A Cliometrics’ view on the Garzoni database

A
Cliometrics’
view
on
the

Garzoni database
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Renaissance
Society
of
America,
Boston,
April
2016
Giovanni
Colavizza
EPFL

Slides:
http://www.slideshare.net/GiovanniColavizza/a-‐cliometrics-‐view-‐on-‐the-‐garzoni-‐database

Cliometrics,
or
New
Economic
History,
engages
the

study
of
the
past
with
the
help
of
deductive
models,

“with the aim of establishing the interaction between
variables in a given situation in mathematical form.”
(Diebolt and Haupert 2015)
It has a “focus on institutions as carriers of economic
structures across generations and sometimes centuries.
The other is the focus on causality through
imaginative use of identification strategies.” (Temin
2015)

Slides:

Cliometrics
Sources:
Diebolt,
C.
and
Haupert,
M.
(2015)
Handbook
of
Cliometrics.
Springer.
Indroduction to..
Temin,
P.
Economic
History
and
Economic
Development:
New
Economic
History
in

Retrospect
and
Prospect

Questions:
1-‐ Are
contracts
of
apprenticeship
following

known
trends
in
Venetian
economy?
2-‐ What
were
apprentices
doing
in
the

workshop?
Was
there
knowledge
transfer,

only
unskilled
labor
or
a
mix
of
both?
Goal
of
this
paper:
exemplify
quantitative

reasoning
to
investigate
the
Garzoni data
Slides:

Data
Numberofcontracts
1580
1600
1620
1640
1660
0100200300400
Years
All
With salary 3687
contracts

from
3
periods
Selection
of

professions
by

economic

sector
(e.g.

book
sector
is

in,
textiles
are

out,
for
now)
Slides:

Data
Sources:
A
total
of
11563
contracts
have
been
recorded
into
the
database,
all
sampled
form
ASVe,

Giustizia Vecchia,
Accordi dei Garzoni,
registers
151
to
177. Of
these
contracts,
a
final
subset

of
3687
double-‐checked
contracts
is
retained
for
the
present
study:
the
full
contents
of

registers
152,
153,
157,
158,
163,
164,
169,
170.
Professions
were
filtered
according
to
a

given
list
of
economic
sectors.
Importantly,
the
textile
sector
is
not
currently
considered.

Credit
to
Davide
Drago,
Andrea
Erboso,
Marianna
Volpin and
Francesca
Zugno
for
data

collection.
Slides:

A
proxy
for
Venetian
Economy
1-‐ Venetian
economy
becoming
increasingly
more

introvert
during
the
XVII
century
(Lanaro 2008)
2-‐ Crisis
of
whole
sectors,
e.g.
the
Venetian

printing
press
(Infelise 1997)
XVII
century
long-‐lasting
debate:
Crisis
(Cipolla,

Pullan,
Romano)
or
Change/Reorganization?

(Rapp,
Sella)
Slides:

A
proxy
for
Venetian
Economy
References:
Cipolla,
C.
M.
“The
decline
of
Italy:
the
case
of
a
fully
matured
economy”.
Economic
History

Review
V(II). 1952.
Infelise,
M.
“La
crise de
la
librairie vénitienne,
1620-‐1650”.
Frédéric Barbier et
al.
(eds.)
Le

livre
et
l’historien.
1997.
Lanaro,
P.
“Corporations
et
confréries:
les
étrangers et
la
marché du
travail
à Venise (XV-‐
XVIII)”.
Histoire
Urbaine 21(1).
2008.
Pullan,
B.
(ed.)
Crisis
and
Change
in
Venetian
Economy.
1968.
Rapp,
R.
T.
Industry
and
Economic
Change
in
Seventeenth
Century
Venice.
1976.
Romano,
R.
“L’Italia nella crisi del
XVII
secolo”.
Studi Storici IX.
1968.
Sella,
D.
Italy
in
the
Seventeenth
Century.
1997.
Slides:

Variety
of
ProfessionsMarzer
Marangon
Orese
Tagiapiera
Spechier
Murer
Stampador,Compositor
Stampador,Torcoler
Tiraoro
Indorador
Period 1
Frequency
0400800
0%50%100%
Spechier
Orese
Marzer
Marangon
Tiraoro
Murer
Cuorid'oro
Tagiapiera
Marangondacasse
Marzer,Stringher
Period 2
0200400600800
0%25%75%
Spechier
Orese
Dalleperlefalse
Marzer
Tiraoro
Tagiapiera
Marangon
Murer
Marangondacassedaspecchi
Batioro
Period 3
0200600
0%50%100%
CumulativePercentage
Slides:

Variety
of
Professions
Period 1
Frequency
050010001500
0%25%50%75%100%
Period 2
02004006008001000
0%25%50%75%100%
Period 3
02004006008001000
0%25%50%75%100%
CumulativePercentage
Slides:

The
Printing
PressNumberofcontracts
1580 1600 1620 1640 1660
0100200300400
Years
All
Print sector
Slides:

The
Printing
Press
Numberofcontracts
1580 1600 1620 1640 1660
0100200300400
Years
All
Printers
Booksellers and Paper makers
Slides:

Descriptive
Statistics
Slides:

A
proxy
for
Venetian
Economy
-‐ Reduction
in
variety
of
professions
-‐ Increasingly
more
venetians
as
apprentices
-‐ Crisis
of
whole
sectors
such
as
the
printing
press

confirmed
only
in
part
Slides:

Questions:
1-‐ Are
contracts
of
apprenticeship
following

known
trends
in
Venetian
economy?
2-‐ What
were
apprentices
doing
in
the

workshop?
Was
there
knowledge
transfer,

only
unskilled
labor
or
a
mix
of
both?
Slides:

On
the
“uses”
of
apprentices
1-‐ Guilds
and
apprenticeships
as
essential
to

knowledge
transfer
and
security
for
youths

(Epstein
1998)
2-‐ Guilds
as
essentially
parasitic
institutions,

exploiting
a
monopolistic
position
to
extract

premiums
and
preferential
advantages
to

relatives.
Knowledge
transfer
secondary,

apprenticeship
potentially
exploitative
(Ogilvie

2014)
Slides:

On
the
“uses”
of
apprentices
References:
Epstein,
S.
R.
“Craft
Guilds,
Apprenticeship
and
Technological
Change
in
Preindustrial

Europe”.
The
Journal
of
Economic
History
58(3).
1998.
Ogilvie,
S.
“The
Economics
of
Guilds”.
The
Journal
of
Economic
Perspectives
28(4).
2014.
Slides:

Descriptive
Statistics
-‐ 2
24%
of
Venetians,
on
average,

did
not
get
a
salary
(only
11%

among
non-‐Venetians)
Slides:

Duality
of
apprenticeships
in
Venice
A
possible
duality
emerges:
1-‐ circa
80%
of
apprentices
were
getting
a
salary,
most
of
these

paid
at
the
end
of
the
contract
2-‐ circa
20%
of
apprentices
got
no
salary,
or
paid
their
master
in

turn
Venetians
preferred
not
to
be
paid..
Let’s
assume
there
is
a
good
reason,
and
the
duality
might
be

due
to:
1-‐ apprentices
acting
mostly
as
unskilled
labor
force
2-‐ apprentices
getting
training
Slides:

Duality
of
apprenticeships
in
Venice
Let’s
assume
there
is
a
good
reason:

1-‐ apprentices
acting
mostly
as
unskilled
labor
force
2-‐ apprentices
mostly
getting
training
How
to
check
this
hypothesis?
Take
the
80%,
group
1,
and
look
for
market
mechanics
in
salaries,

not
linked
to
previous
experience
in
the
profession
Slides:

Regressions
From:
http://www.biostathandbook.com/
Slides:

Regressions
Venetian (yes = 1) -0.018 -0.262 -0.177 0.361
(0.202) (0.302) (0.359) (0.380)
Year 0.013***
0.008 -0.071 -0.114
(0.003) (0.019) (0.067) (0.096)
Length of contract -1.349***
-1.072***
-1.078***
-2.002***
(0.072) (0.102) (0.127) (0.155)
Age of apprentice 0.307***
0.439***
0.255***
0.254***
(0.037) (0.058) (0.057) (0.076)
Father (not alive = 1) -0.046 -0.209 0.247 -0.152
(0.187) (0.279) (0.305) (0.372)
Annual
Salary
as
dependent
variable.
Periods:
All,
1,
2,
3.
Slides:

Professional
profiles
Density
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.00.20.4
Stampador, Compositor
0
5
10
15
20
0.00.20.4
0
5
10
15
20
0.00.20.4
Age
Density
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.00.20.4
Stampador, Torcoler
Annual salary
0
5
10
15
20
0.00.20.4
Length of contracts (in years)
0
5
10
15
20
0.00.20.4
Slides:

Professional
profiles
Density
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.00.20.4
Marangon
0
5
10
15
20
0.00.20.4
0
5
10
15
20
0.00.20.4
Age
Density
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.00.20.4
Tagiapiera
Annual salary
0
5
10
15
20
0.00.20.4
Length of contracts (in years)
0
5
10
15
20
0.00.20.4
Slides:

Duality
of
apprenticeships
in
Venice
Preliminary
conclusions:
1-‐ Salaries
determined
by
factors
exogenous
to
previous

experience
in
the
profession
(age,
duration
of
contract)
2-‐ Different
professions
had
different
apprentice
profiles,
but

similar
motivations
might
be
involved
(e.g.
physical
fitness)
Slides:

Conclusions
Apprenticeships
good
proxy
of
Venetian
economy
Interesting
underlying
mechanics:
duality
of
salaries,

determinants
of
salaries
and
professional
profiles
More
to
come
as
the
project
develops..
Slides:

Giovanni
Colavizza
EPFL
Thank
you
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Renaissance
Society
of
America,
Boston,
April
2016

A Cliometrics’ view on the Garzoni database

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