This document provides an overview of the fundamentals of building technology course ARCH 103. It introduces the course objectives to provide students with theoretical knowledge of building construction principles to inform design decisions. Key topics covered include structural systems, foundations, masonry work, and building insulation. The document also discusses relevant background courses in engineering mechanics, physics, and chemistry. A history of building technology and materials is provided, highlighting milestones from wood and vegetal materials to natural stone and clay products. Definitions of technical terms are introduced.
HOW CONSERVATION WORKS TAKE PLACE IN MALAYSIAFakhrul Afifi
Conservation works is the most complex method in restoring the element and facade of the old building. Without conservation, the heritage building cannot long last until the expected age.
A short and elaborate Case Study on Metropol Parasol located at Seville (Spain) for the course of Urban Design from students of 7th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (August- December 2016)
PROGRAMMA ATTIVITA’ DIDATTICA A.A. 2016/17
DOTTORATO IN INGEGNERIA STRUTTURALE E GEOTECNICA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN FROM EMPIRICAL TRADITION
Lecture Series by
Thomas E. Boothby, Ph.D., P.E., R.A.
The Pennsylvania State University
Visiting Professor
Sapienza University of Rome
Hotel Accessibility Manual by ITC IndiaScott Rains
The document provides design guidelines for making hotel environments universally accessible and inclusive. It recommends providing at least one accessible parking space for every 25 spaces near the building entrance with proper signage. The entrance should be easy to locate and use, with automatic doors if possible, visual contrasts, and a level landing. The guidelines cover structural elements, finishes, signage, and amenities to ensure equitable comfort for all guests.
Arch 103 fundamentals of building technology timetable 2014-2015Ahmed Ashraf
This document outlines the schedule for a winter 2014-2015 fundamentals of building technology course. It includes 11 lectures on topics like load distribution, structural units, foundation systems, masonry work, and insulation. It also schedules 5 assignments to be completed during the tutorial sessions, with reviews of past assignments.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) establishes design guidelines for accessibility including minimum space requirements for wheelchairs. This includes a minimum clear width of 32 inches for single wheelchair passage and 36 inches continuously, and 60 inches for two wheelchairs to pass each other. A minimum turning space of 60 inches in diameter or a 60 inch by 60 inch T-shaped space is required for a wheelchair to perform a 180-degree turn. The minimum clear floor space to accommodate a single stationary wheelchair is 30 inches by 48 inches.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Fundamentals of building technology 01Ahmed Ashraf
The document outlines topics from the Fundamentals of Building Technology course taught by Professor Ahmed Atef at the German University in Cairo during the 2014-2015 academic year. The course covers building physics and structures and includes modules on land, soil, environmental factors like topography, rain and sun, building components, loads and load distribution, wind, lighting, and rain.
HOW CONSERVATION WORKS TAKE PLACE IN MALAYSIAFakhrul Afifi
Conservation works is the most complex method in restoring the element and facade of the old building. Without conservation, the heritage building cannot long last until the expected age.
A short and elaborate Case Study on Metropol Parasol located at Seville (Spain) for the course of Urban Design from students of 7th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (August- December 2016)
PROGRAMMA ATTIVITA’ DIDATTICA A.A. 2016/17
DOTTORATO IN INGEGNERIA STRUTTURALE E GEOTECNICA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN FROM EMPIRICAL TRADITION
Lecture Series by
Thomas E. Boothby, Ph.D., P.E., R.A.
The Pennsylvania State University
Visiting Professor
Sapienza University of Rome
Hotel Accessibility Manual by ITC IndiaScott Rains
The document provides design guidelines for making hotel environments universally accessible and inclusive. It recommends providing at least one accessible parking space for every 25 spaces near the building entrance with proper signage. The entrance should be easy to locate and use, with automatic doors if possible, visual contrasts, and a level landing. The guidelines cover structural elements, finishes, signage, and amenities to ensure equitable comfort for all guests.
Arch 103 fundamentals of building technology timetable 2014-2015Ahmed Ashraf
This document outlines the schedule for a winter 2014-2015 fundamentals of building technology course. It includes 11 lectures on topics like load distribution, structural units, foundation systems, masonry work, and insulation. It also schedules 5 assignments to be completed during the tutorial sessions, with reviews of past assignments.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) establishes design guidelines for accessibility including minimum space requirements for wheelchairs. This includes a minimum clear width of 32 inches for single wheelchair passage and 36 inches continuously, and 60 inches for two wheelchairs to pass each other. A minimum turning space of 60 inches in diameter or a 60 inch by 60 inch T-shaped space is required for a wheelchair to perform a 180-degree turn. The minimum clear floor space to accommodate a single stationary wheelchair is 30 inches by 48 inches.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Fundamentals of building technology 01Ahmed Ashraf
The document outlines topics from the Fundamentals of Building Technology course taught by Professor Ahmed Atef at the German University in Cairo during the 2014-2015 academic year. The course covers building physics and structures and includes modules on land, soil, environmental factors like topography, rain and sun, building components, loads and load distribution, wind, lighting, and rain.
Fundamentals of building technology 03Ahmed Ashraf
This document is from the German University in Cairo's Architecture and Urban Design Program. It outlines a course on Fundamentals of Building Technology, which covers Building Physics and Building Structures. The course is taught by Professor Ahmed Atef during the 2014-2015 academic year. The document discusses different basic structural units like bearing wall types and skeleton types, and also covers linear, planar and composite structural systems.
Fundamentals of building technology 02Ahmed Ashraf
This document outlines a course on fundamentals of building technology from the German University in Cairo's Architecture and Urban Design Program. The course covers topics like loads, foundations, masonry work, insulation, and structural units. It discusses dead loads and live loads, load distribution, tension and compression, bearing wall and skeleton structural types, and basic roof, floor, and ground floor sections. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate key concepts.
Fundamentals of building technology 05Ahmed Ashraf
This document outlines lecture materials for a course on fundamentals of building technology taught at the German University in Cairo. It discusses different foundation systems including shallow foundations like strip footings and isolated footings, as well as deep foundations. Deep foundation types covered include pile foundations, vibro piles, and different piling methods using concrete and steel. Examples of major building projects from around the world are also provided. The document serves as a reference for students in the Architecture and Urban Design Program to learn about building physics and structures.
Fundamentals of building technology 04Ahmed Ashraf
The document discusses fundamentals of building technology, including building structures and physics. It covers topics like basic structural units, foundation systems, shallow foundations, and the construction process for shallow foundations. Specifically, it outlines three main steps in constructing shallow foundations: 1) creating wooden boxes, 2) reinforcing the boxes, and 3) finishing and insulating the footing. The document appears to be from a course on building technology taught at the German University in Cairo during the 2014-2015 academic year.
1) Structures exist everywhere in nature and in man-made objects. They provide support, containment and protection.
2) There are two main types of structures - natural and manufactured. Natural structures like trees evolved in nature, while manufactured structures like bridges are built by humans.
3) Structures must be able to withstand various forces like tension, compression, and bending without failing. The type of force determines the stress on the structural member.
The document discusses different types of building structures including mass, vaulted, frame, shell, trusses, and suspension structures. It then shows pictures of examples of each type and asks the reader to identify which type of structure each picture represents.
This document provides a summary of a book on architectural structures. It discusses the book's organization into six parts that cover the background, mechanics, design methods, horizontal and vertical structural systems, and structural materials used in buildings. It includes brief descriptions of the content covered in each chapter. The book aims to provide both conceptual and mathematical understanding of structures through illustrations and examples. It can be used for courses on statics, strength of materials, structural systems, and structural materials. The document also acknowledges contributions from students and others and dedicates the book to the author's family.
basic structural system in architectureshahul130103
This document discusses different structural systems including wall slab, post-lintel, and post slab. It provides details on the basic structural elements of slabs, walls, beams, and columns. For each structural system, it describes the load transfer method, structural members, openings allowed, spans, positioning of stairs, punching, cantilevers, and materials used. Examples of each system are given along with discussions of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Case studies of specific buildings demonstrating wall slab structures are also included.
The document outlines the objectives and content of courses in the Master's degree program in Civil Engineering at the University of Pisa. The program includes courses in technical architecture, seismic structural design, economics of construction, geotechnics, hydraulic construction, thermal systems in buildings, computer-aided design, construction site safety, structural engineering, and a foreign language. Students must complete a thesis to graduate.
The document discusses the restoration of historical monuments in India. It covers pre-restoration works like surveys and legislation protecting monuments. Common problems with heritage structures include human negligence, climate impacts, and structural issues. Restoration methodology considers repair materials and techniques, addressing moisture issues, and strengthening structures seismically with titanium and cement. The Archaeological Survey of India oversees preservation projects and case studies demonstrate restoration methods.
Tsakanika_Icomos conference 2005 the turkish mansion the aga mehmet mosquenicola ruggieri
This document discusses the methodology for restoring two historical buildings in Rhodes, Turkey - a Turkish mansion and the Hagi Mehmet Aga mosque. For each building, the document describes the construction, existing structural issues, analysis conducted, and proposed interventions. The analysis involved detailed structural drawings, finite element models, and identifying original timber tying systems. For both buildings, light interventions are proposed to reinforce structures, like adding timber diaphragms, while respecting the original designs. The interventions aim to improve seismic performance without major changes to the historic structures.
Applicability Of Large-Span Structures For Presentations Of Archaeological SitesJim Webb
This document discusses large-span structures used to present archaeological sites. It examines existing practices of using roofs, shelters, and bridges at archaeological sites. The document analyzes different types of large-span structures from an engineering perspective. It also discusses aesthetics and ethics considerations in applying modern structures at heritage sites. Case studies from Europe are presented. The document concludes that large-span structures can be suitable under certain conditions to protect archaeological sites while on display, with factors like sustainability, aesthetics, and decision-making processes requiring careful consideration.
Let talk about home, hosing and buildingsJasmine John
Building science is the collection of knowledge focusing on analyzing and controlling physical phenomena affecting buildings. It includes detailed analysis of building materials and systems. The purpose of building science is to optimize building performance and prevent failures by providing predictive capabilities. Building science strategies are implemented in arrangements of building materials and components.
This document provides a syllabus for a course on the History of Architecture I. It covers major developments in architectural styles and structures from prehistoric periods to around 800 AD in various regions of the world. The syllabus is divided into 4 modules that introduce prehistoric architecture, ancient architectures of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Rome, architectural styles in ancient and medieval India including Vedic, Buddhist, Jain, North Indian, Central and South Indian styles, and concludes with prehistoric structures found in Kerala. The course aims to develop an appreciation for architectural history and traditions.
This document outlines the course details for Building Structures II. The course aims to provide students with knowledge and skills in designing and constructing structural members and components. Over the course, students will learn how to design reinforced concrete, foundation, and retaining wall structures. They will also cover steel structures, shells, plates, and pre-stressed concrete. The course will be delivered over 30 lecture hours and 15 tutorial hours. Student assessment will consist of 40% continuous assessment and 60% end of semester examination.
According to Le Corbusier, architecture is more than just construction with materials like stone and wood - it is when a building touches the human heart and provides beauty and enjoyment. True architecture stimulates an aesthetic response even in works of engineering. The document then discusses various definitions of architecture and provides examples to illustrate architectural concepts and styles, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge and orders of columns.
This document provides information about a construction technology and maintenance course, including its code, credit units, contact hours, assessment structure, and lesson plan. The course aims to help students understand construction methods, techniques, and equipment used on construction sites. It covers topics like building, infrastructure, and maintenance stages; temporary and permanent works; construction plants; and latest technologies. The lesson plan lists weekly topics, learning outcomes, and lecture hours across 14 weeks. Students will learn about construction processes, equipment selection, and sustainable development techniques. The course assessments include two tests, assignments, a project report, and group presentations.
This document outlines an assignment for a construction solutions project for a Sentul community library. It includes building plans, precedent studies on façade, roof, and structure materials and systems. For the façade, two precedent studies are examined: a documentation center in Germany with a corten steel skin, and a house in Vietnam with precast concrete pattern blocks. A cultural center in Azerbaijan with a GFRP space frame roof system is analyzed. Two structure precedent studies look at a composite steel deck floor system and cold-formed steel framing. Detailed sectional perspectives and references are also provided.
This document provides an overview of materials and methods used in construction. It discusses the basic construction materials of concrete, steel, clay products and wood. It then covers the types, production methods, properties and uses of various materials like stones, metals, clay products, lime, cements, aggregates and concrete. These materials are used in structures like buildings, bridges, highways, etc. The document also discusses classifying materials according to phase and internal structure/composition, and determining materials properties through laboratory and field testing.
The document discusses monolithic dome structures and New Oroville, a massive complex of domes under construction in Hyderabad, India. The domes are being used for living, working, and social areas and are designed to be self-sustaining, safe from natural disasters, energy efficient, and provide suburban amenities. The dome construction process involves dividing local labor crews into teams to efficiently construct over 4,000 domes on the 50 acre site.
A REPORT ON LIGHT HOUSE PROJECT. BASED ON PSP(PREFEBRICATED SANDWICH PANEL) PANEL TECHNIQUES USING ESP(EXPENDED POLYSTYRENE SANDWICH PANEL)
WHICH IS LIGHT IN WEIGHT & HAVE GREAT COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN COMPARISION TO STANDARD BRICK. & ALSO ARE USED IN THERMAL & RAIN WATER INSULATION AND PROVIDES SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURES WITH EITHER RCC OR STEEL FRAMEWORK
Fundamentals of building technology 03Ahmed Ashraf
This document is from the German University in Cairo's Architecture and Urban Design Program. It outlines a course on Fundamentals of Building Technology, which covers Building Physics and Building Structures. The course is taught by Professor Ahmed Atef during the 2014-2015 academic year. The document discusses different basic structural units like bearing wall types and skeleton types, and also covers linear, planar and composite structural systems.
Fundamentals of building technology 02Ahmed Ashraf
This document outlines a course on fundamentals of building technology from the German University in Cairo's Architecture and Urban Design Program. The course covers topics like loads, foundations, masonry work, insulation, and structural units. It discusses dead loads and live loads, load distribution, tension and compression, bearing wall and skeleton structural types, and basic roof, floor, and ground floor sections. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate key concepts.
Fundamentals of building technology 05Ahmed Ashraf
This document outlines lecture materials for a course on fundamentals of building technology taught at the German University in Cairo. It discusses different foundation systems including shallow foundations like strip footings and isolated footings, as well as deep foundations. Deep foundation types covered include pile foundations, vibro piles, and different piling methods using concrete and steel. Examples of major building projects from around the world are also provided. The document serves as a reference for students in the Architecture and Urban Design Program to learn about building physics and structures.
Fundamentals of building technology 04Ahmed Ashraf
The document discusses fundamentals of building technology, including building structures and physics. It covers topics like basic structural units, foundation systems, shallow foundations, and the construction process for shallow foundations. Specifically, it outlines three main steps in constructing shallow foundations: 1) creating wooden boxes, 2) reinforcing the boxes, and 3) finishing and insulating the footing. The document appears to be from a course on building technology taught at the German University in Cairo during the 2014-2015 academic year.
1) Structures exist everywhere in nature and in man-made objects. They provide support, containment and protection.
2) There are two main types of structures - natural and manufactured. Natural structures like trees evolved in nature, while manufactured structures like bridges are built by humans.
3) Structures must be able to withstand various forces like tension, compression, and bending without failing. The type of force determines the stress on the structural member.
The document discusses different types of building structures including mass, vaulted, frame, shell, trusses, and suspension structures. It then shows pictures of examples of each type and asks the reader to identify which type of structure each picture represents.
This document provides a summary of a book on architectural structures. It discusses the book's organization into six parts that cover the background, mechanics, design methods, horizontal and vertical structural systems, and structural materials used in buildings. It includes brief descriptions of the content covered in each chapter. The book aims to provide both conceptual and mathematical understanding of structures through illustrations and examples. It can be used for courses on statics, strength of materials, structural systems, and structural materials. The document also acknowledges contributions from students and others and dedicates the book to the author's family.
basic structural system in architectureshahul130103
This document discusses different structural systems including wall slab, post-lintel, and post slab. It provides details on the basic structural elements of slabs, walls, beams, and columns. For each structural system, it describes the load transfer method, structural members, openings allowed, spans, positioning of stairs, punching, cantilevers, and materials used. Examples of each system are given along with discussions of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Case studies of specific buildings demonstrating wall slab structures are also included.
The document outlines the objectives and content of courses in the Master's degree program in Civil Engineering at the University of Pisa. The program includes courses in technical architecture, seismic structural design, economics of construction, geotechnics, hydraulic construction, thermal systems in buildings, computer-aided design, construction site safety, structural engineering, and a foreign language. Students must complete a thesis to graduate.
The document discusses the restoration of historical monuments in India. It covers pre-restoration works like surveys and legislation protecting monuments. Common problems with heritage structures include human negligence, climate impacts, and structural issues. Restoration methodology considers repair materials and techniques, addressing moisture issues, and strengthening structures seismically with titanium and cement. The Archaeological Survey of India oversees preservation projects and case studies demonstrate restoration methods.
Tsakanika_Icomos conference 2005 the turkish mansion the aga mehmet mosquenicola ruggieri
This document discusses the methodology for restoring two historical buildings in Rhodes, Turkey - a Turkish mansion and the Hagi Mehmet Aga mosque. For each building, the document describes the construction, existing structural issues, analysis conducted, and proposed interventions. The analysis involved detailed structural drawings, finite element models, and identifying original timber tying systems. For both buildings, light interventions are proposed to reinforce structures, like adding timber diaphragms, while respecting the original designs. The interventions aim to improve seismic performance without major changes to the historic structures.
Applicability Of Large-Span Structures For Presentations Of Archaeological SitesJim Webb
This document discusses large-span structures used to present archaeological sites. It examines existing practices of using roofs, shelters, and bridges at archaeological sites. The document analyzes different types of large-span structures from an engineering perspective. It also discusses aesthetics and ethics considerations in applying modern structures at heritage sites. Case studies from Europe are presented. The document concludes that large-span structures can be suitable under certain conditions to protect archaeological sites while on display, with factors like sustainability, aesthetics, and decision-making processes requiring careful consideration.
Let talk about home, hosing and buildingsJasmine John
Building science is the collection of knowledge focusing on analyzing and controlling physical phenomena affecting buildings. It includes detailed analysis of building materials and systems. The purpose of building science is to optimize building performance and prevent failures by providing predictive capabilities. Building science strategies are implemented in arrangements of building materials and components.
This document provides a syllabus for a course on the History of Architecture I. It covers major developments in architectural styles and structures from prehistoric periods to around 800 AD in various regions of the world. The syllabus is divided into 4 modules that introduce prehistoric architecture, ancient architectures of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Rome, architectural styles in ancient and medieval India including Vedic, Buddhist, Jain, North Indian, Central and South Indian styles, and concludes with prehistoric structures found in Kerala. The course aims to develop an appreciation for architectural history and traditions.
This document outlines the course details for Building Structures II. The course aims to provide students with knowledge and skills in designing and constructing structural members and components. Over the course, students will learn how to design reinforced concrete, foundation, and retaining wall structures. They will also cover steel structures, shells, plates, and pre-stressed concrete. The course will be delivered over 30 lecture hours and 15 tutorial hours. Student assessment will consist of 40% continuous assessment and 60% end of semester examination.
According to Le Corbusier, architecture is more than just construction with materials like stone and wood - it is when a building touches the human heart and provides beauty and enjoyment. True architecture stimulates an aesthetic response even in works of engineering. The document then discusses various definitions of architecture and provides examples to illustrate architectural concepts and styles, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge and orders of columns.
This document provides information about a construction technology and maintenance course, including its code, credit units, contact hours, assessment structure, and lesson plan. The course aims to help students understand construction methods, techniques, and equipment used on construction sites. It covers topics like building, infrastructure, and maintenance stages; temporary and permanent works; construction plants; and latest technologies. The lesson plan lists weekly topics, learning outcomes, and lecture hours across 14 weeks. Students will learn about construction processes, equipment selection, and sustainable development techniques. The course assessments include two tests, assignments, a project report, and group presentations.
This document outlines an assignment for a construction solutions project for a Sentul community library. It includes building plans, precedent studies on façade, roof, and structure materials and systems. For the façade, two precedent studies are examined: a documentation center in Germany with a corten steel skin, and a house in Vietnam with precast concrete pattern blocks. A cultural center in Azerbaijan with a GFRP space frame roof system is analyzed. Two structure precedent studies look at a composite steel deck floor system and cold-formed steel framing. Detailed sectional perspectives and references are also provided.
This document provides an overview of materials and methods used in construction. It discusses the basic construction materials of concrete, steel, clay products and wood. It then covers the types, production methods, properties and uses of various materials like stones, metals, clay products, lime, cements, aggregates and concrete. These materials are used in structures like buildings, bridges, highways, etc. The document also discusses classifying materials according to phase and internal structure/composition, and determining materials properties through laboratory and field testing.
The document discusses monolithic dome structures and New Oroville, a massive complex of domes under construction in Hyderabad, India. The domes are being used for living, working, and social areas and are designed to be self-sustaining, safe from natural disasters, energy efficient, and provide suburban amenities. The dome construction process involves dividing local labor crews into teams to efficiently construct over 4,000 domes on the 50 acre site.
A REPORT ON LIGHT HOUSE PROJECT. BASED ON PSP(PREFEBRICATED SANDWICH PANEL) PANEL TECHNIQUES USING ESP(EXPENDED POLYSTYRENE SANDWICH PANEL)
WHICH IS LIGHT IN WEIGHT & HAVE GREAT COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN COMPARISION TO STANDARD BRICK. & ALSO ARE USED IN THERMAL & RAIN WATER INSULATION AND PROVIDES SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURES WITH EITHER RCC OR STEEL FRAMEWORK
Structural engineering is a multifaceted field that involves designing and creating structures from the nanoscale level to large structures. It has a long history dating back to ancient Egypt and has advanced through discoveries like Newton's laws of motion. Today, structural engineers design structures in fields like aerospace, architecture, and nanotechnology. They require at least a bachelor's degree and work on projects from aircraft to buildings. The field has many specialized areas including aerospace, building, mechanical, marine, and nanotechnology structural engineering.
“Steember” is the result of study for the redevelopment and requalification of an abandoned lot situated in Queens, New York City, on Vernon Boulevard.
The guidelines are given by The Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA) which yearly organizes “TIMBER IN THE CITY: Urban Habitats Competition” for the 2018-2019 Academic Year.
The competition is a partnership between the Binational Softwood Lumber Council (BSLC), the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA) and the School of Constructed Environments (SCE) at Parsons School of Design. The program is intended to engage students to imagine the transformation of existing cities through sustainable buildings from renewable resources, offering expedient, affordable construction, innovating with new and traditional wooden materials, and designing healthy living and working environments. The main focus is the interrelationship between housing, healthy, early childhood education and climate change.
The competition challenges participants to re-imagine a vacant waterfront site in Queens, New York as a vibrant and vanguard model of healthy, biophilic living for the future of the city.
The first part of the project started with a phase of urban analysis to pinpoint the requirements of the local population, considering that a huge and cosmopolitan city as New York is already full of functions and diversity. After this, a functional program was organized and then implemented in an urban masterplan. The whole project contains three buildings with three different functions: an early childhood education centre, a community wellness centre and the main building which is a residential high rise tower.
The architectural project of the residential building was studied with the goal to guarantee different typologies of dwelling units, in order to cover many residential market segments. The design process followed an integrated approach, considering together the architectural, structural, technological and energy aspects.
Great attention has been paid to the technological and energy part of the project, with the goal to reach a building which can be mostly prefabricated and which is extremely energy efficient.
Every aspect of the project has been systematically developed with deep analysis and specific software simulations. Then, the results have been implemented according to a multi-disciplinary approach, finding out the best architectural or engineering solution.
Engineering Fundamental 6 August 2020.pptxJagdishannaya
The teacher development program provides resources and modules to support the HSC engineering studies course. This module focuses on engineering fundamentals and includes the history of engineering, descriptions of various engineering disciplines, discussions of common engineering materials, and case studies. Teachers are encouraged to use the provided materials and interact with Engineers Australia to strengthen their understanding of engineering concepts.
This document outlines the coursework completed by the student over 4 years of their architectural technology degree. It includes 12 projects spanning a range of building types and construction methods. The projects focused on skills like site analysis, structural analysis, building regulations, sustainable design principles, conservation, building services, model making, freehand drawing, CAD and BREEAM ratings. Overall, the coursework provided hands-on experience with practical architectural technology skills.
Multidisciplinary workshop on building designDCEE2017
Giuseppe Desogus.
The presentation shows an innovative model of integrated workshop on building design. It is aimed at improving the students’ knowledge on the importance of a collaborative approach among both architectural and technical specialists. Such an approach once was adopted only for main architectural works. Nowadays, however, the increasing necessity of both structural (seismic) and energy performances of the buildings requires a more complex approach also in ordinary ones design.
The workshop is part of the course for the master degree in Architecture of the University of Cagliari. It is composed by three modules: Architectural Engineering, Structural Design and Physics Engineering. The single theory modules are less than an half of the semester. Most of the time is dedicated to a practical workshop in which the students are divided into groups and work on a assigned design theme. Last year it was the revisiting of three buildings designed by Mario de Renzi, one of the main architects of Italian modernism. The aim of the workshop is giving the students a first-hand experience on the importance that every choice on the architectural field has on structural and energy performance ones and vice versa.
The results are quite encouraging. The workshop constantly receives positive feedbacks in the students’ evaluation questionnaires and it is above the average rating of the course.
The main strength is the systemic approach that results in outputs that are far beyond what could have been done teaching the same subjects separately. In the future a new module on Building Information Modelling will be added to the workshop. It could give the possibility to better structure and manage the interactions between architectural and technical aspects.
Asu history and theory lecture 7-ancient civilizations and cultures 16-12-2017Galala University
1. The document discusses the structural elements and systems used in ancient civilizations like Egypt, Greece, and Rome including stone, marble, granite, and how modern architecture uses steel and glass.
2. It defines architecture as shelter, art, structure, technology, and shaping spaces for human use. Vitruvius considered the essentials of architecture to be utility, firmness, and delight.
3. The basic structural elements are described as linear (columns, beams), surface (walls, slabs), and spatial (facades, cores, buildings). Forces acting on structures include gravity, wind, and earthquakes. Structural systems discussed include post and lintel, arches, trusses, and tens
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
A 1st lecture
1. Code Nr Course Title L E P CP ECH
ARCH 103
Fundamentals of Building Technology (Building Physics
and Building Structures)
2 4 0
Fundamentals of Building Technology (Building Physics and Building Structures)
ARCH – 103
1st week
1st Lecture
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE „BUILDING TECHNOLOGY“
___________________________________________________________________
1.1
DEFINITIONS
Knowledge International
Technology Local
Different fields of applying technologies in building process:
1 design, form finding, development and pre-evaluation
2 production of building’s materials and components (in site, nearby the site or in factory)
3 transportation of building’s materials and components from production place to the construction site
4 assembly of building’s materials and components in site or the so-called BUILDING CONSTRUCTION or execution
5 operating and using the building and its installations
6 maintenance of the buildings and its components and installations
7 demolition of the building after certain life span or demountability of its components to be reused
Architecture and building construction are not necessarily one and the same.
The Science of „Building Technology or Building Construction“ can be roughly expressed as the understanding of how the various materials, elements, components and systems of a building come together and how they must be compatible and integrated with one another. This understanding is always necessary during both design and execution of a building.
This physical understanding, however, enables one to build architecture but does not guarantee it, because the working knowledge of building construction is only one of several critical factors in the execution of architecture.
2. Code Nr Course Title L E P CP ECH
ARCH 103
Fundamentals of Building Technology (Building Physics
and Building Structures)
2 4 0
When we speak of architecture as an art of building, we should consider conceptual systems of order in addition to the physical ones of construction.
- The definition, scale, proportion, and organization of interior spaces of a building
- the functional zoning of spaces of a building according to purpose and use
- horizontal and vertical paths of movement through a building interior
- the physical imagery of a building: form, space, light, color, texture, and pattern
- context: the building as an integrated component within the natural and built environment
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course introduces student to the principles and fundamentals of building construction. Topics include the basic concepts of structural systems and foundations according to building loads and soil characteristics. In addition the course presents the basic unit of wall construction systems and clarifies the different methods of building insulation.
COURSE AIM
The course aims to provides students with an initial theoretical knowledge and understanding of the principles of building construction in order to inform design decisions and to be able of preparing construction or working drawings up from the 7th term.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Students learn and understand the following topics;
a) Basic Concepts of structural Systems
Load distribution and behavior through different elements of building
Basic structural systems
b) Foundations
Different types of foundations
c) Masonry Work
Basic unit of masonry work
d) Building Insulation
Different methods of building insulation to fulfill appropriate internal environmental conditions
___________________________________________________________________
1.2
RELEVANT COURSES & BASIC KNOWLEDGE FIELDS
Which courses from your Study in the first 2 terms or earlier are relevant to our course „Building Technology“ ?
1.2.1 ENGINEERING MECHANICS (static, dynamics)
The course provides students with basic skills, which is important mainly in analyzing structural behavior of building elements and in developing its structural efficiency
- Composition and analysis of Forces in different directions, support reaction forces
3. Code Nr Course Title L E P CP ECH
ARCH 103
Fundamentals of Building Technology (Building Physics
and Building Structures)
2 4 0
- Calculating binding moments, friction, shear forces, torsion, twist forces
- Compressive bearing, tensile and binding moment stresses
- Wind loads, movement of fluids, aerodynamics, chimney or stack effect (Bernoulli-low, Venturi-action)
1.2.2 PHYSICS
The course explains to students the basic physical knowledge, which is essential to understand how to choose, save and apply building materials according to its properties, to evaluate and improve thermal performance of the building considering environmental aspects and finally to control sound transmission inside the building.
- Properties of bodies and materials (mass, density, weight forces, cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, capillary action, condensation, ...)
- Thermal behavior (heat sources, temperature, air humidity, thermal expansion and contraction, heat content Q, heat transfer, conduction, convection, radiation, heat flow, specific thermal capacity, heat storage, thermal conductivity and resistance, thermal insulation, latent heat, ...)
- Sound control and acoustics (sources, transmission, frequency, resonance, loudness, sound diffusion, reflectance and absorption, sound insulation, .......)
1.2.3 CHEMISTRY
The course introduces the fundamental chemical terms and reactions, which occur in different ways in building substances and materials
- Terms (element, atom, molecule, structure of atoms, .....)
- Reaction (oxidation, reduction, corrosion, electrolysis, galvanic action, .......)
- Acidity, alkalinity, pH-value, ....
___________________________________________________________________
1.3
DEFINITIONS AND TECHNICAL TERMS
Foundation, wall, floor, roof, partition, ...
___________________________________________________________________
1.4
HISTORY OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
Building technology has in fact a long history over many centuries, but the last few decades have given it the most remarkable impulses. The rapid developments in recent time could be recognized if we compare the amount of building material used per unit useful volume of a building. In almost 20 centuries, the specific consumption of building materials decreased from 0.47 to 0.058 (or about one tenth of the original value). In contrast, only in the last 30 years, it fell down to 0.0001 (or to less than 1: 500 of its original value) owing to the advent of air-supported structures, based on using thin and strong reinforced polymer membranes.
4. Code Nr Course Title L E P CP ECH
ARCH 103
Fundamentals of Building Technology (Building Physics
and Building Structures)
2 4 0
Tutorial
1st Assign
Research work (1):
Building Materials
(Theoretical approach, types, samples, presentation)
___________________________________________________________________
1.5 AN INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING MATERIALS
To get better insight into the history of building technology, we shall consider its milestones with reference to basic natural and man-made materials of construction. With the help of the next group of slides, which indicate examples of using different building materials, the scope of building materials would be enlarged and the their basic data would be briefly discussed.
1.5.1 WOOD & VEGETAL MATERIALS AND FIBERS
Wood was the first material of construction to be used by man. The earliest primitive application was a post-and beam structure, then gable and shed roofs with rafters had been erected. (Mechanization, glue lamination, reuse of waste sawdust and chips, minimizing combustibility through chemical fire retardant)
reconstruction of pre-historical housing group built on wooden piled platform on a lake in middle Europe, the pitched roofs are covered with thick layer of reed mats
trussed house in Europe from with fillings of clay bricks
trussed wooden rafters with iron reinforcement
using metal joints with wood members to improve stiffness of fixation and facilitate assembly on site
large span dome made of many small wood members
glue laminated wood beams for bridging large spans
fisher housing in south Iraq, made of local materials „march reeds“
bent march reed bundles as a structural element for the dwelling
bamboo bundles in form of two detached arches, from which a pedestrian bridge is suspended
1.5.2 NATURAL STONE
The oldest integral architectural compositions are believed to be megalithic structures (large stones) or the so called „stone hinges“, tensile strength of stone is 1/10 - 1/15 of its compressive strength
pre-historical shelter made of large sedimentary stones
pyramids of Giza, from ancient Egypt, about 2600 BC,
stone hinge in UK, about 1800 BC,
Habu city, Luxor, post & beam technique to bridge small spans
the Parthenon temple in acropolis, Athena, Greece, about 400 BC, just wooden structures built of stone
Cordoba mosque, south Spain, 785-987, the ribbed dome over Mehrab
5. Code Nr Course Title L E P CP ECH
ARCH 103
Fundamentals of Building Technology (Building Physics
and Building Structures)
2 4 0
great Cathedral of Cologne, 1560 late gothic, typical gothic cross vaulting with huge monumental scale
flying buttresses of „Notre dame de Paris“, early gothic, 1163-13th century
vacation house with bearing walls, domes and vaults made of natural stone, work of Hassan Fathy
Pastel opera house, Paris, marble and granite cladding
Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart, modern use of thin sheet of natural sandstone and travertine as a mechanical-hanged cladding for rich facades
1.5.3 CLAY AND ITS PRODUCTS
Man began using clay for building about 4000-3000 BC. As structural material, brick has been used since the Egyptian produced bricks of sun-dried mud and straw and the Babylonian discovered the technique of making bricks by burning clay. Around 1500 BC they began using colors glaze for earthenware. (structural clay products)
Storage rooms in Ramesum, west bank of Luxor, vaulting with 4 layers of sun-dried mud bricks
Coloseun in Rome, 75-80, flat burned bricks for vaulting under the tribune of the amphitheater
Hadramawt, Yemen, „Manhattan of the desert“, multistory houses with thick rammed earth walls
ribbed mud dome in Niger, reinforced with vegetal sticks and fibers
vault made of sun-dried mud bricks with one leaning wall, Paris-Oases, Hassan Fathy
producing manual compressed mud bricks
constructing a dome using compressed mud bricks and with the help of rotary steel guide rail, which have the predetermined curvature of the dome
typical English brick masonry, burned clay bricks
burned and glazed clay tiles as a durable and weather resistant external finish, shell detail of Sydney opera house
1.5.4 GLASS
Arrow-heads and knives made of natural volcanic glass, simple articles of non- transparent glass were first made in Egypt as far back as 4000 BC (sheet, float, wire, reflective coated, tempered, laminated, insulating)
huge glass wall with stiffening structures, museum of science and industry, La Cite, Paris
free shaping of glass curtain wall, framed, office building, La Villett, Paris
frameless or structural glass walls (laminated glass sheets), supported intermediately by special cast steel parts, international trade fair in Leipzig, Germany
curved laminated glass sheets, international trade fair in Leipzig, Germany
accessible glass floors, Stuttgart airport
7-layers laminated glass sheets used as a floor for pedestrian bridge, Schlaich, Munich
1.5.5 CAST IRON AND STEEL
19th century & industrial revolution
6. Code Nr Course Title L E P CP ECH
ARCH 103
Fundamentals of Building Technology (Building Physics
and Building Structures)
2 4 0
Eiffel tower, 1889, 300m height, world industrial fair, Paris, pre-fabricated components of cast iron
Empire state, 1935, sky scraper in New York
“Castellated” or open web beams for bridging intermediate spans (8m - 25m)
tubular steel structures, one of the various node systems of space frames, “Nodus” bolts and screw-in system
welded tubular steel structures, branching structures, Stuttgart airport
huge pre-fabricated cast steel components, George Pompidu Center, Paris
production of huge cast steel components in factory
high tensile stress steel cables and roped wires for suspended structures
steel cables as an unbeatable solution for special and mega structures to span the biggest bridge bay, 1410 m, Humber bridge, UK
corrugated steel sheets with longitudinal curvature
stainless steel sheets for cladding of facades, planetarium of museum of science and industry, La Cite, Paris
1.5.6 PLAIN & REINFORCED CONCRETE
Concrete is already some 2000 years old. The ancient Romans used it for vaults, domes and massive structures. With the fall of the Roman Empire, concrete lost its technique and importance as a building material till the 18th century, and exactly with the invention of hydraulic (Portland) cement 1824.
the Pantheon in Rome, 120 AD (Hadrian 27 BC), the first concrete dome with 43 m diameter, recesses to reduce the dead load of material and to create ribbed structure
villa Savoy, Le Corbusier, 1929, slender RC columns, extended vision under building, strip windows,
falling water house, Frank Lloyd Wright, large RC Cantilever
RC as liquid stone, molding, surface structure with wood form, treatment
steel form for fair face concrete
curved pre-cast RC components, Zaha Hadid, horticulture show pavilion, Weil am Rhein, Germany, 2000
conventional pre-cast RC components, modulation, quality control, precautions
thin-walled pre-cast components for dome structure, Saudi Arabia
Sydney opera house, Jǿrn Utzen, shell-like form
RC pre-cast structural ribs of Sydney opera house,
spray-gunned concrete (grout) inside inflated membrane form to build RC domes with outer fair face
lightweight concrete, mixed with polystyrene foam beads
hollow core and pre-stressed RC slabs
gate house (pavilion), Philip Johnson, 1995, prefabricated panels of structural wire mesh around an insulating urethane foam core, cut and bent to shape and then sprayed with concrete
1.5.7 POLYMERS OR PLASTICS
synthetic Polymers (PVC, PUR, PE, PB, .....), Resins, resin-base materials, 20th century & modern technology
glass fibers reinforced polyester (GRC), moulding potentials
7. Code Nr Course Title L E P CP ECH
ARCH 103
Fundamentals of Building Technology (Building Physics
and Building Structures)
2 4 0
transparent acrylic, plexi-glas, poly-carbonate, sheets, (2m x 2m) suspended roof covering of olympic swimming pool, Munich
curved acrylic sheets, escalator entrance, George Pompidu Centre, Paris
cored sections of poly-carbonate sheets
flower pavilion, Terry Farell
lightweight domes made of sprayed foamed Polyurethane (BASF) as an shelter during earthquake disaster in Turkey, 1972
plastic (TEFLON by Du Pont) coated glass fiber fabric as a likely permanent material for spectacular membrane structures, first 1969 used for astronaut suits
using TEFLON coated glass fabric as an air supported roof for a stadium, Tokyo
gaskets made of neoprene or synthetic rubber for sealing buildings and openings tightly
gummy-tiles with studs, mixture of natural and synthetic rubber, Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, James Sterling
solid surface materials, Corian, Cristalite
1.5.8 NONFERROUS METALS AND SANDWICH PANELS
Aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, titanium
about 0.4 mm thin titanium sheets as an impressive cladding of the facade of Gugenheim museum in Bilbao, Spain, Frank O. Gehry
easily de-mountable sandwich panels of Sainsbury Center for the visual arts, Norwich, 1977, Norman Foster
aluminum-faced sandwich panels as a curtain wall for Hypo bank building in Frankfurt
aluminum-faced and pyramid-shaped sandwich panels as a cladding for the huge geodesic dome in Epcot Center, Florida
detail of the pyramid-shaped sandwich panels
FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF BUILDING MATERIALS
a) Functional factors (availability, appearance, physical characteristics: density, strength, elasticity, brittleness, stiffness, toughness, hardness, endurance, thermal conductance, thermal resistance, thermal capacity, thermal expansion, durability, abrasion resistance, creep resistance, magnetic properties, .....)
b) Economical factors (Costs for Materials, machine operating, transport, molding and assembly, time needed for manufacture, transport and execution, life span of building,....)
c) Industrial factors (workability, plasticity, ductility, malleability, ability of assembly, ability of molding, ......
___________________________________________________________________
1.6
DIFFERENT BUILDING EXECUTION STAGES FROM CONCEPTION TO CONSTRUCTION
8. Code Nr Course Title L E P CP ECH
ARCH 103
Fundamentals of Building Technology (Building Physics
and Building Structures)
2 4 0
Let us follow the stages in the evolution of a building from its initial conception in the mind of the architect to its final construction.
1.6.1 CONCEPTION
After the need of a certain building has been established, its program decided, and the financial means for its construction collected or provided for, an architect or a group of architects is entrusted with the planning of a building that will fulfill the requirement of its future users. This may be done by direct instruction or by selection by means of a competition.
a) In the first case, the architect may be consulted and may collaborate in the definition of the program and the selection of suitable site.
b) In the second case, these two items may be examined by sponsors in collaboration with architects who will define the rules of the competition and nominate the jury.
But in either event, whether he is taking part in the competition or acting as a nominated architect, the designer will start by studying the site, the program and all factors that will influence his design. This study will lead him to visualize in broad outline the type of building he considers suitable.
His general mental picture becomes more clearly defined as he begins to make rough sketches on paper. And little by little, as the outline gains in definition and details and as more sketches are made, the whole conception is translated into and takes definite shape in the form of a preliminary project or „avant-project“. This shows all the essential features of the contemplated building in the form of architectural plans, elevations, sections, perspective views and models which enable the prospective owner or the jury to judge of the merits of the conception and of its fitness to fulfill the purpose for which building to be erected.
When the preliminary project has been approved by owner or the jury, the architect is instructed to proceed with the preparation of working drawings and contract documents.
At this stage, as well as at all subsequent stages from conception ton construction, the architect should have a through knowledge of the principles and methods of construction he is to apply in the particular building and in the particular region of the world where the building is to be erected. These principles and methods of construction will and should have a marked influence on his conception and will guide him during the preparation of working drawings. His knowledge should embrace the related crafts and allied industries playing a part in the erection of the building or in the production of the materials used in it.
1.6.2 WORKING DRAWINGS
The so-called „Working Drawings“ are in fact all drawing documents needed for building execution works. They are the easiest graphic way to convey the design of their author to the builder who is responsible for the actual construction of the building. For this purpose they are usually accompanied by a quantity and specification book, in which building materials are exactly calculated and the most
9. Code Nr Course Title L E P CP ECH
ARCH 103
Fundamentals of Building Technology (Building Physics
and Building Structures)
2 4 0
construction methods are fully described and detailed. Working drawings , therefore, should not be overcrowded with text that is normally included in the specification book. Only notes which needed to facilitate reading of drawings or to describe very special forms of construction should be included. Otherwise, written instructions on them should be reduced to the minimum.
It should also be noted that some details of construction relative to certain crafts have become universally known to craftsmen and builders and they do not need, therefore, to be repeated in each set of drawings. For Instance, details drawing bond in brickwork or stone in rubble masonry or construction joints in joinery or wood work are always omitted in working drawings. This also applies to floorings where a normal procedure is required and where a simple notation indicating the nature of the flooring my replace the drawing in plan of tiles, boards, etc...
Apart from these exceptions of test and well-known construction details, working drawings should contain as far as possible all information likely to be required by the builder for the erection of the building, without his having to refer to the architect for complementary information during the course of construction.
It should also be borne in mind, that working drawings , together with the quantity and specification book, and the general conditions of contract form part of the contract documents which accompany tenders submitted by contractors for adjudication. They also form part of the contract between the owner and the selected contractor and as such they should be so explicit and precise as to be incapable of any misinterpretation.
As a general rule, all working drawings, to whatever scale, should be prepared and be part of the contract documents. Exceptionally, a few detail drawings may be prepared by the architect during construction. These deal mainly with additional details (usually to 1/20 scale) that will not affect the nature of the work required but serve to give it more precise form. They may also be full-size scale drawings or shop-drawings required for the actual execution of parts for which smaller scale drawings have already been included in the contract documents.
The following table sets the drawings likely to be required to form a complete set of working drawings for a building and the scales used for each of them according to Egyptian practice. It is to be noticed that drawings are grouped by trades and should always be grouped so. Thus it is possible to subdivide the contract into separate contracts for each trade concerned. Even when the whole job is given to one general contractor, he in turn entrusts part of the job to sub- contractors of various trades, who require separate sets of drawings.
TRADE DRAWING SCALE NOTES
Lay-out plan
1 : 500
or 1 : 200
General
Basement
1 : 50
(architectural)
Ground floor plan
1 : 50
Plan for each of the following floors
1 : 50
may be 1 : 100
or one typical plan of similar floors
1 : 50
for simple
10. Code Nr Course Title L E P CP ECH
ARCH 103
Fundamentals of Building Technology (Building Physics
and Building Structures)
2 4 0
Roof plan
1 : 50
buildings
Elevations on all sides
1 : 50
Sections
1 : 50
Details
1 : 50
Details (stairs)
1 : 20
Details (Ceiling, finishing works
1 : 10
rarely used
Details
1 : 1
full-size
R.C. plans for foundations or piles
1 : 50
Structural work
R.C. plans for each floor
1 : 50
Details of columns (numbered)
1 : 50
or 1 : 20 in list
Details of beams (numbered)
1 : 20
or in list
Other details
1 : 20
Steel construction sheets
1 : 20
Details of steel construction
1 : 20
1 : 10 or 1 : 4
Numbered drawings for each type of joinery in elevation only or in elevation, plan and section
1 : 50
or 1 : 20
Joinery work
(Wood Work)
Details of special features like staircases, roofs, wall-panels, ceiling
1 : 20
Detail sections of timber outlines
1 : 4
or 1:1 full-size
Metallic work
(non-structural)
Numbered drawings for each type in elevation only or if necessary, also in plan and section
1 : 50
or 1 : 20 or 1 : 10
Details
1 : 1
Full-size
Sanitary installations
Layout of piping and apparatus, one plan for each different floor, or a set of plans for each different floor, each to show: water supply, hot-water supply, cold-water supply, heating, drainage, gas installation, etc...
1 : 50
may be 1 : 100
Details
1 : 20
Electric installations
Layout plans for each different floor with or without wiring, for lighting, signaling, power, radio, television, telephone, etc...
1 : 50
may be 1 : 100
Layout plans for each different floor with air-conditioning ducts
1 : 50
may be 1 : 100
Other trades
as deemed fit
variable
EXECUTIVE DRAWING SCALES
(1:500, 1:200, 1:100, 1: 50, 1:20)
DETAILED DRAWING SCALES
(1:10, 1:5, 1:2, 1:1 full-scale)
BUILDING EXECUTION WRITTEN DOCUMENTS
quantities and specifications book
1.6.3 CONSTRUCTION
11. Code Nr Course Title L E P CP ECH
ARCH 103
Fundamentals of Building Technology (Building Physics
and Building Structures)
2 4 0
The importance of working drawings during construction is self-evident. Other duties of the architect during execution are the supervision of construction to ensure the scrupulous fulfillment of all the conditions specified in the contract documents, the checking of quantities of work done and the approval thereupon the payments on account asked for the contractor, the provisional and final acceptance of the work and the final settlement of accounts.
In all these later stages, the architect and the builder constantly refer to the working drawings which should indicate clearly the distribution of materials used and include accurate and well-distributed dimensions to enable a quick and exact calculation of the quantities of various items.
From this review, it may be deduced that the activities of the architect vary widely in nature.
a) They are creative and require artistic temperament and sound reasoning in the conception of the project.
b) They are scientific and require accurate technical knowledge of all construction problems and equipment involved.
c) They are also administrative and require skill in dictating and enforcing the rules and procedure that will make proper execution a smooth and sure achievement.
Of all these various aspects of activity, we shall be concerned in all „Building Technology“-courses mainly with one. We shall deal primarily with the scientific aspect of the architect and specially the basic theoretical rules, conventional technical works and details that enable architecture students to prepare an adequate set of working Drawings in all subsequent „Execution Design“-courses up from 7th term (4th year).
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
in site, prefabrication, assembly, ..
COURSE CONTENTS (OVERVIEW)
a) Basic Concepts of structural Systems
b) Foundations
c) Masonry Work
d) Building Insulation