This document summarizes the effects of an active phase of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) on an extreme precipitation event over western Java Island in January 2013. It finds that an active phase of the MJO was propagating eastward in late December 2012 through mid-January 2013, coinciding with a persistent northwesterly monsoonal flow. This provided favorable conditions for the formation of heavy rain over western Java Island from January 15-18, 2013, as convection regularly initiated over the sea northwest of the island each night and propagated southeastward with the upper winds. The coincidence of the active MJO phase and monsoonal flow produced significantly more rainfall compared to occurrences of the monsoonal flow alone
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This slides will help in understanding some facts and figures about how, temperature and rainfall ... corelates leading to an increase in tempertaure over a century...
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This slides will help in understanding some facts and figures about how, temperature and rainfall ... corelates leading to an increase in tempertaure over a century...
Understanding the Kerala Floods of 2018: Role of Mixed Rossby-Gravity WavesS Kiran
Kerala, the south-west coastal state of India, was ravaged by a series of floods during the South-West Monsoon of 2018. The season was marked by severely anomalous rainfall trends, with upto 150 mm of departures from the mean daily precipitation in the northern districts of the State. Although, there were many studies about the hydrogeological factors which aggravated the floods in Kerala, no attempt was made to delve into the physics which actually resulted in anomalous precipitation during the year. This study intends to document the dynamical phenomenon which caused the Kerala Floods of 2018. The westward propagating convectively-coupled Mixed Rossby-Gravity (MRG) waves were excited by the synoptic disturbances of the tropical Pacific at the pressure level of 700 hPa, during the Indian Monsoon of 2018. They travelled across the Indian Ocean in two significant modes -- a predominant slow moving wave of 20-40 days period (as Madden-Julian Oscillation) and a secondary faster wave of 5-8 days period. They are characterised by vertical phase propagation to the upper troposphere, a precursor to deep convection and intense precipitation. Further, the propagation of these waves through a medium enhances its relative vorticity and the gyres or circulations thus formed are symmetrical about the equator. Consequently, the meanders in the wind field and widening of the Intertropical Convergence Zone were observed. The MRG waves, especially the slow mode induced divergence in the wind field, which fueled convection in tropics and brought very heavy rainfall to the State of Kerala in 2018.
Comments: 14 pages, 12 figures, 1 table
Subjects: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph)
Cite as: arXiv:2103.09771 [physics.ao-ph]
(or arXiv:2103.09771v1 [physics.ao-ph] for this version)
Landslide Investigation of Ikwette, Obudu Local Government Area of Cross Rive...iosrjce
This study investigates the causes of a slope failure at Ikwette, Obudu local Government Area of
Cross River State, Nigeria in 2013. It also involves a slope stability analysis of the failed slope, which was OB1.
To understand instability in the study area, a combination of field, geotechnical and statistical analysis were
undertaken. Some obtained parameters were then applied in a slope/W Geostudio 2012 software program which
uses the conventional limit equilibrium methods to simulate the dominant factors inducing instability. Results of
the geotechnical investigations of the samples taken from Ikwette, showed an average maximum dry density
value of 1.63kg/m3
, which was a low to moderate value and average optimum moisture content value of 18%.
Analysis from the particle size distribution, showed that the particle sizes where silty sand, with a Coefficient of
uniformity (Cu) value of 1.8 and Coefficient of curvature (Cc) value of 0.968, indicating that the soil is
uniformly or poorly graded. Triaxial compression test showed an angle of internal friction and cohesion values
averaging around 12.65° and 43kPa respectively, which indicates that the shear strength of the soil was
reduced, due to the activities of high precipitation intensity which increased to a monthly value of 375.3mm
before the landslide event. Also, the factor of safety value for the slope in OB1, where the landslide occurred
was 1.114, which is close to the value for an incipient failure. Hence the results of the aforementioned methods
and simulation shown can be used in predicting areas of possible landslides, as well as the causes of such soil
deformations, and as such, safety measures could be taken against the reoccurrence of landslides in such areas.
Pentacene-Based Organic Field-Effect Transistors: Analytical Model and Simula...IDES Editor
Organic Field-Effect Transistors, OFETs, attract
much interest recently and their proficiency and hence
applications are being enhanced increasingly. However, only
analytical model of old field-effect transistors, developed for
silicon-based transistors, and their relevant numerical
analyses have been used for such devices, so far. Increasing
precision of such models and numerical methods are essential
now in order to modify OFETs and propose more effective
models and methods. This study pegs at comparing current
analytical model, simulation methods and experiment data
and their fitness with each other. Certainly, four aspects of
results of three abovementioned approaches were examined
comparatively: sub-threshold slope, on-state drain current,
threshold voltage and carrier mobility. We embark to analyze
related experiment data of OFETs made by pentacene, as the
organic material, along with various organic gate insulators
including CyEP, PVP, PMMA, Parylene-C and Polyimide and
then to offer their results, comparatively.
Understanding the Kerala Floods of 2018: Role of Mixed Rossby-Gravity WavesS Kiran
Kerala, the south-west coastal state of India, was ravaged by a series of floods during the South-West Monsoon of 2018. The season was marked by severely anomalous rainfall trends, with upto 150 mm of departures from the mean daily precipitation in the northern districts of the State. Although, there were many studies about the hydrogeological factors which aggravated the floods in Kerala, no attempt was made to delve into the physics which actually resulted in anomalous precipitation during the year. This study intends to document the dynamical phenomenon which caused the Kerala Floods of 2018. The westward propagating convectively-coupled Mixed Rossby-Gravity (MRG) waves were excited by the synoptic disturbances of the tropical Pacific at the pressure level of 700 hPa, during the Indian Monsoon of 2018. They travelled across the Indian Ocean in two significant modes -- a predominant slow moving wave of 20-40 days period (as Madden-Julian Oscillation) and a secondary faster wave of 5-8 days period. They are characterised by vertical phase propagation to the upper troposphere, a precursor to deep convection and intense precipitation. Further, the propagation of these waves through a medium enhances its relative vorticity and the gyres or circulations thus formed are symmetrical about the equator. Consequently, the meanders in the wind field and widening of the Intertropical Convergence Zone were observed. The MRG waves, especially the slow mode induced divergence in the wind field, which fueled convection in tropics and brought very heavy rainfall to the State of Kerala in 2018.
Comments: 14 pages, 12 figures, 1 table
Subjects: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph)
Cite as: arXiv:2103.09771 [physics.ao-ph]
(or arXiv:2103.09771v1 [physics.ao-ph] for this version)
Landslide Investigation of Ikwette, Obudu Local Government Area of Cross Rive...iosrjce
This study investigates the causes of a slope failure at Ikwette, Obudu local Government Area of
Cross River State, Nigeria in 2013. It also involves a slope stability analysis of the failed slope, which was OB1.
To understand instability in the study area, a combination of field, geotechnical and statistical analysis were
undertaken. Some obtained parameters were then applied in a slope/W Geostudio 2012 software program which
uses the conventional limit equilibrium methods to simulate the dominant factors inducing instability. Results of
the geotechnical investigations of the samples taken from Ikwette, showed an average maximum dry density
value of 1.63kg/m3
, which was a low to moderate value and average optimum moisture content value of 18%.
Analysis from the particle size distribution, showed that the particle sizes where silty sand, with a Coefficient of
uniformity (Cu) value of 1.8 and Coefficient of curvature (Cc) value of 0.968, indicating that the soil is
uniformly or poorly graded. Triaxial compression test showed an angle of internal friction and cohesion values
averaging around 12.65° and 43kPa respectively, which indicates that the shear strength of the soil was
reduced, due to the activities of high precipitation intensity which increased to a monthly value of 375.3mm
before the landslide event. Also, the factor of safety value for the slope in OB1, where the landslide occurred
was 1.114, which is close to the value for an incipient failure. Hence the results of the aforementioned methods
and simulation shown can be used in predicting areas of possible landslides, as well as the causes of such soil
deformations, and as such, safety measures could be taken against the reoccurrence of landslides in such areas.
Pentacene-Based Organic Field-Effect Transistors: Analytical Model and Simula...IDES Editor
Organic Field-Effect Transistors, OFETs, attract
much interest recently and their proficiency and hence
applications are being enhanced increasingly. However, only
analytical model of old field-effect transistors, developed for
silicon-based transistors, and their relevant numerical
analyses have been used for such devices, so far. Increasing
precision of such models and numerical methods are essential
now in order to modify OFETs and propose more effective
models and methods. This study pegs at comparing current
analytical model, simulation methods and experiment data
and their fitness with each other. Certainly, four aspects of
results of three abovementioned approaches were examined
comparatively: sub-threshold slope, on-state drain current,
threshold voltage and carrier mobility. We embark to analyze
related experiment data of OFETs made by pentacene, as the
organic material, along with various organic gate insulators
including CyEP, PVP, PMMA, Parylene-C and Polyimide and
then to offer their results, comparatively.
Impact of Climate Modes such as El Nino on Australian RainfallAlexander Pui
The relationship between seasonal aggregate rainfall and large scale climate modes, particularly the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), has been the subject of a significant and on-going research effort. However, relatively little is known about how the character of individual rainfall events varies as a function of each of these climate modes. This study investigates the change in rainfall occurrence, intensity, and storm inter-event time at both daily and sub-daily timescales in East Australia, as a function of indices for ENSO, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), with a focus on the cool season months. Long record data sets have been used to sample large variety of climate events for better statistical significance. Results using both the daily and sub-daily rainfall data sets consistently show that it is the occurrence of rainfall events, rather than the average intensity of rainfall during the events, which is most strongly influenced by each of the climate modes. This is shown to be most likely associated with changes to the time between wet spells. Furthermore, it is found that despite the recent attention in the research literature on other climate modes, ENSO remains the leading driver of rainfall variability over East Australia, particularly further inland during the winter and spring seasons.
Studi Parameter Oseanografi Fisika dan Kimia di Perairan Pulau Sulawesi, Indo...Luhur Moekti Prayogo
Pulau Sulawesi merupakan salah satu pulau terbesar di Indonesia dan dikenal memiliki potensi di bidang kelautan, baik dari segi pariwisata hingga potensi perikanannya. Pulau ini dilintasi garis khatuliswa di seperempat bagian utara sehingga sebagian besar wilayahnya berada di belahan bumi selatan. Geografis pulau Sulawesi yang berbeda menyebabkan perbedaan karakteristik parameter oseanografi. Salinitas dan pasang surut air laut merupakan parameter oseanografi yang dapat mempengaruhi keberlangsungan hidup biota di suatu perairan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan studi parameter oseanografi fisika kimia yang meliputi pasang surut dan salinitas di perairan pulau Sulawesi menggunakan data NOAA dan BIG. Dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa perairan di sekitar Pulau Sulawesi memiliki rerata muka air tinggi sebesar 1,3 meter dan muka air rendah sebesar 0,9 meter. Kemudian dari perhitungan dihasilkan bilangan Formzahl sebesar 0,8 (0,25 < F £ 1,5) yang berarti tipe pasang surut masuk dalam kategori Campuran, cenderung Semi Diurnal. Kemudian hasil analisis salinitas menunjukkan bahwa pada bulan Juli tahun 2020 kandungan salinitas berkisar 29,63 hingga 36,45 ppt dengan rata-rata 33,99 ppt. Pada bulan November 2020 kandungan salinitas berkisar 25,71 hingga 39,74 ppt dengan rata-rata sebesar 33,50 ppt. Pada bulan Februari 2021 kandungan salinitas berkisar 27,23 hingga 37,73 ppt dengan rata-rata sebesar 33,00 ppt. Salinitas terendah diperoleh pada musim penghujan bulan November 2020 dan kandungan salinitas tertinggi pada bulan yang sama di sebagian kecil wilayah. Pada musim kemarau rata-rata kandungan salinitas air laut di perairan Sulawesi relatif tinggi dibandingkan musim penghujan dengan nilai kandungan terendah sebesar 29,63 ppt.
● Climatology of Winter Extratropical Cyclones over the Coastal Waters of China
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/919
● Exploration and Research on Fault Maintenance System of New Generation Weather Radar
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/543
● Land-use Changes Alter Energy and Water Balances on an African BrachiariaPasture Replacing a Native Savanna in the Orinoco llanos https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/558
● Main Characteristics of Dust Storm sand Their Radiative Impacts: With a Focuson Tajikistan
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/352
● Microbial Community Diversity and Vertical Distribution in a Columnar Sediment of Maluku Strait
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/930
Changes of Temperature Field in Storms Under Influence of Cold SurgeAI Publications
This study goal is to explore changes of the temperature field during storms operating in the East Sea under the influence of cold air over time. Studies on wave–current interaction have focused mainly on tropical cyclones, while less attention has been paid to other weather systems (Gong et al, 2018). Strong winds in coastal areas can cause dramatic changes in water level and currents, which influence wave height and direction, thereby increasing hazardous conditions (Sun et al, 2018). Wave parameters in the outer region of the typhoon are more sensitive to the current but less sensitive to the water elevation than those in the inner region of the typhoon (Hsiao et al, 2020). The results show that the temperature field in the storm under the influence of cold air has an asymmetrical distribution around the center.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Investigation of the Tidal Character in Bawean Island East Java Using Admiral...Luhur Moekti Prayogo
Bawean Island is one of the islands in Gresik Regency, East Java, where almost all its territory is a coastal environment. This region's tidal oceanographic condition is critical because this area has a lot of potential for marine tourism and relatively shallow waters. This study aims to determine the tidal characteristics in the waters of Bawean Island, East Java, using the Admiralty method. This method was chosen because it can calculate the tidal component with only 15 days of data and can be used in various water conditions. The data used is tidal data from the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) on November 1-15, 2020. From this research, it can be concluded that tidal analysis using the Admiralty method produces nine components, including M2, S2, N2, K1, O1, P1, M4, MS4, and K2. The four components determine the type of tide, namely O1, K1, M2, and S2, with amplitude values of 11.79347, 30.14857, 55.72241, and 63.69851. The calculation with the Formzahl number equation yields a value of 0.3512 (0.25 <F <1.5), which means that the tidal type in Bawean Island, East Java, has a mixed type with a semidiurnal tendency (double daily).
● Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Climate
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/1838
● Numerical Modelling of Waves and Surge from Cyclone Mekunu (May 2018) in the Arabian Sea
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/1709
● Spatio-Temporal Change of Atmospheric Precipitation on Territory of North-West of Ukraine
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/1564
● Utilization of Crop Stubble as Alternate Source of Electricity Generation
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/1708
Spatial and temporal hydrochemistry variations of karst water in Gunung Sewu,...UniversitasGadjahMada
A hydrogeochemical study was conducted in the
Gunung Sewu Karst, Java Island, Indonesia. The main
objective of this study is to describe the spatial and temporal
variations of hydrochemistry that occur in the central
and western parts of Gunung Sewu. Discharge measurements
for a one-year period are taken in some karst springs
or underground rivers to define their discharge hydrograph.
Furthermore, baseflow separation analysis was conducted
to determine the base flow percentage throughout the year.
Water sampling for hydrogeochemical analysis was taken
every month to represent the dry and rainy season conditions.
To describe the hydrogeochemical processes, a
scatter plot analysis with a small sample size was conducted.
The results showed that the hydrochemistry of karst
water in the study area has different characteristics spatially
and temporally. Within the dry season, the dominant
hydrogeochemical process is water–rock interaction (precipitation
of calcite mineral), indicated by achieving the
maximum level of Ca2?, HCO3
-, electrical conductivity,
base flow percentage, and SI calcite, with the lowest level
of log PCO2 in the water. In addition, the dry season
hydrochemistry is characterized by a strong relationship
between electrical conductivity–calcium/bicarbonate, base
flow percentage-discharge, base flow percentage-SI calcite,
and SI calcite-log PCO2 . Spatially, the different level of
correlations between these parameters depended on the
sampling location, flow recharge, and the conduit development.
Conversely, in the rainy season, the hydrogeochemical
process shifted from water–rock interaction to
dilution of rainwater as a result of rain water supply
through a conduit system channel, which is characterized
by declining Ca2?, HCO3
-, electrical conductivity, base
flow percentage, and SI calcite, with the highest level of
log PCO2 in the water. The dilution of rainwater process
also caused a decline in the correlation of some hydrogeochemical
parameters.
2. 80 Wu et al., The Effects of an Active Phase of the MJO on Extreme Precipitation Event
The ocean surface winds derived from the WindSat satellite
measurements showed strong northeasterly winter monsoon flow
with a wind speed greater than 10 m s−1
over the central South
China Sea from 11 to 12 January 2013. Thereafter, strong north
erly winds were observed over the Karimata Strait and northwest
erly winds over the Java Sea in the Southern Hemisphere during
13 to 18 January 2013 (Fig. 2). The areas of strong wind were
consistent with the presence of a large pressure gradient at sea
level, as mentioned.
Balloon soundings were performed twice a day at Soekarno-
Hatta International Airport, Jakarta, on Java Island. Profiles of
horizontal wind vs. time for the period 1−20 January 2013 are
shown in Fig. 3. Above the 300-hPa level, easterly winds pre
vailed throughout the period. The sounding data indicated north
westerly winds below the 800-hPa level over western Java Island
during 13−18 January. These northwesterly winds resulted from
the strong trans-equatorial monsoonal flow from the Northern
Hemisphere, as described previously by reference to the surface
pressure distributions and ocean surface winds from satellite mea
surements.
To summarize, a persistent trans-equatorial monsoonal flow
from the Northern Hemisphere occurred in mid-January prior to
and during the extreme precipitation event of 2013 in Jakarta,
similar to that reported by Wu et al. (2007) as the main cause of
the long duration of heavy precipitation that occurred in Jakarta
during late January into early February 2007.
3. Eastward propagation of an active phase of the
MJO in late December 2012 into January 2013
As mentioned, the MJO is characterized by an eastward pro
gression of large regions of both enhanced and suppressed tropical
rainfall. During late December 2012, convection was well-orga
nized over the Indian Ocean and western Maritime Continent,
consistent with MJO activity. In early January 2013, the enhanced
convection associated with the MJO further developed over the
Maritime Continent and shifted east across the Maritime Conti
nent toward the western Pacific, while convection was suppressed
over the western Indian Ocean. Subsequently, by mid-January
the enhanced convection shifted eastward to the western Pacific,
followed by suppressed convection in the Indian Ocean.
To assess the relative position and strength of the MJO, an
all-season, real-time multivariate MJO index was used (see http://
cawcr.gov.au/staff/mwheeler/maproom/RMM/). The index is
based on the first two empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of
the combined fields for the near-equatorially-averaged 850-hPa
and 200-hPa zonal winds, and satellite observations of outgoing
longwave radiation (OLR) (Wheeler and Hendon 2004). The
results showed that the MJO index had amplitude greater than 1.3
with current phase 3 (the enhanced convective phase was centered
on the eastern Indian Ocean) continuing in late December 2012
(Fig. 4). The MJO strengthened considerably in early January
2013, with rapid propagation across the Indian Ocean and the
Maritime Continent toward the western Pacific. The MJO ampli
tude increased from 1.7 to 2.9 in the 3 days from 3 to 6 January.
The amplitude of the MJO index greater than 2.5 with current
phase 4 (the enhanced convective phase was centered on the west
ern Maritime Continent) continued for 4 days during 5 to 8 Janu
ary. Thereafter, in mid-January 2013, the MJO index continued to
show a relatively strong amplitude (1.4−2.0), although eastward
propagation had slowed. In late January, the MJO remained active
with a moderate amplitude and propagated across the western and
central Pacific, although the large-scale enhanced and suppressed
convection pattern had become less coherent.
Profiles of horizontal winds at Jakarta (Fig. 3) showed that
during 4−13 January, strong westerly winds > 10 m s−1
were
observed from near the surface up to 400 hPa (~8 km), with
maximum wind speed being at the 900-600-hPa layer, consistent
with the passage of the strong active phase of the MJO over the
Maritime Continent and the western Pacific regions. It is note
worthy that the upper westerly winds continued over Java Island
to a lower latitude and can even penetrate into the Southern
Hemisphere (Wu et al. 2007; Hattori et al. 2011). A strong and
persistent trans-equatorial monsoonal flow is a crucial factor in
extremely heavy rain over western Java Island. It was reported
that a strong trans-equatorial monsoonal flow that causes extreme
rain over Java Island is estimated to occur once every 5−10 years
(Wu et al. 2007). In this section, we examine the occurrence of the
trans-equatorial monsoonal flow in January 2013.
Daily sea-level pressure distributions indicated a stationary
surface high-pressure area situated over northern China during
11−18 January 2013, a typical pattern of surface pressure in this
boreal mid-winter season. The high-pressure area extended south
eastwards to the southern China coast. A large pressure gradient
existed across the East China Sea, northern parts of the Philip
pines and most parts of the South China Sea, as the isobars are
closely spaced there (not shown). There was little change in this
surface-pressure pattern in the mid-latitudes for the whole period
of the heavy rain event.
Fig. 2. Sea surface wind vectors measured by WindSat satellite for
17 January 2013. The shades denote wind speed.
Fig. 3. Profile of horizontal winds obtained from up-air soundings
at Jakarta as a function of time for January 2013. The shades in
the upper and lower panels denote meridional wind component
and zonal wind component, respectively. The tick marks in the
abscissa indicate 00 UTC or 07 LT of the days.
3. 81SOLA, 2013, Vol. 9, 79−83, doi:10.2151/sola.2013-018
subsequently in mid-January when the MJO-enhanced convective
phase had shifted to the western Pacific (phases 6), although the
upper westerly winds weakened to a moderate speed.
Summarizing the results of this section, strong and coherent
MJO activity took place in late December 2012 into January 2013.
During 15−18 January, the time of the heavy rain/flood event of
2013 in Jakarta, the enhanced convective phase was centered on
the western Pacific. With the eastward propagation of the active
phase of the MJO, moderate westerly winds occurred over Java
Island during the heavy rain event.
4. The effects of the active phase of the MJO on the
extreme precipitation event
Hattori et al. (2011) investigated the occurrence of cross-
equatorial northerly surge and its relation to precipitation over
the Maritime Continent during the regional wet season from
December to March for the 11 years from 1998 to 2009. Their
results showed that during cross-equatorial northerly surge events,
enhanced precipitation is evident over the northern coast of Java
Island and the Java Sea in both active and inactive MJO phases.
It is notable that simultaneous occurrences of a cross-equatorial
northerly surge with an active phase of the MJO produce much
more precipitation with striking positive anomalies in northwest
ern Java than in only occurrence of a northerly surge. Therefore,
the coincidence of the active phase of the MJO with the persistent
trans-equatorial monsoonal wind in January 2013 provided favor
able conditions for precipitation in the region.
Since 2009, we have performed meteorological radar obser
vations continuously at Serpong in the suburbs of Jakarta using
a C-band Doppler radar (CDR). Reflectivity CAPPI at 2.0 km
altitude obtained from the CDR radar for 15−17 January 2013 is
shown in Fig. 5. The CAPPI, or Constant Altitude Plan Position
Indicator, is a radar display that gives a horizontal cross-section of
data at constant altitude. The results indicated regular occurrences
of rain over western Java Island during the nighttime to early
morning during the heavy rain event.
In the infrared (IR) images from the Geostationary Mete
orological Satellite (GMS) MTSAT-2 (Fig. 6), convection was
regularly initiated in the night during 1900 to 2200 LT in the 4
days from 14 to 17 January over the sea to the northwest of Java
Island, just beyond the scope of our radar observations. Then,
after a short time of 1−2 h, in the radar images the convection
solidified into a line orientated north-south or northeast-southwest,
extending for about 100 km. Subsequently, the line of storms mi
grated southeastward over western Java Island from the nighttime
to early morning. It took 4−5 h for the rain systems to move from
the northwestern edge of the island to the mountainous areas to
the south of Jakarta. The propagation speed of the precipitation
system was estimated to be close to ~8 m s−1
. The initiation and
propagation of convection were markedly different from those
during the heavy rain event of late January to early February 2007
reported by Wu et al. (2007).
During the daytime, air along a mountain slope is heated more
intensely than air at the same elevation over the valley. The warm
air rises, creating an upslope wind. The heavy rain event of 2007
was in an inactive period of the MJO, during which the upper
prevailing winds over Java Island were weak, providing favorable
conditions for development of thermally-induced valley-mountain
circulation. Consequently, convection developed frequently over
the island’s mountainous areas in the afternoon. In the evening,
convection was triggered over the northern plains near the foot
of the mountain by the outflow from convection that developed
earlier over the mountainous areas. Precipitation continued for
4−5 hours during the convection moved northward over the
northern plains of the island, stopped falling in the early morning.
Subsequently, rainfall occurred again in the morning and contin
ued until around noon on 1 and 2 February 2007 (Wu et al. 2007).
Numerical simulations for the extreme rain event by Trilaksono
et al. (2012) reproduced two types of initiation and propagation
of convection, that is, convection that initiated in the evening near
the foot of the mountain propagate northward over the northern
plains, and convection that initiated in the early morning over the
Java Sea propagate southward to western Java Island.
In contrast to the weak upper prevailing winds in late January
and early February 2007, the eastward propagation of an active
phase of the MJO caused strong to moderate northwesterly winds
from near the surface up to 400 hPa over Java Island in early to
mid-January 2013 (Fig. 2). The diurnal variation of winds over
western Java Island in the rainy season was unclear when the pre
vailing northwesterly to westerly was strong (Araki et al. 2006).
Radar observations and cloud images from the GMS satellite
showed that strong convection did not develop in the afternoon
over the mountainous areas of Java Island (Fig. 6, upper panels).
This is because the comparatively strong winds prevented accu
mulation of heated air on the mountain slope, inhibiting upslope
winds and suppressing afternoon convection over the mountains.
However, in the statistical analysis of Hattori et al. (2011), sup
pression of convection over the mountainous areas of Java Island
is indistinct in the cross-equatorial northerly surge events with an
active phase of the MJO (their Fig. 16). This is probably due to
insufficient spatial resolution of the TRMM 3B42 rain data that
they used in their study.
Meanwhile, relatively strong northerly wind persisted over
the Karimata Strait, and northwesterly wind over the Java Sea in
mid-January 2013. Tangang et al. (2008) suggested that strong
westerly winds over and north of Java Island caused by an active
phase of the MJO lead to a counter-clockwise turning of the
northeasterly winds over the southern South China Sea and help to
form the Borneo vortex and strong cross-equatorial flow. Accord
ingly, the eastward propagation of the active phase of the MJO
over the Maritime Continent in January 2013 may have produced
an effect to strengthen the cross-equatorial monsoonal flow. Even
so, the penetration of the northwesterly wind into the Southern
Hemisphere was not as far south as it was in late January into
early February 2007. The northwesterly wind from the trans-equa
torial monsoon, in conjunction with the westerly wind from the
active phase of the MJO, created an intensive wind convergence
at the low levels along its leading edge near western Java Island.
As convection is initiated over the sea to the northwest of
the island, the movement of mesoscale convective systems is a
determining factor in the occurrence of heavy rain over western
Fig. 4. Phase diagrams of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)
during late December 2012 into January 2013. The axes (RMM1
and RMM2) represent daily values of the principal components
from the two leading modes. Dots are for each day. Distance from
the origin is proportional to MJO strength.
4. 82 Wu et al., The Effects of an Active Phase of the MJO on Extreme Precipitation Event
Fig. 6. GMS satellite infrared (IR) images over Java Island for 16 to 18 January 2013. These images
were made using the infrared channel of MTSAT-2 image, which has a spatial resolution of 5 km.
Fig. 5. Reflectivity CAPPI (Constant Altitude Plan Position Indicator) at 2.0 km altitude from the Serpong C-band Doppler radar (CDR)
for the 3 days from 15 to 17 January 2013. The CAPPI is a radar display that gives a horizontal cross-section of data at constant altitude.
5. 83SOLA, 2013, Vol. 9, 79−83, doi:10.2151/sola.2013-018
Java Island. It has been reported that the propagation of mesoscale
convective complexes (MCSs) is basically determined by the
mean flow of the cloud-layer (850−300 hPa) and development
of new convective cells (Corfidi et al. 1996). In the mid-latitude
MCSs, new cell formation is usually opposite in direction to that
in the low-level (850 hPa) jet but equal in magnitude. During
15−18 January 2013, when the extreme rain occurred on western
Java Island, northwesterly winds with speeds of 5−10 m s−1
were
observed at the levels from 850 up to 400 hPa (~8 km) (Fig. 3).
Unlike typical mid-latitude MCSs, in the present case there was
no low-level jet. The results from radar observations indicated a
southeastward propagation of the precipitation systems (Fig. 5).
Its speed was close to ~8 m s−1
, almost equivalent to the mean
wind vector of the 850−300-hPa layer winds. These results sug
gest that the movement of the mesoscale convective systems was
dominated by the upper northwesterly winds in the cases being
studied. The precipitation systems propagated southeastward
during nighttime and early morning, bringing heavy rainfall over
western Java Island.
The reason why there is regular initiation of convection over
the coastal sea at night is unclear. A reasonable explanation is the
thermally-induced diurnal changes in the land-sea boundary-layer
flow. Owing to differential heating of land/ocean surfaces, during
the day, air temperature over land increases much more quickly
than it does over water. At night, rapid radiation loss creates
cooler air over land. Therefore, diurnal changes in the sea/land-
breeze component in the boundary-layer flow were expected in the
coastal areas of Java Island. The interaction of the trans-equatorial
monsoonal flow with the boundary-layer flow strengthens the
low-level wind convergence at night, initiating convection over
the coastal sea to the northwest of the island, as observed by the
meteorological satellite. To understand the details of the initiation
and propagation mechanisms of convection in these low-latitude
regions, further study with observational data and employment of
numerical experiments with the aid of regional circulation models
is necessary.
5. Summary
The present study investigated the effects of an active phase
of the MJO on the extreme precipitation event that occurred on
western Java Island during 15−18 January 2013, using WindSat
ocean surface winds, GMS infrared images, meteorological radar
observations and balloon sounding data. A persistent, trans-
equatorial, northerly wind took place in mid-January 2−3 days
prior to and during the heavy precipitation event, similar to that
which occurred during the extreme precipitation event in Jakarta
during late January into early February 2007. A strong, persistent,
trans-equatorial Asian-winter monsoonal flow from the Northern
Hemisphere was a main factor in the formation of extreme rain
over western Java Island.
In contrast to the extreme rain event of 2007, which was in
an inactive MJO phase, the extreme precipitation/flood event
of 2013 coincided with strong and coherent MJO activity with
the enhanced convective phase centered on the western Pacific.
The active phase of the MJO caused strong to moderate westerly
to northwesterly winds at the levels from near the surface up to
400 hPa (~8 km) over Java Island in early to mid-January 2013.
The westerly winds, in conjunction with the trans-equatorial mon
soonal flow, produced an intensive wind convergence at the low
levels near western Java Island, providing favorable conditions
for precipitation. Satellite and radar observations indicated regular
genesis of convection over the sea to the northwest of the island
at night, and southeastward propagation over Java Island during
nighttime and early morning in the 4 days of the heavy rain event.
The movement of the precipitation systems was dominated by the
upper northwesterly winds. The results of the present study sug
gest that the eastward propagation of an active phase of the MJO
produced a great effect on the formation of extreme heavy rain
over western Java Island.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their
constructive comments. We are deeply grateful to Drs. Kentaro
Ando and Jun Matsumoto of Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology, and Mr. Yunus S. Swarinoto of Indo
nesian Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency
(BMKG), for their encouragements and helpful suggestions. The
present work was supported by the Climate Variability Study and
Societal Application through Indonesia-Japan “Maritime Conti
nent COE”-Radar-Buoy Network Optimization for Rainfall Pre
diction Project of Science and Technology Research Partnership
for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) of Japan Science and
Technology Agency (JST) and Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA).
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Manuscript received 23 February 2013, accepted 1 May 2013
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