoriented
and less leisureoriented
B. the income of the public decreases
C. the prices of hotel rooms in the Caribbean beach vacation regions increases slightly
D. the prices of airfares to Colorado ski vacation destinations increases
E. the sales tax imposed on the purchase of airfares increases substantially
F. the cost of jet fuel increases
G. the wages of travel agents decrease
Use the Supply and Demand Model to provide an answer for each of the four complex cases
described below. What happens in the market for Caribbean Beach Vacation Destinations if:
I. A and F occur at the same time
II. B and G occur at the same time
III. C and E occur at the same time
IV. C and D and F occur at the same time
NUMBER THREE {605 points}. The behavioral model of neoclassical microeconomics asserts
that human beings are “selfinterestedand rational.” Yet, we have emphasized the importance of
a human being’s social nature, and especially the importance of acquiring morals and ethics,
essentially from our social settings. When you ask people about what is important to them, most
people mention “family” somewhere near the top of their priorities; rarely is a person so candid
as to admit that they place themselves first.
Is it important to be committed primarily to yourself or to your family? What if someone in
your family breaks the law, or commits a fundamentally immoral act? According to
microeconomics, how does a person decide where to give their loyalty when the interests of one
social group, like the family, are in conflict with the interests of another social group, like the
person’s nation or religion? In summary, what is the economic role of ethics and morals for both
the individual person and the society?
NUMBER FOUR {60 points}. Consider the data on housing prices provided below. Use the
Supply and Demand model to describe some possible components of these changes in housing
prices.
Median Sales Price of Existing SingleFamily
Homes for Metropolitan Areas. [source: National
Association of Realtors.]
2012 2013 2014
USA Average Metro Area 177.2 197.4 208.9
Atlantic City NJ 220.4 218.3 207.6
BloomingtonNormal
IL 156.4 154.0 156.0
Cumberland MDWV
96.2 102.2 92.0
Los Angel ...
Zoe is a second grader with autism spectrum disorders. Zoe’s father .docxransayo
Zoe is a second grader with autism spectrum disorders. Zoe’s father recently passed away in a tragic car accident. Zoe, her mom, and two older brothers have temporarily relocated from out-of-state and are now living in her grandparents’ house in a small, rural community.
Because the family had been living out-of state, Zoe has never interacted with her grandparents. She has challenges responding to social cues, including her name and in understanding gestures. She also engages in repetitive body movements. She is fond of her set of dolls and likes lining them up. When Zoe is agitated, her mother plays Mozart, which seems to have a calming effect. Zoe also enjoys macaroni and cheese.
Her grandparents do not understand Zoe’s attempts at communicating. Zoe does not respond well to crowded and noisy environments. Zoe’s mom is working outside the home for the first time.
Because of the move, Zoe has transferred to a new school, which does not currently have any students with ASD. Although her mom is generally very involved with Zoe’s education, she is away from the home much of the time due to a long commute for her new job is a neighboring city.
Zoe’s grandparents are eager and willing to help in any way they can.
Imagine you are serving as an ASD consultant at Zoe’s new school. Using the COMPASS model, create a COMPASS Action Plan for Zoe by complete the following tasks:
Identify the personal challenges for Zoe;
Identify the environmental challenges for Zoe;
Identify potential supports; and
Identify and prioritize teaching goals.
In addition, include a 250-500-word rationale that explains how your action plan for Zoe demonstrates collaboration in a respectful, culturally responsive way while promoting understanding, resolving conflicts, and building consensus around her interventions.
.
Zlatan Ibrahimović – Sports Psychology
Outline
Introduction:
· General Info
· Nationality, Birthplace, Parents
· Childhood What he wanted to do growing up?
· When did he start playing professionally?
· Which teams did he play for?
· Give some of his career statistics and maybe records?
· What trophies has he won with club football and national team of Sweden?
· Style of Play
· What is his personality like? How do people see him in the media?\
·
Body Paragraphs
Connect the following Sports Psychology Concepts (or even those not listed) to Zlatan Ibrahimović
What is his personality type? Type A, B C, or D?
Give examples through research of where he shows this.
CATASTROPHE THEORY… OCCURS WHEN? WHAT DOES THE GRAPH LOOK LIKE
· Arousal: is a blend of physiological and psychological activity in a person and it refers to the intensity dimensions of motivation at a particular moment. It ranges from not aroused, to completely aroused, to highly aroused; this is when individuals are mentally and physically activated.
· Performance increases as arousal increases but when arousal gets too high performance dramatically decreases. This is usually caused by the performer becoming anxious and sometimes making wrong decisions. Catastrophes is caused by a combination of cognitive and somatic anxieties. Cognitive is the internal worries of not performing well while somatic is the physical effects of muscle tension/butterflies and fatigue through playing.
· The graph is an inverted U where the x line is the arousal and the y is the performance. Performance peaks on the top of the inverted U and the catastrophe happens in the fall of the inverted U
HIGH TRAIT ANXIETY ATHLETES… HOW DO THEY PERCEIVE COMPETITION?
· Anxiety: is a negative emotional state in which feelings of nervousness, worry and apprehension are associated with activation or arousal of the body
· Trait Anxiety: is a behavioral disposition to perceive as threatening circumstances that objectively may not be dangerous and to then respond with disproportionate state anxiety.
· Somatic Trait Anxiety: the degree to which one typically perceived heightened physical symptoms (muscle tension)
· Cognitive Trait Anxiety: the degree to which one typically worries or has self doubt
· Concentration Disruption: the degree to which one typically has concentration disruption during competition
People usually with high trait anxiety usually have more state anxiety in highly competitive evaluative situations than do people with lower trait anxiety. Example two athletes are playing basketball and both are physically and statistically the same both have to shoot a final free throw to win the game. Athlete A is more laid back which means his trait anxiety is lower and he doesn't view the final shot as a overly threatening. Athlete B has a high trait anxiety and because of that he perceives the final shot as very threatening. This has an effect on his state anxiety much more than.
Zia 2Do You Choose to AcceptYour mission, should you choose.docxransayo
Zia 2
Do You Choose to Accept?
Your mission, should you choose to accept it, is to go out and see Mission: Impossible-Fallout. As I sat back in my red-cushioned seat, accompanied by my brothers, I knew I was in for something special. The film takes place two years after two-thousand fifteens hit movie, Mission: Impossible-Rogue Nation. While I had no clue what to expect, I knew I was going to be in for an incredible ride as soon as the movie began with the intense dialogue between Ethan Hunt (Tom Cruise) and Solomon Lane (Sean Harris). From beginning to end, Mission: Impossible- Fallout delivers crazy action-thriller scenes, inventive special effects, and creative cinematography.
Mission: Impossible-Fallout is based on a story of an American agent who must retrieve nuclear weapons from an enemy terrorist organization with help of his specialized IMF team. The film was consistent the first hour with it involving the audience in the mission of the secret organization and trying to figure out the next move of the evil organization known as the Apostles. However, towards the middle of the movie it was revealed that one of the CIA agents was playing the role of a double spy and was on the side of the Apostles. The plot delivered intense action-packed scenes between the opposing groups that personally had me at the edge of my seat. Whether it was a chase on motorcycles, cars, speedboats, or helicopters, each scene had Ethan Hunt running for his life to save the world. Even though I was only viewing the movie from a comfortable movie theater, Hunt zigzagging through the traffic of France on a motorcycle had my fists clenched and adrenaline pumping. However, that was not even the best thriller of the movie. Ethan Hunt trailing Agent Walker in a helicopter with heavy rounds of artillery being fired at each other through the snowcapped mountains of Kashmir may very well be one of the best action scenes in cinematic history. Mission: Impossible-Fallout can be appreciated and enjoyed by all audiences because of its action-packed scenes that keep everyone extremely engaged in the plot.
Mission: Impossible-Fallout brilliantly illustrates the amazing special effects that serve to create the theme and style of the film. From creating bloody wounds to spectacular backgrounds, special effects are abundant throughout the movie. For instance, as Hunt is jumping off an airplane, the special effects of this scene include wind, rain, thunder, and clouds that make the film visually appealing and almost realistic. The thunder striking him as he is skydiving had my jaw wide open simply because of how incredible the illusion was displayed. In almost every fight between Hunt’s team and the Apostles, multiple types of special effects were utilized. Fighting sequences with Hunt angrily running towards Lane and delivering devastating punches accompanied by “POWs” and “AAAHs” seemed so realistic that it had me feeling queasy in my stomach. The gunfire during these fight.
Ziyao LiIAS 3753Dr. Manata HashemiWorking Title The Edu.docxransayo
Ziyao Li
IAS 3753
Dr. Manata Hashemi
Working Title:
The Education Gap
Research Question:
How did the youth of Iran make up the education gap resulted from the Cultural Revolution from 1980 to 1982?
This is a critical question because it involves both education and the youth of Iran. Education and the youth are both very fundamental perspectives for a society to thrive. During the cultural revolution, the education system was shut down, which would undermine the overall quality of a generation. Research of this issue will lead us to the methods used to make up the education gap. It is possible to help other countries suffering similar issues.
Thesis Statement:
After the Iran’s cultural revolution during 1980 to 1982, the youth of Iran made up the education gap caused during the revolution by promoting student movements.
Outline:
· Introduction:
· Cultural Revolution happened in Iran during 1980 to 1982. The education institutions like universities were shut down for the 3-year period. And this gap in education brought significant influence on the youth of Iran at that time. However, the education gap was made up successfully after the revolution.
· State the thesis statement:
· The education gap is made up by the youth in Iran. They promoted the student movement to help the society recover from the revolution.
· The scars left from the revolution
· The revolution lasted 3 years, young people who were supposed to be students had to quit school. The government forced schools to close. The chain of delivering knowledge was broken. And young people cannot find proper things to do when quitting school.
· Student movements
· After the cultural revolution, people in Iran realized they need to correct the current education situation recover the damages resulted from the revolution. Since Iran’s youth has a great number in the society, their power was not to be ignored. They started to fight for their own rights and profits. They were looking for ways to make up the damage has been down. Then the student movement eventually worked for recovering Iran’s education level.
· Conclusion
· The cultural revolution in Iran hurt its education continuity. However, the youth of Iran managed to make up for the damage caused by the cultural revolution. Student movements played the dominant role in this recovering process.
Bibliography:
Khosrow Sobhe (1982) Education in Revolution: is Iran duplicating the Chinese Cultural Revolution?, Comparative Education, 18:3, 271-280, DOI: 10.1080/0305006820180304
Mashayekhi M. The Revival of the Student Movement in Post-Revolutionary Iran. International Journal of Politics, Culture & Society. 2001;15(2):283. doi:10.1023/A:1012977219524.
Razavi, R. (2009). The Cultural Revolution in Iran, with Close Regard to the Universities, and its Impact on the Student Movement. Middle Eastern Studies, 45(1), 1–17. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/10.1080/00263200802547586
ZABARDAST, S. (2015). Flourishing of Occid.
Ziyan Huang (Jerry)
Assignment 4
Brand Positioning
Professor Gaur
Target audience:
HR in Ping An Bank Co., Ltd. HRs (interviewers who hire people) from Ping An Bank are usually female, aged 30-40, who look friendly and easy-going. They are sophisticated and skeptic when checking people’s resumes and asking questions during interview. Usually, HRs care about four things: 1. Graduate school ranking. 2. Working experience in bank 3. Oral expression. 4. Personal character. They prefer people who are enthusiastic, energetic and hard-working.
Q1:
Compared to other people who also look for jobs in Ping An Bank, my points of parity would be: 1. I have earned a master degree in a Top 40 U.S. graduate school. 2. I have some intern experience in another bank. My points of differentiation would be: 1. I am confidence in speaking and self-expression. I can serve both Chinese and American clients because I speak fluent Mandarin and English. 2. I am energetic and hard-working. I always have passion in learning something new, which is a key for me to develop working skills.
Q2:
My brand essence: “Energetic, hard-working and modest.”
Q3:
Positioning statement:
Ziyan Huang is for employers from bank,
Who look for excellent employees.
Ziyan Huang is an energetic, hard-working NYU graduate student,
That has passion in developing new working skills.
Because he can speak fluent Mandarin and English,
And have one year working experience in China Merchant Bank,
So that employers can trust him as a reliable candidate.
.
Zhtavius Moye
04/19/2019
BUSA 4126
SWOT Analysis
Dr. Setliff
PORSCHE
Strengths
· Brand Recognition
Not only a brand, but a status symbol for wealth and luxury
· Lean Factory Production
Manpower is low compared to the use of raw materials and supplies
· High Profit Share
The reputation is well-known for good treatment
Weaknesses
· Small automotive manufacture
Porsche has offered the same line of cars for years before extending.
· Limited Customer Sector
Not everyone can afford a Porsche
· Location
Since beginning of time, Porsche has been in Stuttgart, Germany. No space to expand
Opportunities
· Expansion
Deliveries increased in China by 12% but needs more in Asia, Japan, and Indonesia.
· Electric Mobility
A chance to expand Porsche name to many more industries and markets with top competitors such as Tesla.
· S1, O2: Brand recognition extends the range for profitability for the 2020 fully electric Porsche Taycan.
· S3, O1: The annual profitability of the company will encourage others to become a part of the business.
· S2, O1: The cost of a Porsche effects expansion, but by expanding to China could significantly increase rates.
· S3, O1: The location in Germany is a problem for expansion due to limited space of Stuttgart.
Threats
· Technology
Modern technology is advancing to lower cost vehicles.
· Market Competition
Vehicles with similar characteristics at lower cost.
· S3, O2: Weighing heavily on the market Porsche’s reputation will continue to stand abroad its competitors.
· S2, O1: Limited labor will call for more software developers in the more modern technology, especially introducing the fully electric Porsche Taycan.
· S1, O1: Porsche is a company that believes in staying at its classic and luxury perception to their buyers. Still giving all newly updated technology certain things such as an automatic start engine will not be an asset.
· S2, O2: Combined leaves Porsche at a limitation of customers making it hard to expand the market.
VIOLATION OF CIVIL RIGHTS ACT IN ELECTIONS 1
VIOLATION OF CIVIL RIGHTS ACT IN ELECTIONS 2
Violation of Civil Rights Act in Elections
Jake Bookard
Savannah State University
Violation of Civil Rights Act in Elections
Introduction
Despite the assurance of minority voter’s rights by the constitution and the fourteenth amendment, cases of rights violation with regards to the voting process are still on the rise in the US. Minority groups are often discriminated or blocked from participating in the voting process both in ways that they can discern and through cunning plans that can involve the voting process. Some of the main reasons why minorities’ constitutional rights are violated include racial discrimination by majority races, and to manipulate the outcome of the elections so as to keep minority groups out of the political leadership structure. The fourteenth amendment and the constitution do not sufficiently safeguard the rights of minority groups during elections beca.
Zichun Gao Professor Karen Accounting 1AIBM FInancial Stat.docxransayo
Zichun Gao Professor Karen Accounting 1A
IBM FInancial Statement Analysis
Financial Ratios 2019 2018 Formula
Current Ratio 1.02 1.29 CA/CL
Profit Margin 12.22% 12.35% Net Income/Total Revenue
Receiveables Turnover 9.80 10.71 Revenue/Average AR
Average Collection Period 36.72 33.62 365/Receiveables Turnover
Inventory Turnover 25.11 25.36 COST/Average Inventory
Days in Inventory 14.53 14.39 365/Inventory Turnover
Debts to Asset Ratio 0.86 0.86 Total Debts/Total Assets
IBM's days in inventory is around two weeks and this means that goods in the inventory
as efficnetly distributed and that there is a consitantly good inventory control for the
company.
The company's debts to assets ratio is the same for two years and this means that the
company has less debt than asset. However, it is still a relatively poor ratio because this
might show that there are potential problems for the company to generate sufficient
revenue.
The current ratio of the company has decreased over the year, and this means that the
company has less liquid assets to cover its short term liabilities. Since the ratio is
currently approaching 1, the company might be having liquidation problem.
The profit margin for IBM is very stable and it has been about 12% for two years. The
company is performing the profit-generating ability at an average level and it is having
an average profit margin in the industry.
The receiveables turnover is good for the company while between these two years, there
is a decline. As the company is collecting its accounts receiveables around 10 times per
year, the collection is frequent.
The company has been collecting money from customers on credit sales approximately
once every month, and the company usually has fast credit collection, which means that
the risk for credit sales is relatively low.
Inventory turnover measures how many times a company sells and replaces inventory
during a year and for IBM, the number of times is stable and it is constantly around 25.
This means that the company has an efficient control of its goods in the inventory.
Free Cash Flow 11.90 11.90 CF_Operation-Capital Expenditures
Return on Assets 0.06 0.08 Net Income/Total Assets
Asset Turnover 0.51 0.65 Revenue/Assets
Figures From Financial Statement
From Income Statement pg.68
Net Income 9431 9828
Total Revenue 77147 79591
Cost 40657 42655
From Consolidated Balance Sheet pg.70
Current Assets 38420 49146
Current Liabilities 37701 38227
Accounts Receiveables 7870 7432
Inventory 1619 1682
Total Assets 152186 123382
Total Liabilities 131202 106452
From Cash Flow Overview pg.59
Net Cash From Op 14.3 15.6
Capital expenditures 2.4 3.7
The company currently has 11.9 billion dollars free cash flow for two years and this is a
relatively high level of free cash flow. With the high free cash flow, the company can
have more oportunity to expand, invest in new projects, pay dividends, or invest the
money into Resea.
Zheng Hes Inscription This inscription was carved on a stele erec.docxransayo
Zheng He's Inscription
This inscription was carved on a stele erected at a temple to the goddess the Celestial Spouse at Changle in Fujian province in 1431. Message written before his last voyage.
The Imperial Ming Dynasty unifying seas and continents, surpassing the three dynasties even goes beyond the Han and Tang dynasties. The countries beyond the horizon and from the ends of the earth have all become subjects and to the most western of the western or the most northern of the northern countries, however far they may be, the distance and the routes may be calculated. Thus the barbarians from beyond the seas, though their countries are truly distant, "have come to audience bearing precious objects and presents.
The Emperor, approving of their loyalty and sincerity, has ordered us (Zheng) He and others at the head of several tens of thousands of officers and flag-troops to ascend (use) more than one hundred large ships to go and confer presents on them in order to make manifest (make it happen) the transforming power of the (imperial) virtue and to treat distant people with kindness. From the third year of Yongle (1405) till now we have seven times received the commission (official permission) of ambassadors to countries of the western ocean. The barbarian countries which we have visited are: by way of Zhancheng (Champa Cambodia), Zhaowa (Java), Sanfoqi (Palembang- Indonesia) and Xianlo (Siam/Thailand) crossing straight over to Xilanshan (Ceylon- Sri Lanka) in South India, Guli (Calicut) [India], and Kezhi (Cochin India), we have gone to the western regions Hulumosi (Hormuz Between Oman and Iran), Adan (Aden), Mugudushu (Mogadishu- Somalia), altogether more than thirty countries large and small. We have traversed more than one hundred thousand li (distance of 500 meters) of immense water spaces and have beheld in the ocean huge waves like mountains rising sky-high, and we have set eyes on barbarian regions far away hidden in a blue transparency of light vapours, while our sails loftily unfurled like clouds day and night continued their course (rapid like that) of a star, traversing those savage waves as if we were treading a public thoroughfare. Truly this was due to the majesty and the good fortune of the Court and moreover we owe it to the protecting virtue of the divine Celestial Spouse.
The power of the goddess having indeed been manifested in previous times has been abundantly revealed in the present generation. When we arrived in the distant countries we captured alive those of the native kings who were not respectful and exterminated those barbarian robbers who were engaged in piracy, so that consequently the sea route was cleansed and pacified (to make someone or something peaceful) and the natives put their trust in it. All this is due to the favours of the goddess.
We have respectfully received an Imperial commemorative composition (essay/piece of writing) exalting the miraculous favours, which is the highest recompense and.
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Extra Credit
1. A “natural monopoly” exists when
A company creates a monopoly because it has an important patent
A company naturally creates a monopoly because it was more innovative than other competitors
One company can serve a market less costly than two or more firms.
2. True or False? Most public utilities are considered to be natural monopolies.
3. The presence of very large fixed costs and relatively low variable costs typically results in
A. Average costs declining throughout the relevant range of demand
B. A natural monopoly
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
4. An example of a Public Utility would be
Walmart
El Paso Electric Co.
Congress
Microsoft
5. The Public Interest Theory of regulation suggests
Government regulates to promote social economic welfare (as economists would prescribe)
Government regulates to promote their own welfare
Government should not regulate at all
None of the above
6. True or False? Stigler’s Economic Theory of Regulation suggests that people in government are self-interested individuals.
Suppose a power plant generates an additional 10 mWh of electricity for a profit of $100,000. This additional production also creates pollution damages to others equivalent to $120,000. From society’s view, the efficient decision is not to generate the additional power.
7. True or False? Under the Coase Theorem without transactions costs, the efficient decision will be made when the public has the right to receive damage payments.
8. True or False? Under the Coase Theorem without transactions costs, the efficient decision will be made when the power plant has the right to pollute.
9. True or False? If the market causing a negative externality has a property right to do so, the Coase Theorem would suggest that those being harmed would organize and make a payment to stop or limit the market activity.
10. The presence of transaction costs in the “real world” may
Give a rationale for government regulation.
Ensure that the Coase Theorem efficiency results always prevail.
Make it easy to organize people against a polluting company.
11. Why is it rational for groups affected by regulation to expend resources to influence regulatory decisions?
Government’s power of coercion may be used to redistribute wealth between groups of people.
Government will do what is best for the public interest.
Government regulation should be eliminated.
12. “Taxation by Regulation” (Richard Posner) suggests that regulation is used for what purpose?
Help airlines and other regulated industries.
Cross-subsidize certain markets or market segments.
Increase the general fund (tax revenues) directly collected by the government.
Protect the environment.
13. True or False? The “Capture Theory” of regulation is an extreme (polar) case of the Economic Theory of Regulation.
14. Which of the following is not an assumption under Professor Stigler’s “Economic Theory of Regulation”?
All actors in a political-economy are self-int.
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ECONOMICS 201 Introduction to MicroeconomicsNUMBER ONE {60 poin.docxjack60216
ECONOMICS 201: Introduction to Microeconomics
NUMBER ONE {60 points}. Using the production possibilities frontiers for WOMEN and
MEN provided below, explain which group has a comparative advantage over which type of
goods. Is it rational for WOMEN to trade with MEN? Explain. What will keep each group
from trying to overcharge the other for their specialized product? What are some of the barriers
to trade which might keep the two groups apart even if there are mutually beneficial gains from
exchange possible?
Child Care (CC) Income Earning (IE)
WOMEN 100 400
MEN 80 240
NUMBER TWO {60 points}. Suppose there is market for airfares to Caribbean Beach Vacation
Destinations (CBVDs). Consider the following list of factors which might influence the market
for CBVDs:
A. the public becomes more workoriented
and less leisureoriented
B. the income of the public decreases
C. the prices of hotel rooms in the Caribbean beach vacation regions increases slightly
D. the prices of airfares to Colorado ski vacation destinations increases
E. the sales tax imposed on the purchase of airfares increases substantially
F. the cost of jet fuel increases
G. the wages of travel agents decrease
Use the Supply and Demand Model to provide an answer for each of the four complex cases
described below. What happens in the market for Caribbean Beach Vacation Destinations if:
I. A and F occur at the same time
II. B and G occur at the same time
III. C and E occur at the same time
IV. C and D and F occur at the same time
NUMBER THREE {605 points}. The behavioral model of neoclassical microeconomics asserts
that human beings are “selfinterestedand rational.” Yet, we have emphasized the importance of
a human being’s social nature, and especially the importance of acquiring morals and ethics,
essentially from our social settings. When you ask people about what is important to them, most
people mention “family” somewhere near the top of their priorities; rarely is a person so candid
as to admit that they place themselves first.
Is it important to be committed primarily to yourself or to your family? What if someone in
your family breaks the law, or commits a fundamentally immoral act? According to
microeconomics, how does a person decide where to give their loyalty when the interests of one
social group, like the family, are in conflict with the interests of another social group, like the
person’s nation or religion? In summary, what is the economic role of ethics and morals for both
the individual person and the society?
NUMBER FOUR {60 points}. Consider the data on housing prices provided below. Use the
Supply and Demand model to describe some possible components of these changes in housing
prices.
Median Sales Price of Existing SingleFamily
Homes for Metropolitan Areas. [source: National
Association of Realtors.]
2012 2013 2014
USA Average Metro Area 177.2 197.4 208.9
Atlantic City NJ 220.4 218.3 207.6
BloomingtonNormal
IL 156.4 154.0 156.0
Cumberland MDWV
96.2 102.2 92.0
Los Angel ...
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Zoe is a second grader with autism spectrum disorders. Zoe’s father .docxransayo
Zoe is a second grader with autism spectrum disorders. Zoe’s father recently passed away in a tragic car accident. Zoe, her mom, and two older brothers have temporarily relocated from out-of-state and are now living in her grandparents’ house in a small, rural community.
Because the family had been living out-of state, Zoe has never interacted with her grandparents. She has challenges responding to social cues, including her name and in understanding gestures. She also engages in repetitive body movements. She is fond of her set of dolls and likes lining them up. When Zoe is agitated, her mother plays Mozart, which seems to have a calming effect. Zoe also enjoys macaroni and cheese.
Her grandparents do not understand Zoe’s attempts at communicating. Zoe does not respond well to crowded and noisy environments. Zoe’s mom is working outside the home for the first time.
Because of the move, Zoe has transferred to a new school, which does not currently have any students with ASD. Although her mom is generally very involved with Zoe’s education, she is away from the home much of the time due to a long commute for her new job is a neighboring city.
Zoe’s grandparents are eager and willing to help in any way they can.
Imagine you are serving as an ASD consultant at Zoe’s new school. Using the COMPASS model, create a COMPASS Action Plan for Zoe by complete the following tasks:
Identify the personal challenges for Zoe;
Identify the environmental challenges for Zoe;
Identify potential supports; and
Identify and prioritize teaching goals.
In addition, include a 250-500-word rationale that explains how your action plan for Zoe demonstrates collaboration in a respectful, culturally responsive way while promoting understanding, resolving conflicts, and building consensus around her interventions.
.
Zlatan Ibrahimović – Sports Psychology
Outline
Introduction:
· General Info
· Nationality, Birthplace, Parents
· Childhood What he wanted to do growing up?
· When did he start playing professionally?
· Which teams did he play for?
· Give some of his career statistics and maybe records?
· What trophies has he won with club football and national team of Sweden?
· Style of Play
· What is his personality like? How do people see him in the media?\
·
Body Paragraphs
Connect the following Sports Psychology Concepts (or even those not listed) to Zlatan Ibrahimović
What is his personality type? Type A, B C, or D?
Give examples through research of where he shows this.
CATASTROPHE THEORY… OCCURS WHEN? WHAT DOES THE GRAPH LOOK LIKE
· Arousal: is a blend of physiological and psychological activity in a person and it refers to the intensity dimensions of motivation at a particular moment. It ranges from not aroused, to completely aroused, to highly aroused; this is when individuals are mentally and physically activated.
· Performance increases as arousal increases but when arousal gets too high performance dramatically decreases. This is usually caused by the performer becoming anxious and sometimes making wrong decisions. Catastrophes is caused by a combination of cognitive and somatic anxieties. Cognitive is the internal worries of not performing well while somatic is the physical effects of muscle tension/butterflies and fatigue through playing.
· The graph is an inverted U where the x line is the arousal and the y is the performance. Performance peaks on the top of the inverted U and the catastrophe happens in the fall of the inverted U
HIGH TRAIT ANXIETY ATHLETES… HOW DO THEY PERCEIVE COMPETITION?
· Anxiety: is a negative emotional state in which feelings of nervousness, worry and apprehension are associated with activation or arousal of the body
· Trait Anxiety: is a behavioral disposition to perceive as threatening circumstances that objectively may not be dangerous and to then respond with disproportionate state anxiety.
· Somatic Trait Anxiety: the degree to which one typically perceived heightened physical symptoms (muscle tension)
· Cognitive Trait Anxiety: the degree to which one typically worries or has self doubt
· Concentration Disruption: the degree to which one typically has concentration disruption during competition
People usually with high trait anxiety usually have more state anxiety in highly competitive evaluative situations than do people with lower trait anxiety. Example two athletes are playing basketball and both are physically and statistically the same both have to shoot a final free throw to win the game. Athlete A is more laid back which means his trait anxiety is lower and he doesn't view the final shot as a overly threatening. Athlete B has a high trait anxiety and because of that he perceives the final shot as very threatening. This has an effect on his state anxiety much more than.
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Zia 2
Do You Choose to Accept?
Your mission, should you choose to accept it, is to go out and see Mission: Impossible-Fallout. As I sat back in my red-cushioned seat, accompanied by my brothers, I knew I was in for something special. The film takes place two years after two-thousand fifteens hit movie, Mission: Impossible-Rogue Nation. While I had no clue what to expect, I knew I was going to be in for an incredible ride as soon as the movie began with the intense dialogue between Ethan Hunt (Tom Cruise) and Solomon Lane (Sean Harris). From beginning to end, Mission: Impossible- Fallout delivers crazy action-thriller scenes, inventive special effects, and creative cinematography.
Mission: Impossible-Fallout is based on a story of an American agent who must retrieve nuclear weapons from an enemy terrorist organization with help of his specialized IMF team. The film was consistent the first hour with it involving the audience in the mission of the secret organization and trying to figure out the next move of the evil organization known as the Apostles. However, towards the middle of the movie it was revealed that one of the CIA agents was playing the role of a double spy and was on the side of the Apostles. The plot delivered intense action-packed scenes between the opposing groups that personally had me at the edge of my seat. Whether it was a chase on motorcycles, cars, speedboats, or helicopters, each scene had Ethan Hunt running for his life to save the world. Even though I was only viewing the movie from a comfortable movie theater, Hunt zigzagging through the traffic of France on a motorcycle had my fists clenched and adrenaline pumping. However, that was not even the best thriller of the movie. Ethan Hunt trailing Agent Walker in a helicopter with heavy rounds of artillery being fired at each other through the snowcapped mountains of Kashmir may very well be one of the best action scenes in cinematic history. Mission: Impossible-Fallout can be appreciated and enjoyed by all audiences because of its action-packed scenes that keep everyone extremely engaged in the plot.
Mission: Impossible-Fallout brilliantly illustrates the amazing special effects that serve to create the theme and style of the film. From creating bloody wounds to spectacular backgrounds, special effects are abundant throughout the movie. For instance, as Hunt is jumping off an airplane, the special effects of this scene include wind, rain, thunder, and clouds that make the film visually appealing and almost realistic. The thunder striking him as he is skydiving had my jaw wide open simply because of how incredible the illusion was displayed. In almost every fight between Hunt’s team and the Apostles, multiple types of special effects were utilized. Fighting sequences with Hunt angrily running towards Lane and delivering devastating punches accompanied by “POWs” and “AAAHs” seemed so realistic that it had me feeling queasy in my stomach. The gunfire during these fight.
Ziyao LiIAS 3753Dr. Manata HashemiWorking Title The Edu.docxransayo
Ziyao Li
IAS 3753
Dr. Manata Hashemi
Working Title:
The Education Gap
Research Question:
How did the youth of Iran make up the education gap resulted from the Cultural Revolution from 1980 to 1982?
This is a critical question because it involves both education and the youth of Iran. Education and the youth are both very fundamental perspectives for a society to thrive. During the cultural revolution, the education system was shut down, which would undermine the overall quality of a generation. Research of this issue will lead us to the methods used to make up the education gap. It is possible to help other countries suffering similar issues.
Thesis Statement:
After the Iran’s cultural revolution during 1980 to 1982, the youth of Iran made up the education gap caused during the revolution by promoting student movements.
Outline:
· Introduction:
· Cultural Revolution happened in Iran during 1980 to 1982. The education institutions like universities were shut down for the 3-year period. And this gap in education brought significant influence on the youth of Iran at that time. However, the education gap was made up successfully after the revolution.
· State the thesis statement:
· The education gap is made up by the youth in Iran. They promoted the student movement to help the society recover from the revolution.
· The scars left from the revolution
· The revolution lasted 3 years, young people who were supposed to be students had to quit school. The government forced schools to close. The chain of delivering knowledge was broken. And young people cannot find proper things to do when quitting school.
· Student movements
· After the cultural revolution, people in Iran realized they need to correct the current education situation recover the damages resulted from the revolution. Since Iran’s youth has a great number in the society, their power was not to be ignored. They started to fight for their own rights and profits. They were looking for ways to make up the damage has been down. Then the student movement eventually worked for recovering Iran’s education level.
· Conclusion
· The cultural revolution in Iran hurt its education continuity. However, the youth of Iran managed to make up for the damage caused by the cultural revolution. Student movements played the dominant role in this recovering process.
Bibliography:
Khosrow Sobhe (1982) Education in Revolution: is Iran duplicating the Chinese Cultural Revolution?, Comparative Education, 18:3, 271-280, DOI: 10.1080/0305006820180304
Mashayekhi M. The Revival of the Student Movement in Post-Revolutionary Iran. International Journal of Politics, Culture & Society. 2001;15(2):283. doi:10.1023/A:1012977219524.
Razavi, R. (2009). The Cultural Revolution in Iran, with Close Regard to the Universities, and its Impact on the Student Movement. Middle Eastern Studies, 45(1), 1–17. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/10.1080/00263200802547586
ZABARDAST, S. (2015). Flourishing of Occid.
Ziyan Huang (Jerry)
Assignment 4
Brand Positioning
Professor Gaur
Target audience:
HR in Ping An Bank Co., Ltd. HRs (interviewers who hire people) from Ping An Bank are usually female, aged 30-40, who look friendly and easy-going. They are sophisticated and skeptic when checking people’s resumes and asking questions during interview. Usually, HRs care about four things: 1. Graduate school ranking. 2. Working experience in bank 3. Oral expression. 4. Personal character. They prefer people who are enthusiastic, energetic and hard-working.
Q1:
Compared to other people who also look for jobs in Ping An Bank, my points of parity would be: 1. I have earned a master degree in a Top 40 U.S. graduate school. 2. I have some intern experience in another bank. My points of differentiation would be: 1. I am confidence in speaking and self-expression. I can serve both Chinese and American clients because I speak fluent Mandarin and English. 2. I am energetic and hard-working. I always have passion in learning something new, which is a key for me to develop working skills.
Q2:
My brand essence: “Energetic, hard-working and modest.”
Q3:
Positioning statement:
Ziyan Huang is for employers from bank,
Who look for excellent employees.
Ziyan Huang is an energetic, hard-working NYU graduate student,
That has passion in developing new working skills.
Because he can speak fluent Mandarin and English,
And have one year working experience in China Merchant Bank,
So that employers can trust him as a reliable candidate.
.
Zhtavius Moye
04/19/2019
BUSA 4126
SWOT Analysis
Dr. Setliff
PORSCHE
Strengths
· Brand Recognition
Not only a brand, but a status symbol for wealth and luxury
· Lean Factory Production
Manpower is low compared to the use of raw materials and supplies
· High Profit Share
The reputation is well-known for good treatment
Weaknesses
· Small automotive manufacture
Porsche has offered the same line of cars for years before extending.
· Limited Customer Sector
Not everyone can afford a Porsche
· Location
Since beginning of time, Porsche has been in Stuttgart, Germany. No space to expand
Opportunities
· Expansion
Deliveries increased in China by 12% but needs more in Asia, Japan, and Indonesia.
· Electric Mobility
A chance to expand Porsche name to many more industries and markets with top competitors such as Tesla.
· S1, O2: Brand recognition extends the range for profitability for the 2020 fully electric Porsche Taycan.
· S3, O1: The annual profitability of the company will encourage others to become a part of the business.
· S2, O1: The cost of a Porsche effects expansion, but by expanding to China could significantly increase rates.
· S3, O1: The location in Germany is a problem for expansion due to limited space of Stuttgart.
Threats
· Technology
Modern technology is advancing to lower cost vehicles.
· Market Competition
Vehicles with similar characteristics at lower cost.
· S3, O2: Weighing heavily on the market Porsche’s reputation will continue to stand abroad its competitors.
· S2, O1: Limited labor will call for more software developers in the more modern technology, especially introducing the fully electric Porsche Taycan.
· S1, O1: Porsche is a company that believes in staying at its classic and luxury perception to their buyers. Still giving all newly updated technology certain things such as an automatic start engine will not be an asset.
· S2, O2: Combined leaves Porsche at a limitation of customers making it hard to expand the market.
VIOLATION OF CIVIL RIGHTS ACT IN ELECTIONS 1
VIOLATION OF CIVIL RIGHTS ACT IN ELECTIONS 2
Violation of Civil Rights Act in Elections
Jake Bookard
Savannah State University
Violation of Civil Rights Act in Elections
Introduction
Despite the assurance of minority voter’s rights by the constitution and the fourteenth amendment, cases of rights violation with regards to the voting process are still on the rise in the US. Minority groups are often discriminated or blocked from participating in the voting process both in ways that they can discern and through cunning plans that can involve the voting process. Some of the main reasons why minorities’ constitutional rights are violated include racial discrimination by majority races, and to manipulate the outcome of the elections so as to keep minority groups out of the political leadership structure. The fourteenth amendment and the constitution do not sufficiently safeguard the rights of minority groups during elections beca.
Zichun Gao Professor Karen Accounting 1AIBM FInancial Stat.docxransayo
Zichun Gao Professor Karen Accounting 1A
IBM FInancial Statement Analysis
Financial Ratios 2019 2018 Formula
Current Ratio 1.02 1.29 CA/CL
Profit Margin 12.22% 12.35% Net Income/Total Revenue
Receiveables Turnover 9.80 10.71 Revenue/Average AR
Average Collection Period 36.72 33.62 365/Receiveables Turnover
Inventory Turnover 25.11 25.36 COST/Average Inventory
Days in Inventory 14.53 14.39 365/Inventory Turnover
Debts to Asset Ratio 0.86 0.86 Total Debts/Total Assets
IBM's days in inventory is around two weeks and this means that goods in the inventory
as efficnetly distributed and that there is a consitantly good inventory control for the
company.
The company's debts to assets ratio is the same for two years and this means that the
company has less debt than asset. However, it is still a relatively poor ratio because this
might show that there are potential problems for the company to generate sufficient
revenue.
The current ratio of the company has decreased over the year, and this means that the
company has less liquid assets to cover its short term liabilities. Since the ratio is
currently approaching 1, the company might be having liquidation problem.
The profit margin for IBM is very stable and it has been about 12% for two years. The
company is performing the profit-generating ability at an average level and it is having
an average profit margin in the industry.
The receiveables turnover is good for the company while between these two years, there
is a decline. As the company is collecting its accounts receiveables around 10 times per
year, the collection is frequent.
The company has been collecting money from customers on credit sales approximately
once every month, and the company usually has fast credit collection, which means that
the risk for credit sales is relatively low.
Inventory turnover measures how many times a company sells and replaces inventory
during a year and for IBM, the number of times is stable and it is constantly around 25.
This means that the company has an efficient control of its goods in the inventory.
Free Cash Flow 11.90 11.90 CF_Operation-Capital Expenditures
Return on Assets 0.06 0.08 Net Income/Total Assets
Asset Turnover 0.51 0.65 Revenue/Assets
Figures From Financial Statement
From Income Statement pg.68
Net Income 9431 9828
Total Revenue 77147 79591
Cost 40657 42655
From Consolidated Balance Sheet pg.70
Current Assets 38420 49146
Current Liabilities 37701 38227
Accounts Receiveables 7870 7432
Inventory 1619 1682
Total Assets 152186 123382
Total Liabilities 131202 106452
From Cash Flow Overview pg.59
Net Cash From Op 14.3 15.6
Capital expenditures 2.4 3.7
The company currently has 11.9 billion dollars free cash flow for two years and this is a
relatively high level of free cash flow. With the high free cash flow, the company can
have more oportunity to expand, invest in new projects, pay dividends, or invest the
money into Resea.
Zheng Hes Inscription This inscription was carved on a stele erec.docxransayo
Zheng He's Inscription
This inscription was carved on a stele erected at a temple to the goddess the Celestial Spouse at Changle in Fujian province in 1431. Message written before his last voyage.
The Imperial Ming Dynasty unifying seas and continents, surpassing the three dynasties even goes beyond the Han and Tang dynasties. The countries beyond the horizon and from the ends of the earth have all become subjects and to the most western of the western or the most northern of the northern countries, however far they may be, the distance and the routes may be calculated. Thus the barbarians from beyond the seas, though their countries are truly distant, "have come to audience bearing precious objects and presents.
The Emperor, approving of their loyalty and sincerity, has ordered us (Zheng) He and others at the head of several tens of thousands of officers and flag-troops to ascend (use) more than one hundred large ships to go and confer presents on them in order to make manifest (make it happen) the transforming power of the (imperial) virtue and to treat distant people with kindness. From the third year of Yongle (1405) till now we have seven times received the commission (official permission) of ambassadors to countries of the western ocean. The barbarian countries which we have visited are: by way of Zhancheng (Champa Cambodia), Zhaowa (Java), Sanfoqi (Palembang- Indonesia) and Xianlo (Siam/Thailand) crossing straight over to Xilanshan (Ceylon- Sri Lanka) in South India, Guli (Calicut) [India], and Kezhi (Cochin India), we have gone to the western regions Hulumosi (Hormuz Between Oman and Iran), Adan (Aden), Mugudushu (Mogadishu- Somalia), altogether more than thirty countries large and small. We have traversed more than one hundred thousand li (distance of 500 meters) of immense water spaces and have beheld in the ocean huge waves like mountains rising sky-high, and we have set eyes on barbarian regions far away hidden in a blue transparency of light vapours, while our sails loftily unfurled like clouds day and night continued their course (rapid like that) of a star, traversing those savage waves as if we were treading a public thoroughfare. Truly this was due to the majesty and the good fortune of the Court and moreover we owe it to the protecting virtue of the divine Celestial Spouse.
The power of the goddess having indeed been manifested in previous times has been abundantly revealed in the present generation. When we arrived in the distant countries we captured alive those of the native kings who were not respectful and exterminated those barbarian robbers who were engaged in piracy, so that consequently the sea route was cleansed and pacified (to make someone or something peaceful) and the natives put their trust in it. All this is due to the favours of the goddess.
We have respectfully received an Imperial commemorative composition (essay/piece of writing) exalting the miraculous favours, which is the highest recompense and.
Zhou 1Time and Memory in Two Portal Fantasies An Analys.docxransayo
Zhou 1
Time and Memory in Two Portal Fantasies: An Analysis of Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland and "Windeye"
Life is a collection of moments, and some memories last forever. Brian Evenson
demonstrated this in “Windeye,”a story of a man who faces mental challenges because of the
life-long memory of his sister. In spite of the fact that his mother insists that the sister did not
exist, the protagonist stuck to this belief until his old age. The basis of the protagonist’s
problems is the intense love and unforgettable memories he shared with his imagined sister.
A great portion of his childhood memories is centered around his sister and their exploration
of the windeye. Windeye, the corruption of the word window, is a portal that causes the
disappearance of the protagonist’s sister. The popular portal fantasy, Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland, illustrates a similar story in the same sub-genre where a girl travels through a
rabbit hole and experiences a fantasy world which chronicles her changes from naive child-
like responses to more adult-like problem solving reactions. In “Windeye,” Brian Evenson
utilizes the portal trope to develop conflict and outcomes while exploring the themes of time
and memory. In both stories, the use of the portal trope creates a distinct world that is
separate from reality; however, the outcomes are different, and ultimately, Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland presents the theme of growth while “Windeye” explores time and memories.
The use of time factors allows the reader to travel back to the origin of the story in “Windeye” and experience the beginning of the central conflict. It is in his past that the
protagonist develops strong childhood memories of a sister, which is the cause of his future
mental challenges. In the present, the narrator is old and rickety as he uses a cane to walk but
is still reminiscent of the past (Evenson). He holds firm to the belief that he might have a
chance of meeting his sister again and thus contemplates the future and the sister’s
appearance. The plot of “Windeye” is composed of distinctive life moments: the past, the
present, and the future, which offer a clear and complete description of the events. The theme
Zhou 2
of time allows the reader to understand why the protagonist profoundly feels that his sister exists. In essence, it is time travel that gives the story a picture of the events that lead to the current situation.
The portal fantasy is a fictional literary device where a character enters into a
fantastical world through a portal or a hole. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Carroll
uses a rabbit hole as a physical portal to move through time. Comparably, Evenson utilizes
the windeye, a window that can only be seen from one side, as a physical portal. When the
sister touches the windeye, her brother believes that she enters into another reality through
the portal as Alice does. In contrast, the protagonist also experiences a new reality as he is.
Zhang 1
Yixiang Zhang
Tamara Kuzmenkov
English 101
June 2, 2020
Comparing Gas-Powered Cars and Electric Cars
Electric cars have become increasingly popular in the past century. These cars use
electric motors instead of conventional gasoline engines. Electric cars pollute less and utilize
energy more efficiently than gas-powered vehicles; therefore, modern research is focusing on
improving electric vehicles, such as increasing the storage capacity of the batteries. This essay
seeks to identify the differences and similarities between the two types of cars focusing on their
performance, price, and convenience.
An electric car is a car that is primarily powered by electricity. The conventional gas-
powered cars require diesel or gasoline to power the engines. These cars have gas tanks that store
fuel and the engine converts the gas to the energy that powers the motor. Similarly, electric cars
have batteries, or fuel cells that store and convert electricity to energy used to propel electric
motors (What Are Electric Cars?). Four components present in electric cars distinguish it from
the gas-powered cars (Alternative Fuels Data Center: How Do All-Electric Cars Work?). The
first is the charge port. Since electricity powers an electric car, there has to be a port to connect
to an external power source when charging the battery. The second is an electric traction motor
that propels the vehicle. The third is a traction battery pack. This battery serves the same purpose
as the gas tank; thus, it stocks electric power to propel the motor. The forth is a direct current
converter. This component converts the current to low voltage power that is needed to power the
electric engine.
Tamara Kuzmenkov
90000001730094
You need to watch the panapto session for this paper assignment and FOLLOW the instructions I give there. Your topic sentence must follow the patterns set forth by your thesis. So, this first paragraph must have a topic sentence about GAS POWERED cars and PRICE. That is what you have set forth in your thesis. Watch the panapto session. And ask me questions if you do not understand what I mean.
Tamara Kuzmenkov
90000001730094
No, you cannot 'announce' what your essay will do. And this is NOT the thesis I approved. What I approved:"Both gas-powered cars and electric cars are now in use, but their price, performance and convenience may vary, which may influence people's decisions about which type to use."
Zhang 2
Differences between gas-powered cars and electric cars
The initial purchase price of an electric car is much higher than that of a gas-powered car.
Consumers intending to own a vehicle have the option of buying or leasing. The initial cost of a
car depends on an individual's disposable income and savings. Knez et al. noted that "When it
comes to financial features, the most important thing seems to be the total price of the vehicle"
(55). The difference in price between electr.
Zhang �1
Nick Zhang
Mr. Bethea
Lyric Peotry
13 November 2018
Reputation by Taylor Swift
After Taylor Swift fell into disrepute, she was truly reborn. As a creative singer
who reveals a lot of real life emotions and details in her works, she constantly refines
and shares her emotional connection with her audience. In her new album, people find
resonance in her work, connect it with their own lives. "Reputation" is not only the
original efforts of Taylor Swift, but also means that she turned gorgeously and
dominated. This album is like a swearing word from her to the world. Revenge fantasy,
sweet love, painful growth... all the good and bad things that happened in these stages
of life, her music seems to have gone through with us all over again.
But last August, the now 28-year-old singer declared that "the old Taylor is
dead" in her eerie single "Look What You Made Me Do," the beginning of a new era for
Swift (Weatherby). The disclosure of the society, the accusations of rumor makers,
these straight-forward lyrics shred the ugly face of those unscrupulous people. Taylor
Swift did not endure the rumors in the society, but created this rock album after the
silence. If 1989 is still what Taylor hopes to gain the understanding of the public, this
album is really a matter of opening up the past concerns, saying goodbye to the past
as well as being a true Taylor Swift. No longer caring about the so-called "reputation ",
preferring to be burned to death by those ridiculous "images." This air of newfound
jadedness is one of the many ways in which Swift broadcasts her long-overdue loss of
Zhang �2
innocence on “Reputation,” an album that captures the singer during the most
turbulent but commercially successful period of her career. (Primeau)
The cover is black and white, the picture is Taylor's head, and the side is the
newspaper's article and title words. The cover of the album may be a metaphor, it
reveals that Taylor can no longer stand the report of the gossip media, and the chain on
the neck represents depression and breathlessness. The theme and style of the album
are all refined from their own lives. The emotions and themes interpreted in her songs
make the audience feel more deeply that her album is her life. Without even using any
real words, fans can surmise what this means — a reference to the endless headlines
and stories the singer has spurred in recent years. (Primeau) Reputation, come to diss
the past and all opponents.
The lyrics and MV are full of real stalks in Taylor Swift's life , with Taylor's
resentment for circles and industry since his debut. In the era of streaming singles, she
is the rare young star who still worships at the altar of the album, an old-fashioned
instinct that serves her surprisingly well. (Battan) "Look What You Made Me Do" is a
counterattack against Kanye West and Kim Kardashian, Katy Perry and numerous
online "black mold". And .
Zero trust is a security stance for networking based on not trusting.docxransayo
Zero trust is a security stance for networking based on not trusting any users, devices, or applications by default, even those that are already on the network. The zero trust model uses identity and access management (IAM) as a foundation for an organization’s security program. For this assignment:
Research the zero trust model.
Write a report that describes the following:
The purpose of zero trust and what differentiates it from other security models
An overview of how zero trust works in a network environment
How zero trust incorporates least privilege access through role-based access control (RBAC) and/or attribute-based access control (ABAC)
Need 2 pages around 600 words
.
Zero plagiarism4 referencesNature offers many examples of sp.docxransayo
Zero plagiarism
4 references
Nature offers many examples of specialization and collaboration. Ant colonies and bee hives are but two examples of nature’s sophisticated organizations. Each thrives because their members specialize by tasks, divide labor, and collaborate to ensure food, safety, and general well-being of the colony or hive.
In this Discussion, you will reflect on your own observations of and/or experiences with informaticist collaboration. You will also propose strategies for how these collaborative experiences might be improved.
Of course, humans don’t fare too badly in this regard either. And healthcare is a great example. As specialists in the collection, access, and application of data, nurse informaticists collaborate with specialists on a regular basis to ensure that appropriate data is available to make decisions and take actions to ensure the general well-being of patients.
Post
a description of experiences or observations about how nurse informaticists and/or data or technology specialists interact with other professionals within your healthcare organization. Suggest at least one strategy on how these interactions might be improved. Be specific and provide examples. Then, explain the impact you believe the continued evolution of nursing informatics as a specialty and/or the continued emergence of new technologies might have on professional interactions.
.
Zero plagiarism4 referencesLearning ObjectivesStudents w.docxransayo
Zero plagiarism
4 references
Learning Objectives
Students will:
Develop diagnoses for clients receiving psychotherapy*
Analyze legal and ethical implications of counseling clients with psychiatric disorders*
* The Assignment related to this Learning Objective is introduced this week and
submitted
in
Week 4
.
Select a client whom you observed or counseled this week. Then, address the following in your Practicum Journal:
Describe the client (without violating HIPAA regulations) and identify any pertinent history or medical information, including prescribed medications.
Using the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders
, 5th edition (DSM-5), explain and justify your diagnosis for this client.
Explain any legal and/or ethical implications related to counseling this client.
Support your approach with evidence-based literature.
.
Zero Plagiarism or receive a grade of a 0.Choose one important p.docxransayo
Zero Plagiarism or receive a grade of a 0.
Choose one important police function: Law enforcement, order maintenance or service, etc.
OR
Choose one important police strategy: Traditional Policing, Community Policing, Data Driven Policing, etc.
Write a research paper describing the strateugy or function in detail and discussing the significance of the strategy or function with respect to the roles in society.
Format: Title Page, Outline, Text, and References
Must have 3 sources
You can use your textbook: Cox, Steven M., et al. (2020). Introduction to Policing. Fourth Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Paper must by 6 pages long
APA Style
.
ZACHARY SHEMTOB AND DAVID LATZachary Shemtob, formerly editor in.docxransayo
ZACHARY SHEMTOB AND DAVID LAT
Zachary Shemtob, formerly editor in chief of the Georgetown Law Review, is a clerk in the US District Court for the Southern District of New York. David Lat is a former federal prosecutor. Their essay originally appeared in the New York Times in 2011.
Executions Should Be Televised
Earlier this month, Georgia conducted its third execution this year. This would have passed relatively unnoticed if not for a controversy surrounding its videotaping. Lawyers for the condemned inmate, Andrew Grant DeYoung, had persuaded a judge to allow the recording of his last moments as part of an effort to obtain evidence on whether lethal injection caused unnecessary suffering.
Though he argued for videotaping, one of Mr. DeYoung’s defense lawyers, Brian Kammer, spoke out against releasing the footage to the public. “It’s a horrible thing that Andrew DeYoung had to go through,” Mr. Kammer said, “and it’s not for the public to see that.”
We respectfully disagree. Executions in the United States ought to be made public.
Right now, executions are generally open only to the press and a few select witnesses. For the rest of us, the vague contours are provided in the morning paper. Yet a functioning democracy demands maximum accountability and transparency. As long as executions remain behind closed doors, those are impossible. The people should have the right to see what is being done in their name and with their tax dollars.
This is particularly relevant given the current debate on whether specific methods of lethal injection constitute cruel and unusual punishment and therefore violate the Constitution.
There is a dramatic difference between reading or hearing of such an event and observing it through image and sound. (This is obvious to those who saw the footage of Saddam Hussein’s hanging in 2006 or the death of Neda Agha-Soltan during the protests in Iran in 2009.) We are not calling for opening executions completely to the public — conducting them before a live crowd — but rather for broadcasting them live or recording them for future release, on the web or TV.
When another Georgia inmate, Roy Blankenship, was executed in June, the prisoner jerked his head, grimaced, gasped, and lurched, according to a medical expert’s affidavit. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported that Mr. DeYoung, executed in the same manner, “showed no violent signs in death.” Voters should not have to rely on media accounts to understand what takes place when a man is put to death.
Cameras record legislative sessions and presidential debates, and courtrooms are allowing greater television access. When he was an Illinois state senator, President Obama successfully pressed for the videotaping of homicide interrogations and confessions. The most serious penalty of all surely demands equal if not greater scrutiny.
Opponents of our proposal offer many objections. State lawyers argued that making Mr. DeYoung’s execution public raised safety concerns..
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Zeng Jiawen ZengChenxia Zhu English 3001-015292017Refl.docxransayo
Zeng
Jiawen Zeng
Chenxia Zhu
English 3001-01
5/29/2017
Reflective Essay
Becoming a good writer is a challenging and continuous process that need to constantly improving your writing skills in different area as same as constructive reflection for identification of both progress and directions for further development. My writing competence has improved significantly during the ten weeks of English 3001 Writing Proficiency course in such areas as grammar, use of verb tenses, and content quality.
The most serious problems I faced in writing process previously were grammar issues and poor content of the essays. To be more precise, I used to lack empirical competence in proper use of verb tenses. My confusions of tense forms destroyed all the sense of the essay, and often improper sentence structure made the result of the writing process insufficient to meet the University Writing Skills Requirements. Initially, when I tried to improve my skills in the given area, I only paid attention to the highlighted mistakes and comments of the tutor. Nonetheless, I realized it was not enough. Therefore, I changed this strategy to a more constructive one. To be more precise, I started reading more books in English and wrote essays diverse topics apart from the course tasks. It was an effective type of training since in several weeks my essays revealed particular progress which I took into consideration and continued.
I realize that it does not suffice to finally meet the University Writing Skills Requirements since this is only a fraction of real competence in writing. The next step of self-improvement the given sphere is editing that also has numerous issues and challenges to be dealt with. It means that there are two domains within the notion of writing competence, and both of them have no limits and require constant self-improvement. Therefore, my goal to meet academic requirements is only one more step in the course of acquisition of linguistic competence and capacity to master English in terms of writing essays and academic papers.
Moreover, I know that currently I need to focus more on content issues, persuasive capacity and proper use of diverse materials employed to support evidence which are crucial elements of writing papers per University requirements. On the other hand, I see that all the core problems with linguistic competence which I have faced earlier, are solved, which means that I need to focus on further self-improvement and keep constructive work in order to achieve my next targets in the field of concern. Furthermore, I have considerable progress in such important dimensions of academic paper construction as thesis development, use of testimony and personal observations, and alignment of different ideas into a coherent, justified and credible academic entity. Now I do not permit run-ons, excessive use of articles or comma splices to emerge in my works. It means that flaws of basic and medium level are dealt with, and further self-de.
zClass 44.8.19§ Announcements§ Go over quiz #1.docxransayo
z
Class 4
4.8.19
§ Announcements
§ Go over quiz #1
§ Practice listening quiz
§ Lecture on social organization of Hindustani music
z
Announcements
§ Aashish Khan recital on April 28
§ Assignment #1 will be posted this week
§ Summer course on Indian rhythm
z
Practice listening quiz
z
Terms
§ Socio-musical identity – the connection of social rank to musical
status; prevalent throughout musical communities in South and
Central Asia
§ Soloist – the lead musical role
§ Accompanist – the supporting musical role(s)
§ Heterophony – style of music in which a melody is closely
imitated by another instrument or voice
z
Questions to keep in mind
§ What does social class have to do with music performance?
§ How is authority created and controlled?
§ How is it challenged?
§ What is the relationship between soloist and accompanist?
§ How does this affect music performance?
§ What is the relationship between student and teacher?
z
Social class and caste in South Asia
§ Societies were stratified in a social hierarchy
§ High caste – rulers, priests, elite
§ Low caste – manual laborers
§ Dalits – “untouchables”
§ Caste specialization of artisan trades common among Muslim communities
§ Carpentry, pastoralism, leather making, jewelry making, and music!
§ The community to which you were born determined your social rank and the
opportunities that would be available to you
§ People could ”change” their class through certain strategies
§ Marriage, contesting the hegemony of the upper classes
z
Organization of specialist knowledge
§ Music is a practice of specialized communities
§ Music is your life!
§ No word for “musician”
§ Rather, terms denoting the specialty of the performer are used
§ This categorization indicates musical identity (the instrument one
performs) as well as that person’s social rank and roles
z
Organization of specialist knowledge
§ Dhrupadiya – singer of dhrupad
§ Gawaiya – vocalist
§ Binkar – bin (veena) player
§ Khayalia – singer of khyāl
§ Sitariya – sitar player
§ Sarodiya – sarod player
§ Tabliya – tabla player
§ Sarangiya – sarangi player
§ Rubabi – rubab player
§ Qawwal - singer of Qawwali
z
Instrument association
Soloist
Vocal
Sitar
Rudra veena
Sarod
Dance
Rubab
Surbahar
Bansuri
Accompanist
Sarangi
Tabla
Harmonium
z
Social roles and ranks
§ Relationship between occupation and social identity is very
close
§ Soloists are venerated and have great prestige
§ Accompanists have lower social and musical status
§ They are subservient to soloists in both roles
z
Performance structure
§ Soloist (Dhrupad, khyāl, thumri, ghazal
§ Vocal
§ Instrumental
§ Accompanist
§ Melodic
§ Sarangi
§ Harmonium
§ Student
§ Heterophony
§ Rhythmic
§ Tabla
§ Dholak
§ Drone
§ Tanpura
z
Social roles and ranks
§ Soloists and accompanists belonged to different social class
§ Never intermarried
§ Cousin marriages
§ Soloist class – kalawant
§ Accompanist classes – mirasi, dhari (dhadhi).
zClass 185.13.19§ Announcements§ Review of last .docxransayo
z
Class 18
5.13.19
§ Announcements
§ Review of last class
§ Finish lecture on Qawwali, begin intro to Pakistan
z
Announcements
§ Keshav Batish senior recital, June 5 – Extra credit
§ Exam #1 results posted
§ 2 perfect scores, 25 A’s, 46 B’s, 37 C’s, 17 D and lower
§ Summer course on Indian rhythm (second session)
§ Learn tabla and dholak!
§ Enrollment open now!
z
Last class review
§ Qawwali – “Food for the soul”
§ Sufi devotional poetry set to music
§ Performed at dargah
§ ‘Urs
z
Terms
§ Mehfil – small, intimate gatherings that involve entertainment of
various sorts, including music, poetry, dance etc.
z
Tum Ek Gorakh Dhandha Ho
§ “You are a baffling puzzle”
§ Written by Naz Khialvi (1947-2010)
§ Pakistani lyricist and radio broadcaster
§ Popularized by Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (1948-1997)
z
Tum Ek Gorakh Dhandha Ho
kabhi yahaan tumhein dhoonda
kabhi wahaan pohancha
tumhaari deed ki khaatir kahaan
kahaan pohancha
ghareeb mit gaye paamaal ho
gaye lekin
kisi talak na tera aaj tak nishaan
pohancha
ho bhi naheen aur har ja ho
tum ik gorakh dhanda ho
At times I searched for you here,
at times I traveled there
For the sake of seeing You, how
far I have come!
Similar wanderers wiped away
and ruined, but
Your sign has still not reached
anyone
You are not, yet You are
everywhere
You are a baffling puzzle
z
Bhar Do Jholi Meri
§ Traditional song
§ Popularized in movie “Bajrangi Bhaijaan” (2015)
z
Bhar Do Jholi Meri
Tere Darbaar Mein
Dil Thaam Ke Woh Aata Hai
Jisko Tu Chaahe
Hey Nabi Tu Bhulata Hai
Tere Dar Pe Sar Jhukaaye
Main Bhi Aaya Hoon
Jiski Bigdi Haye
Nabi Chaahe Tu Banata Hai
Bhar Do Jholi Meri Ya Mohammad
Lautkar Main Naa Jaunga Khaali
They come into Your court
clenching their hearts
Those people whom You desire to
see , O Prophet!
I’ve also come to Your door with
my head bowed down
You’re the One who can fix
broken fates, O Prophet!
Please fill my lap, O Prophet!
I won’t go back empty handed
z
Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
(1948-1997)
§ Pakistani vocalist
§ Sang classical (khyāl) but more famous as a Qawwali singer
§ Brought classical performance techniques to Qawwali
§ Visiting artist at University of Washington from 1992-93
§ Legacy carried on through his nephew, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan
z
Introduction to Pakistan
Badshahi Mosque, Lahore
Built in 1671 by Emperor Aurangzeb
z
Pakistan
§ Prominent Bronze Age (3000-1500BCE) settlements of Mohenjo
Daro and Harrapa along Indus River Valley
§ Hinduism widespread during Vedic Age (1500-500BCE)
§ Ruled by series of Hindu, Buddhist, and eventually Muslim
(Persian) dynasties
§ Islam introduced by Sufi missionaries from 7th to 13th centuries
§ Ethnically and linguistically diverse
z
Indus Valley civilization
z
Pakistan ethnicities
z
Modern India and Pakistan
§ By the end of 19th century British rule was in effect over much of
old Mughal Empire territory
§ The Hindu and Muslim divide among this territory was be.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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A Course in Public EconomicsResources for InstructorsJo.docx
1. A Course in Public Economics:
Resources for Instructors
John Leach
August 2002
Course Design
Overview
Areviewof thecontents andmethodologyofeachchapter follows.
Thenumber in themiddle
column is an estimate of the chapters difÞculty, on a 1�5 scale
with 1 being the easiest. For
this purpose, I have imagined the students to be in their third or
fourth year, with one or two
terms of Varian-style intermediate microeconomics, and with a
grasp of basic calculus but
little exposure to statistics.
1: Introduction 1 Discusses the two fundamental theorems of
welfare economics.
Informally states the requirements of the Þrst theorem, and de-
scribes themarket failures that arisewhen these requirementsare
not satisÞed: public goods, externalities, imperfect competition.
Introduces theconceptofasymmetric information, anddiscusses
its relevance to the Þrst theorem. Argues that asymmetric infor-
mation precludes the government from transferring income in a
2. lump sum fashion, so that the requirements of the second theo-
rem are also unlikely to be satisÞed. This chapter are entirely
verbal.
2: The Exchange
Economy
2 Introduces theconceptofParetooptimalityand illustrates itwith
a simple example. Develops the Edgeworth box, and uses it
to discuss Pareto optimality and competitive equilibrium within
the context of an exchange economy with two people and two
goods. Demonstrates the two theorems for this economy. The
arguments are verbal and graphical.
3: An Algebraic
Exchange
Economy
2 Constructs an algebraic version of the two person, two good
ex-
change economy. Describes Pareto optimal allocations as so-
lutions to an under-determined equation system and presents a
Cobb-Douglas example. Describes competitive equilibrium as
the solution to an equation system and presents a Cobb-Douglas
example. Demonstrates the two theorems by comparing the two
equation systems.
4 Course Design
4: The Production
Economy
3 Develops a two person, two good economy in which the
people
3. areendowedwith twofactorsofproductionand theownershipof
Þrms, but not with consumer goods. Describes a Pareto optimal
allocation as one satisfying three efÞciency conditions, and dis-
cusses eachefÞciencycondition. Shows that aParetooptimal al-
location can be represented as a solution to anunder-determined
equation system. Describes competitive equilibrium, and shows
that it can also be thought of as the solution to an equation sys-
tem. Presents an example of competitive equilibrium involving
simple functional forms. Demonstrates theÞrst theorembycom-
paring the equation systems.
5: Consumer
and Producer
Surplus
2 Shows that the increase in total cost when output rises can be
measured by an area under the marginal cost curve. Presents a
more general rule of the relationship between margins and to-
tals. Introduces consumer and producer surplus, and uses the
general rule to measure them. Argues that a system of free mar-
kets maximizes surplus, and that interventions cause a loss of
surplus, this being the intervention�s welfare cost. Examines
the
welfare cost of a quantity constraint, and argues that the welfare
costmeasures thevalueof themutuallybeneÞcial trades that are
prevented by the intervention. Introduces taxes and subsidies,
and shows that these interventions involve a transfer of surplus
between the government and the private sector. Shows that both
interventions reduce surplus: the welfare cost of the tax arises
becausemutuallybeneÞcial trades arediscouraged; and thewel-
fare cost of the subsidy arises because trades that are not mu-
tually beneÞcial are encouraged. Discusses the measurement of
the welfare cost of a tax when there is more than one tax. Pri-
marily verbal and graphical, but there is some algebra.
6: Externalities
4. and Negotiation
1 Discusses theproblemof externalities. Presents the results
com-
monly known as the Coase Theorem: if the parties affected by
an externality successfully negotiate, they reach an efÞcient
out-
come under either assignment of the property rights; the assign-
ment of the property rights affects the distribution of income
but
has no efÞciency implications. The reasons why negotiations
might fail are then explained, and the government policies that
could correct an externality are discussed. The Pigouvian tax is
introduced. The arguments are predominantly verbal and graph-
ical.
Overview 5
7: Permit Trading 3 Presents a model in which two Þrms have
different abatement
costs. Calculates the resource cost of abatement under propor-
tional emissions reductions. Introduces the idea of tradable per-
mits, and derives the equilibrium price of permits. Shows that
the resource cost of abatement is smaller under permit trading
than under proportional reductions. The arguments are predom-
inantly algebraic.
8: Renewable
Common
Property
Resources
3 Sets upa staticmodel of theÞsheryunder competition andman-
agement. Shows that the competitive outcome is inefÞcient, and
5. identiÞes the negative externality that causes this result. Shows
that the externality can be corrected by a Pigouvian tax. A dy-
namic model of the Þshery is then developed, and the depletion
of the Þshery under competition is demonstrated. Alternative
management regimes are described. The possibility of extinc-
tion is brießy discussed. The models are both algebraic and
graphical. The dynamic model introduces the idea of a differ-
ence equation (but not its solution).
9: Co-ordination
Failures
3 IdentiÞes situations in which each agent�s actions have
positive
external effects on the welfare of the other agents. Introduces
the idea of a strategic game, and sets up a co-ordination game in
which each of two Þrms chooses between two actions (produce
and don�t produce). Shows that the game can be represented
by a two-by-two table. Introduces the idea of a Nash equilib-
rium, and demonstrates that the game has two Nash equilibria,
and that bothÞrmspreferoneNashequilibriumto theother. De-
velops a variant of the game involving uncertainty: each Þrm�s
production cost is an independent draw from a uniform distri-
bution. Shows that there is a Nash equilibrium in which each
Þrm produces only when its costs are sufÞciently low. Shows
that the Nash equilibrium is unique and inefÞcient. The game
with certainty is simple. The gamewith uncertainty involves the
calculation of a number of expected values.
10: Pure Public
Goods
2 Introduces the concept of a pure public good. Graphically
derives the Pareto optimal allocation for a two person econ-
omy with one private good and one public good, and discusses
the Samuelson condition. Develops the voluntary contributions
6. model for public goods provision, and Þnds the Nash equilib-
rium for the two person game. Invokes symmetry to Þnd the
Nash equilibrium in the n person game. Compares the Pareto
optimal provision of a public good with its provision under vol-
untary contributions, anddiscusses free riding. The latter part of
the chapter is predominantly algebraic.
6 Course Design
11: Two Examples
of Pure
Public Goods
3 The Þrst section identiÞes knowledge as a public good and ar-
gues that too little of society�s resources will be allocated to
its
provision. Corrective government policies are discussed, with
an emphasis on the effects of patents. The arguments are en-
tirely verbal. The second section presents a model in which the
wealthy care about their own incomes and the incomes of the
poor. It is shown that some income distributions are Pareto op-
timal and that some are not. A game in which wealthy peo-
ple choose their charitable contributions is developed, and it
is shown that the contributions of the wealthy are never large
enough to shift the economy to a Pareto optimal income distri-
bution: each wealthy person (and each poor person) would be
better off if every wealthy person contributed a little more. It
is then shown that charity has the properties of a pure public
good, and that the insufÞciency of the charitable contributions
is another manifestation of the free rider problem. This game
is more complicated and involves more extended reasoning that
the games presented in the earlier chapters.
12: Impure Public
7. Goods
4 Discusses twosimple formsof impurepublicgood. Aclubgood
is assumed tobecongestible, replicable andexcludable. Theop-
timal size and membership of a club good are characterized. A
variable-use public good is assumed to be congestible and non-
replicable. The particular case of a highway is discussed. The
optimal capacity of the highway in the absence of tolls is cal-
culated. The optimal capacity in the presence of tolls is also
calculated. The optimal toll is shown to be the Pigouvian tax.
The arguments are predominantly algebraic.
13: The Link
Between
Public Goods
and
Externalities
4 Argues that an essential feature of both public goods and ex-
ternalities is the interdependence of preferences. Develops the
Shibata box diagram, and shows that the Samuelson condition
describes an optimal allocation in both cases. Discusses bar-
gaining and voluntary contributions as alternative ways of de-
termining the outcome. Although predominantly diagrammatic,
this chapter is conceptually difÞcult.
Overview 7
14: Monopoly 2 Discusses natural monopoly and demonstrates
the welfare cost
of monopoly. Shows that the welfare cost can be reduced
through regulation. Shows that the welfare cost can be elimi-
nated through government ownership, but argues that this gain
mightbeoffset by theneed to raisemore revenue throughdistor-
8. tionary taxes. Introduces the concept of rent-seeking, and devel-
ops agame inwhichnÞrmsexpend scarce resources in aneffort
to become the monopolist. The Nash equilibrium has the prop-
erty that the total resources expendedapproach thepresent value
of monopoly proÞts as n grows arbitrarily large.
15: Pricing Rules
under Imperfect
Competition
3 Discusses the role of marginal cost pricing in the Þrst theo-
rem. VerballydiscussesBertrandequilibrium, collusion, and the
Kreps and Scheinkman�s capacity constraints game. Presents
in detail a simpliÞed version of Dixit and Stiglitz�s model of
monopolistic competition. The emphasis in both cases is on
whether imperfectly competitive Þrms adopt marginal cost pric-
ing.
16: Taxation 3 Reviews the concept of distortionary taxation,
and asks whether
there is a systemof commodity taxes that is equivalent to a lump
sum tax. Develops a two good, n person production economy in
which the government raises a Þxed amount of revenue. Shows
that, if the supply of labour is Þxed, the welfare cost of taxa-
tion is zero if both commodities are taxed at equal rates. Shows
that, if the supply of labour is variable, the welfare cost of taxa-
tion is zeroonly if bothcommodities are taxedat equal ratesand
market work is subsidized at the same rate. However, this con-
Þguration of taxes raises no revenue, leading to the conclusion
that any tax system that raises positive revenue generates a pos-
itive welfare cost. Concludes by characterizing the optimal size
of government in the presence of distortionary taxation. Except
for the last section, the arguments are algebraic and relatively
abstract.
17: The Welfare
9. Costs of Tax
Interactions
4 Examines a twogood, oneperson production economy in which
taxes are imposed Þrst on one good and then on both. The Þrst
part of the chapter examines the competitive equilibria associ-
atedwith these taxstructures, andcalculates the individual�sutil-
ity under each structure. The second part of the chapter calcu-
lates the general equilibrium welfare costs associated with each
tax structure, and shows that the welfare costs mirror the utility
changes. The Þrst part of the chapter is algebraic. The second
part is verbal and graphical, but conceptually challenging, and
would be the more difÞcult of the two for many students.
8 Course Design
18: The Theory
of the Second
Best
4 Develops a two good, one person production economy to
study
the optimal tax structure. Argues that the optimal tax structure
has the property that the last dollar of revenue raised through
each tax reduces theperson�s utility by the sameamount. Shows
that this rule implies the inverse elasticity rule, the �equal pro-
portionate reductions in output� rule, and a kind of Corlett and
Hague rule. The last half of the chapter derives theRamseypric-
ing rule, which characterizes the optimal pricing of the output
of a natural monopoly, under either regulation or government
ownership, when taxation is distortionary. The treatment of both
topics is predominantly algebraic.
19: Asymmetric
10. Information
2 Introduces some of the basic concepts of asymmetric informa-
tion. DevelopsAkerlof�s lemonsmodelasanexampleofadverse
selection. Develops a static game of theft and deterrence as an
example of moral hazard. Both models are relatively simple, al-
though the lemons model makes use of the uniform probability
distribution.
20: Preference
Revelation
5 Developsamodel inwhich individualsdiffer in theirpreferences
over public and private goods. Introduces the idea of a Lindahl
equilibrium. Shows that the Lindahl equilibrium cannot be im-
plemented if thegovernment cannotobservepreferences. Shows
that an equilibrium in which everyone is assigned the same tax
price also leads to preference revelation problems. Shows that
the Groves-Clarke mechanism elicits truthful revelation. Dis-
cusses the problem of excess revenue.
21: Regulation
of a Natural
Monopoly
5 Presents Laffont and Tirole�s model of natural monopoly, in
whichcostsandmanagerial effort cannotbeobservedby the reg-
ulator. Explains the regulator�s inability to implement the full
information equilibrium, and describes the best asymmetric in-
formation equilibrium. Some of the more technical material is
relegated to an optional appendix.
22: Other Examples
of Asymmetric
Information
11. 2 Discusses the implications of asymmetric information for
health
care and health care insurance. Discusses the implications of
asymmetric information for the loan market, shows that the
�standard debt contract" is the best attainable contract, and de-
scribes theconsequencesofasymmetric information for theallo-
cationof theeconomy�resources. PresentsShapiroandStiglitz�s
model of efÞciency wages as an example of the principal-agent
problem. Theargumentsareoftenverbal, and themore technical
aspects of these issues are avoided.
Course Outline 9
23: The Distribution
of Income
1 A general discussion of basic aspects of income distribution,
namely thedeterminants of the incomedistribution, the relation-
ship between welfare and income, and the rationale for income
redistribution. The arguments are predominantly verbal.
24: The Limits to
Income
Redistribution
4 Develops a model in which workers choose between work in a
high-wage industry and a low-wage industry based upon their
personal attributes. Shows that the government can equalize in-
comes without reducing the efÞciency of the economy if these
attributes are observable. Shows that, if these attributes are not
observable, attempts to redistribute income cause some work-
ers to move to the low-wage industry (where they are less pro-
ductive), impairing economic efÞciency and ultimately limiting
the degree of income redistribution that can occur. This model
12. makes use of the uniform probability distribution.
25: Tagging
and Targeting
5 Examines two kinds of policies that allows the government to
minimize the efÞciency loss that occurs when it attempts to re-
distribute income under conditions of asymmetric information.
The discussion of tagging is verbal, but the models of targeting
are algebraic and involve questions of incentive compatibility.
26: The Role of
Government
in a Market
Economy
1 Brießy reviews the government�s potential role in the
correction
of market failure and the redistribution of income. Concludes
with a discussion of the factors that limit the government�s
abil-
ity to carry out this role.
Course Outline
This textbook is intended for students who have had at least one
term of intermediate micro-
economics, some exposure to multivariate calculus and minimal
exposure to statistics. For
students in this target group, a thirteen week course that
includes the following is possible
but demanding:
1: Introduction
2: The Exchange Economy
3: An Algebraic Exchange Economy
13. 5.1�5.3: Consumer and Producer Surplus
6: Externalities and Negotiation
8.1: The Static Common Property Problem
9: Co-ordination Failures
10: Pure Public Goods
11: Two Examples of Pure Public Goods
14: Monopoly
Some parts of the book will be routine for students with
stronger backgrounds, and a more
10 Course Design
demandingcourse shouldbedesigned for them.
Studentswithweakerbackgroundsare likely
to ßounder in any course based upon this textbook.
Students who have had minimal exposure to problem-oriented
microeconomics are ini-
tially unable to solve the problems at the end of the chapters on
their own. I accommodate
them in two ways:
� I devote a number of lectures to solving the problems at the
end of the chapters. I expect
the students to decide what steps need to be taking, giving them
hints when they get off
trackor run out of ideas. These sessions arenot veryuseful if the
students donot actively
participate, and large classes are likely to encounter a �free
rider problem� inwhicha few
students participate and the rest simply copy down the answers.
I deal with this problem
by limiting each student toone contributiononeachquestion,
14. andwhen thecontributions
stop coming, I leave the remainder of the problem for the
students to do on their own.
They quickly decide that they�d rather do the problems with
my help than without it, and
behave accordingly.
� I give two and sometimes three midterm exams. The students
prefer multiple midterms
because it gives them practice at writing exams, and because it
reduces the impact of a
bad exam.
The textbook is written so that many parts of the book stand
alone, so that course out-
lines that emphasize other subjects can easily be constructed.
The remainder of this section
outlines the options that are available in the various parts of
this course.
Introduction The introduction provides an overview of the
textbook, and provides a
framework within which the individual parts of the course can
be Þtted. Students should be
strongly encouraged to read this chapter.
Markets Students should be familiar with chapters 2 and 3 and
with sections 5.1�5.3
beforeattempting the rest of thebook. Theamountof time
thatmustbe spenton thismaterial
willdependuponthebackgroundof thestudents.
Studentswithevenonetermof intermediate
microeconomics will have been exposed to the material in
sections 5.1�5.3 (but are likely to
be inneedof review),while studentswhohavehad
twotermsofmicroeconomicswill already
15. have encountered much of the material contained in chapter 2.
Chapter 3 is pivotal, because
it presents the methods used in the remainder of the course. I
spend a considerable amount
of time on this chapter, and work through most of the problems.
I Þnd that this part of the
course takes about four weeks.
Chapter 4 extends the concepts of Pareto optimality and
competitive equilibrium to the
productioneconomy,andproves theÞrst theoremfor
thiskindofeconomy. It canbe included
in courses that emphasize the positive attributes of the market
system; but if the emphasis is
on market failure, it can be omitted or presented in a truncated
form. In the latter case,
it is useful to point out to the students that a Pareto optimal
allocation in the two-person
production economy satisÞes the condition:
MRS1 = MRS2 = MRT
This condition can then be compared to the Samuelson
condition when public goods are in-
troduced. The fastestway toobtain this result is to simplyassume
that the economyproduces
Course Outline 11
a combination of goods lying on the production possibility
frontier. This assumption means
that the issueof production efÞciency need not be addressed.
The students are already famil-
iarwith theÞrst half of this condition, soonly the secondhalf
16. needs tobeexplained�see the
discussion of �match efÞciency� in section 4.1. This
assumption is employed in some of the
end-of-chapter problems.
Externalities The part head and chapter 6 contain all of the
basic material on external-
ities. The remaining material does not contain any �building
blocks� that become important
in later chapters, so theycanbe skippedwithout adverse
consequences. Theßowchart below
lays out the options in this section. Topics lower down in the
diagram require topics higher
in the diagram, so you can trace the arrows backwards to Þnd
the prerequisites for any topic.
12 Course Design
Public Goods Thepart headandchapter10contain
thebasicmaterial. Anyor all of the
remaining four topics can be included or excluded without
adverse consequences. The ßow
chart on the next page lays out the options. (Section12.2makes
useof thePigouvian tax and
some other concepts set out in chapter 6.)
Imperfect Competition Thispart consists of anumberof
independent topics. Natural
monopoly is a prerequisite of the Ramsey pricing rule (in
chapter 18) and regulation under
asymmetric information (in chapter 21).
17. Course Outline 13
Taxation and EfÞciency Again, this part has a more or less
lateral organization.
Section 18.2 is a prerequisite of chapter 21. Section 16.1 is a
useful precursor of chapter 24,
but is not necessary for it.
Asymmetric Information and EfÞciency The part head and
chapter 19 lay out
the basic concepts, and the remaining topics are all optional.
Note, however, that chapters 20
and 21 have additional prerequisites.
14 Course Design
Asymmetric Information and Income Redistribution Unlike the
previous
parts of the book, this part will make most sense if developed in
the order laid out in the
textbook.
Solution
s to Textbook Questions
Chapter 2: The Exchange Economy
18. Question 1 In parts a) and b), E is the endowment point, X is
George�s best attainable
commodity bundle, and Y is Harriet�s best attainable
commodity bundle. In part c), E is the
endowment point, and at the current price, neither George nor
Harriet wishes to trade away
from this point.
a)
16