This document discusses types and classifications of sensation and sensory disturbances. It begins by defining sensation and classifying it based on the origin of stimuli (exteroceptive, interoceptive, proprioceptive). Sensation is also classified based on the biological principle of origin into protopatical and epicritical sensation. In clinical practice, sensation is often classified based on the type of stimuli, including superficial sensation (touch, pain, temperature), deep sensation (joint position, vibration), and complicated sensation (localization, discrimination). The document then discusses the anatomy and pathways of superficial and deep sensation tracts in the body. It provides examples of objective and subjective sensory disorders, including types of anesthesia, paresthesia, and pain. Finally,
1. The somatosensory system provides perception of touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception from receptors throughout the body.
2. Sensory receptors are classified as exteroceptors on the skin, proprioceptors in muscles and joints, and nociceptors for pain.
3. Sensory pathways include the spinothalamic tract for pain and temperature and the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway for proprioception. Lesions to these pathways result in loss of sensation on the contralateral or ipsilateral side depending on the tract affected.
This document provides an overview of pain and its pathway in the human body. It defines pain, discusses the history of pain theories, and describes the different types and properties of pain. It examines several theories of pain transmission, including the specificity theory, pattern theory, and gate control theory. The document outlines the different pain receptors, sensory neurons, and the spinothalamic tract involved in pain pathways. It also discusses methods of inhibiting pain, such as through medications, surgery, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
The somatosensory system allows us to perceive touch, temperature, pain and other sensory stimuli. It involves neurons in the posterior ganglia, posterior horns of the spinal cord, thalamus and somatosensory cortex. Disorders can occur at different levels, such as peripheral nerves, posterior roots or columns, thalamus or cortex. Specific symptoms depend on the location, such as segmental loss of sensation with posterior root involvement or contralateral loss with a thalamic lesion. Clinical tests investigate different types of sensitivity including superficial, deep and complex sensations.
Mechanism of pain | Analgesic system | Pain PhysiologyFatima Mangrio
This slideshare describes pain transduction which is the mechanism by which nociceptors depolarize to reach threshold, so that a pain signal can be transmitted to the brain. When the signal reaches the brain, the person becomes consciously aware they are in pain - this is called perception.
This document summarizes key aspects of pain pathways and nociception. It discusses the types and causes of pain, the different pain receptors, and their locations. It describes the anterolateral pain pathway, including its subdivisions and functions. It also discusses central processing of somatosensory information in the somatosensory cortex and thalamus, sensory modalities, stimulus discrimination, and the functions of nociceptors.
- Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It can be acute or chronic.
- Acute pain is sharp and short-lived, while chronic pain is intermittent or constant and lasts longer. Chronic pain is more difficult to treat.
- Pain has protective benefits like warning of injury and preventing further damage, but also has negative impacts. The physiology of pain involves receptors, pathways in the peripheral and central nervous systems, and neurotransmitters like glutamate and substance P. The gate control theory proposes mechanisms of pain modulation in the spinal cord and brain.
1. The somatosensory system provides perception of touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception from receptors throughout the body.
2. Sensory receptors are classified as exteroceptors on the skin, proprioceptors in muscles and joints, and nociceptors for pain.
3. Sensory pathways include the spinothalamic tract for pain and temperature and the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway for proprioception. Lesions to these pathways result in loss of sensation on the contralateral or ipsilateral side depending on the tract affected.
This document provides an overview of pain and its pathway in the human body. It defines pain, discusses the history of pain theories, and describes the different types and properties of pain. It examines several theories of pain transmission, including the specificity theory, pattern theory, and gate control theory. The document outlines the different pain receptors, sensory neurons, and the spinothalamic tract involved in pain pathways. It also discusses methods of inhibiting pain, such as through medications, surgery, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
The somatosensory system allows us to perceive touch, temperature, pain and other sensory stimuli. It involves neurons in the posterior ganglia, posterior horns of the spinal cord, thalamus and somatosensory cortex. Disorders can occur at different levels, such as peripheral nerves, posterior roots or columns, thalamus or cortex. Specific symptoms depend on the location, such as segmental loss of sensation with posterior root involvement or contralateral loss with a thalamic lesion. Clinical tests investigate different types of sensitivity including superficial, deep and complex sensations.
Mechanism of pain | Analgesic system | Pain PhysiologyFatima Mangrio
This slideshare describes pain transduction which is the mechanism by which nociceptors depolarize to reach threshold, so that a pain signal can be transmitted to the brain. When the signal reaches the brain, the person becomes consciously aware they are in pain - this is called perception.
This document summarizes key aspects of pain pathways and nociception. It discusses the types and causes of pain, the different pain receptors, and their locations. It describes the anterolateral pain pathway, including its subdivisions and functions. It also discusses central processing of somatosensory information in the somatosensory cortex and thalamus, sensory modalities, stimulus discrimination, and the functions of nociceptors.
- Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It can be acute or chronic.
- Acute pain is sharp and short-lived, while chronic pain is intermittent or constant and lasts longer. Chronic pain is more difficult to treat.
- Pain has protective benefits like warning of injury and preventing further damage, but also has negative impacts. The physiology of pain involves receptors, pathways in the peripheral and central nervous systems, and neurotransmitters like glutamate and substance P. The gate control theory proposes mechanisms of pain modulation in the spinal cord and brain.
This document discusses pain, including its definition, characteristics, classification, receptors, mediators, pathways, and theories. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It describes the different types of pain receptors and pathways in the body. Finally, it summarizes several theories that attempt to explain the physiological experience of pain, including the intensity theory, specificity theory, pattern theory, and gate control theory.
The document discusses various types of sensations detected by the nervous system including pain, touch, proprioception, vibration, and thermal sensations. It describes:
1) The pathways for each sensation from receptors to the central nervous system, including the roles of first, second, and third order neurons.
2) Characteristics of different sensations such as poorly localized deep pain versus well-localized superficial pain.
3) Structures involved in each pathway such as dorsal root ganglia, dorsal columns, spinothalamic tracts, and various brain regions.
Ascending tracts are neural pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) that carry sensory information from the periphery (such as the skin, muscles, and organs) to the brain. These tracts transmit signals related to touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, and other sensory modalities.
Ascending tracts play a crucial role in relaying sensory information to the brain for perception and response. The information carried by ascending tracts is essential for sensory perception and motor coordination.
Disruptions or lesions in these tracts can result in sensory deficits or impaired coordination.
This document provides an overview of pain management in dentistry. It begins with a brief history of theories of pain and the development of pain receptors. It then discusses the neurophysiology of pain, including transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception of pain signals in the nervous system. The document outlines several theories of pain, including intensity theory, specificity theory, pattern theory, and gate control theory. It also classifies types of pain and reviews both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches to pain control and management in clinical settings.
The document provides an overview of the somatosensory, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory sensory systems. It describes the anatomy and neural pathways of each system from receptor to cortex. Key points include: each system has receptors that convert stimuli into neural signals via hierarchical pathways to the thalamus and sensory cortices; the somatosensory system has touch, pain, and proprioceptive divisions; and the auditory, olfactory, and gustatory systems have tonotopic organization and multiple cortical processing streams. Damage to sensory pathways can result in deficits like deafness, anosmia, or agnosias depending on the lesion location.
The dorsal column pathway carries sensations of highly localized touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception. It involves the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus spinal tracts. First order sensory neurons carry information from cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors and synapse with second order neurons in the dorsal horn or medullary nuclei. These second order neurons transmit impulses to the thalamus. Third order neurons then project this information to the primary somatosensory cortex.
This document provides an overview of pain, including its:
- Definition as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
- History dating back to ancient philosophers.
- Classification into somatic, visceral, and neuropathic types.
- Neural pathways involving first, second, and third order neurons that transmit signals from peripheral receptors to the central nervous system.
- Various specialized sensory receptors that detect painful stimuli.
General sensitivity refers to the ability to perceive various sensations through receptors in the skin and sensory organs. Sensations can be classified into general sensations like touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception, as well as special senses like vision, hearing, taste, and smell. Damage to sensory systems can result in disorders like anesthesia (loss of sensation), hypoesthesia (decreased sensation), hyperesthesia (increased sensation), dysesthesia (abnormal sensations), and various types of pain disorders.
The document discusses somatic sensations and mechanical receptors. It classifies somatic sensations into mechanoreceptive, thermoreceptive, and pain senses. It describes six types of tactile receptors - free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs, Iggo dome receptor, hair end-organ, and Ruffini's end-organs. It discusses how these receptors detect touch, pressure, vibration and transmit signals. It also summarizes the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system and anterolateral system, and how lesions in different pathways impact sensations.
The document discusses somatic sensations and mechanical receptors. It classifies somatic sensations into mechanoreceptive senses (tactile and position), thermoreceptive senses (heat and cold), and pain. It describes six types of tactile receptors - free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs, Iggo dome receptor, hair end-organ, and Ruffini's end-organs. It discusses how these receptors detect touch, pressure, vibration and transmit signals. It also summarizes the two main ascending pathways - dorsal column-medial lemniscal system and anterolateral system. Finally, it discusses functions of the somatosensory cortex and effects of lesions in the pathways.
Pain is the most important protective sensation. Assessment and Management is the most fundamental part of the nurse’s responsibility [ 5 vital sign – temp, heart rate, pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure ]. Perception of the pain is influenced by cultural, psychological, emotional factors. An unpleasant sensation and is the most primitive of all senses.
The document summarizes key concepts related to the sensory system and pain perception. It discusses:
- The basic process of sensation from receptor stimulation to brain interpretation
- Adaptation of sensory receptors to continuous stimulation
- Organization and processing of sensory information at the receptor, circuit, and perceptual levels in the somatosensory system
- Ascending pathways that transmit sensory information from receptors to the brain
- Theories of pain perception including specificity, pattern, and gate control theories
- Modulation and inhibition of pain at different levels including presynaptic inhibition and descending pathways from the brain
Definition n classification •Pathophysiologyof pain. •Physiological Effects of pain. •Pharmacological & non-pharmacological methods of analgesia. •Principles of pain management.METHODS OF CONTROLLING METHODS OF CONTROLLING
Non-pharmacological Preoperative counseling TENS Acupuncture
Pharmacological Opioids •Im •IV infusion •IV PCA Local anaesthetics: •Local Infiltration •Nerve Blocks •Epidural Blocks NSAIDS •IM •IV infusion •IV PCA
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS PRE-OP COUNSELLING: Well informed patients about: •Nature of operation •Nature of post operative pain •Methods of analgesia available
Cope better with Post –op Pain
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS TENS (Trans Cutaneous electric nerve stimulation)
Stimulates afferent myelinated (A-beta) nerve fibers at 70hz
Inhibitory circuits within sp cord activated
Nerve impulse transmission reduced
Maximum benefit in neurogenic pain
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS OPIODS •Activate opiodreceptors within the CNS •Reduce transmission of nerve impulses by modulation in the dorsal horn
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
LOCAL ANAESTHETICS –Blocks the conduction of nerve impulses –Can be given with adrenaline because •Decreases absorption of L.A allowing larger doses •Also acts on alpha 2 receptors which potentiates analgesic effect
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
NASIDS –Blocks synthesis of PG’s –Only suitable for miledto moderate pain
PRINCIPLE OF MANAGEMENT OF PAIN •Pre-emptive analgesia •Balanced or combination analgesia •Analgesia ladder
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
Balanced Analgesia –NASID are used in conjunction with opioids. –Reduces amount of opioids –Reduces side affect of opioids,ASSESMENT OF PAIN •Observe the behaviour of the patient •Monitor analgesic requirement of the patient –Visual Analogue Score( VAS )
–Verbal Rating Score ( VRS ) •None •Mild •Moderate •severe
The document discusses pain perception and transmission in the human body. It begins by defining pain and outlining the dual sensory and emotional nature of pain. It then describes how pain signals are transmitted from nociceptors to the spinal cord and brain through A and C nerve fibers. The signals travel through the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus and somatosensory cortex. Descending pathways from the brain can modulate pain perception. The gate control theory of pain is also explained. The document further discusses different types of pain and factors that influence pain experience.
This document summarizes the somatosensory system and receptors. It describes the different types of sensation including superficial, deep, visceral, and special. It outlines the categories of conscious and non-conscious sensation. It discusses the different receptors including exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and intteroceptors. It details the nerve endings including free nerve endings, follicular nerve endings, Merkel cell neurite complexes, encapsulated endings like Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles. It outlines the somatosensory pathways including the posterior column-medial lemniscal pathway and spinothalamic pathway.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on pain. It begins with the lecturer's name and credentials. The objectives of the lecture are then outlined, which include defining pain, differentiating between acute and chronic pain, and explaining pain management approaches. The document proceeds to discuss topics like nociceptors, the somatosensory pathway, endogenous pain mechanisms, and classifications of pain. Pathophysiological processes underlying pain are explored. Non-pharmacological pain management strategies like TENS, heat/cold therapy are also summarized.
This document discusses the pathway, physiology, and perception of pain. It begins with an introduction to pain and its significance as a warning signal. It then covers the history of theories about pain. The document defines pain and discusses its characteristics such as threshold, intensity, and localization. It classifies pain into acute and chronic types and looks at the components involved in pain perception including receptors, neural pathways, and sensory neurons. The document examines peripheral mechanisms of injury-induced pain and theories of pain such as the gate control theory. It also discusses visceral pain, referred pain, and tooth pain pathways.
This document discusses dermatomes and sensory pathways. It defines dermatomes as areas of skin supplied by single spinal nerves. Testing dermatomes is part of neurological examination to determine spinal disc pathology. It then lists the dermatome levels from C1 to S5. The document also describes modalities of sensation including exteroceptive (touch, pain, temperature), proprioceptive (position, joint sense, vibration) and cortical sensations. It provides details on testing each modality and discusses sensory changes in various diseases like polyneuropathy, spinal cord injuries, syringomyelia and others.
Pain as an unpleasant emotional experience usually initiated by a noxious stimulus and transmitted over a specialized neural network to the central nervous system where it is interpreted as such
Physiology of Pain, Characteristic of pain, Basic consideration of nervous system, Pain receptor, Mechanism of pain causation, Theories of pain, Pathways of pain, Pain Receptors
The document summarizes orbital bone fractures, including the anatomy of the orbit, classification of fractures, causes of blowout fractures, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and complications. Key points are:
- The orbit is formed by multiple bones and contains extraocular muscles and neurovascular structures.
- Fractures are classified based on the involved walls. Blowout fractures cause bone to be displaced away from the orbit.
- Clinical features include diplopia, enophthalmos, and nerve dysfunction. CT is used to confirm fractures.
- Management involves initial monitoring then later surgery if needed to repair muscle entrapment or significant deformity. Complications include vision loss, persistent diplopia, and infection
A 31-year-old male presented with a recurrence of generalized tonic-clonic seizures two years after undergoing surgery to remove a left insular glioma in 2017. He had been seizure-free until 2020 but has now experienced 5-6 seizure episodes in the past two years. A contrast MRI brain with tractography was ordered to investigate the recurrent seizures and evaluate the possibility of tumor regrowth.
This document discusses pain, including its definition, characteristics, classification, receptors, mediators, pathways, and theories. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It describes the different types of pain receptors and pathways in the body. Finally, it summarizes several theories that attempt to explain the physiological experience of pain, including the intensity theory, specificity theory, pattern theory, and gate control theory.
The document discusses various types of sensations detected by the nervous system including pain, touch, proprioception, vibration, and thermal sensations. It describes:
1) The pathways for each sensation from receptors to the central nervous system, including the roles of first, second, and third order neurons.
2) Characteristics of different sensations such as poorly localized deep pain versus well-localized superficial pain.
3) Structures involved in each pathway such as dorsal root ganglia, dorsal columns, spinothalamic tracts, and various brain regions.
Ascending tracts are neural pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) that carry sensory information from the periphery (such as the skin, muscles, and organs) to the brain. These tracts transmit signals related to touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, and other sensory modalities.
Ascending tracts play a crucial role in relaying sensory information to the brain for perception and response. The information carried by ascending tracts is essential for sensory perception and motor coordination.
Disruptions or lesions in these tracts can result in sensory deficits or impaired coordination.
This document provides an overview of pain management in dentistry. It begins with a brief history of theories of pain and the development of pain receptors. It then discusses the neurophysiology of pain, including transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception of pain signals in the nervous system. The document outlines several theories of pain, including intensity theory, specificity theory, pattern theory, and gate control theory. It also classifies types of pain and reviews both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches to pain control and management in clinical settings.
The document provides an overview of the somatosensory, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory sensory systems. It describes the anatomy and neural pathways of each system from receptor to cortex. Key points include: each system has receptors that convert stimuli into neural signals via hierarchical pathways to the thalamus and sensory cortices; the somatosensory system has touch, pain, and proprioceptive divisions; and the auditory, olfactory, and gustatory systems have tonotopic organization and multiple cortical processing streams. Damage to sensory pathways can result in deficits like deafness, anosmia, or agnosias depending on the lesion location.
The dorsal column pathway carries sensations of highly localized touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception. It involves the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus spinal tracts. First order sensory neurons carry information from cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors and synapse with second order neurons in the dorsal horn or medullary nuclei. These second order neurons transmit impulses to the thalamus. Third order neurons then project this information to the primary somatosensory cortex.
This document provides an overview of pain, including its:
- Definition as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
- History dating back to ancient philosophers.
- Classification into somatic, visceral, and neuropathic types.
- Neural pathways involving first, second, and third order neurons that transmit signals from peripheral receptors to the central nervous system.
- Various specialized sensory receptors that detect painful stimuli.
General sensitivity refers to the ability to perceive various sensations through receptors in the skin and sensory organs. Sensations can be classified into general sensations like touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception, as well as special senses like vision, hearing, taste, and smell. Damage to sensory systems can result in disorders like anesthesia (loss of sensation), hypoesthesia (decreased sensation), hyperesthesia (increased sensation), dysesthesia (abnormal sensations), and various types of pain disorders.
The document discusses somatic sensations and mechanical receptors. It classifies somatic sensations into mechanoreceptive, thermoreceptive, and pain senses. It describes six types of tactile receptors - free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs, Iggo dome receptor, hair end-organ, and Ruffini's end-organs. It discusses how these receptors detect touch, pressure, vibration and transmit signals. It also summarizes the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system and anterolateral system, and how lesions in different pathways impact sensations.
The document discusses somatic sensations and mechanical receptors. It classifies somatic sensations into mechanoreceptive senses (tactile and position), thermoreceptive senses (heat and cold), and pain. It describes six types of tactile receptors - free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs, Iggo dome receptor, hair end-organ, and Ruffini's end-organs. It discusses how these receptors detect touch, pressure, vibration and transmit signals. It also summarizes the two main ascending pathways - dorsal column-medial lemniscal system and anterolateral system. Finally, it discusses functions of the somatosensory cortex and effects of lesions in the pathways.
Pain is the most important protective sensation. Assessment and Management is the most fundamental part of the nurse’s responsibility [ 5 vital sign – temp, heart rate, pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure ]. Perception of the pain is influenced by cultural, psychological, emotional factors. An unpleasant sensation and is the most primitive of all senses.
The document summarizes key concepts related to the sensory system and pain perception. It discusses:
- The basic process of sensation from receptor stimulation to brain interpretation
- Adaptation of sensory receptors to continuous stimulation
- Organization and processing of sensory information at the receptor, circuit, and perceptual levels in the somatosensory system
- Ascending pathways that transmit sensory information from receptors to the brain
- Theories of pain perception including specificity, pattern, and gate control theories
- Modulation and inhibition of pain at different levels including presynaptic inhibition and descending pathways from the brain
Definition n classification •Pathophysiologyof pain. •Physiological Effects of pain. •Pharmacological & non-pharmacological methods of analgesia. •Principles of pain management.METHODS OF CONTROLLING METHODS OF CONTROLLING
Non-pharmacological Preoperative counseling TENS Acupuncture
Pharmacological Opioids •Im •IV infusion •IV PCA Local anaesthetics: •Local Infiltration •Nerve Blocks •Epidural Blocks NSAIDS •IM •IV infusion •IV PCA
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS PRE-OP COUNSELLING: Well informed patients about: •Nature of operation •Nature of post operative pain •Methods of analgesia available
Cope better with Post –op Pain
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS TENS (Trans Cutaneous electric nerve stimulation)
Stimulates afferent myelinated (A-beta) nerve fibers at 70hz
Inhibitory circuits within sp cord activated
Nerve impulse transmission reduced
Maximum benefit in neurogenic pain
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS OPIODS •Activate opiodreceptors within the CNS •Reduce transmission of nerve impulses by modulation in the dorsal horn
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
LOCAL ANAESTHETICS –Blocks the conduction of nerve impulses –Can be given with adrenaline because •Decreases absorption of L.A allowing larger doses •Also acts on alpha 2 receptors which potentiates analgesic effect
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
NASIDS –Blocks synthesis of PG’s –Only suitable for miledto moderate pain
PRINCIPLE OF MANAGEMENT OF PAIN •Pre-emptive analgesia •Balanced or combination analgesia •Analgesia ladder
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
Balanced Analgesia –NASID are used in conjunction with opioids. –Reduces amount of opioids –Reduces side affect of opioids,ASSESMENT OF PAIN •Observe the behaviour of the patient •Monitor analgesic requirement of the patient –Visual Analogue Score( VAS )
–Verbal Rating Score ( VRS ) •None •Mild •Moderate •severe
The document discusses pain perception and transmission in the human body. It begins by defining pain and outlining the dual sensory and emotional nature of pain. It then describes how pain signals are transmitted from nociceptors to the spinal cord and brain through A and C nerve fibers. The signals travel through the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus and somatosensory cortex. Descending pathways from the brain can modulate pain perception. The gate control theory of pain is also explained. The document further discusses different types of pain and factors that influence pain experience.
This document summarizes the somatosensory system and receptors. It describes the different types of sensation including superficial, deep, visceral, and special. It outlines the categories of conscious and non-conscious sensation. It discusses the different receptors including exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and intteroceptors. It details the nerve endings including free nerve endings, follicular nerve endings, Merkel cell neurite complexes, encapsulated endings like Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles. It outlines the somatosensory pathways including the posterior column-medial lemniscal pathway and spinothalamic pathway.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on pain. It begins with the lecturer's name and credentials. The objectives of the lecture are then outlined, which include defining pain, differentiating between acute and chronic pain, and explaining pain management approaches. The document proceeds to discuss topics like nociceptors, the somatosensory pathway, endogenous pain mechanisms, and classifications of pain. Pathophysiological processes underlying pain are explored. Non-pharmacological pain management strategies like TENS, heat/cold therapy are also summarized.
This document discusses the pathway, physiology, and perception of pain. It begins with an introduction to pain and its significance as a warning signal. It then covers the history of theories about pain. The document defines pain and discusses its characteristics such as threshold, intensity, and localization. It classifies pain into acute and chronic types and looks at the components involved in pain perception including receptors, neural pathways, and sensory neurons. The document examines peripheral mechanisms of injury-induced pain and theories of pain such as the gate control theory. It also discusses visceral pain, referred pain, and tooth pain pathways.
This document discusses dermatomes and sensory pathways. It defines dermatomes as areas of skin supplied by single spinal nerves. Testing dermatomes is part of neurological examination to determine spinal disc pathology. It then lists the dermatome levels from C1 to S5. The document also describes modalities of sensation including exteroceptive (touch, pain, temperature), proprioceptive (position, joint sense, vibration) and cortical sensations. It provides details on testing each modality and discusses sensory changes in various diseases like polyneuropathy, spinal cord injuries, syringomyelia and others.
Pain as an unpleasant emotional experience usually initiated by a noxious stimulus and transmitted over a specialized neural network to the central nervous system where it is interpreted as such
Physiology of Pain, Characteristic of pain, Basic consideration of nervous system, Pain receptor, Mechanism of pain causation, Theories of pain, Pathways of pain, Pain Receptors
The document summarizes orbital bone fractures, including the anatomy of the orbit, classification of fractures, causes of blowout fractures, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and complications. Key points are:
- The orbit is formed by multiple bones and contains extraocular muscles and neurovascular structures.
- Fractures are classified based on the involved walls. Blowout fractures cause bone to be displaced away from the orbit.
- Clinical features include diplopia, enophthalmos, and nerve dysfunction. CT is used to confirm fractures.
- Management involves initial monitoring then later surgery if needed to repair muscle entrapment or significant deformity. Complications include vision loss, persistent diplopia, and infection
A 31-year-old male presented with a recurrence of generalized tonic-clonic seizures two years after undergoing surgery to remove a left insular glioma in 2017. He had been seizure-free until 2020 but has now experienced 5-6 seizure episodes in the past two years. A contrast MRI brain with tractography was ordered to investigate the recurrent seizures and evaluate the possibility of tumor regrowth.
This document summarizes key concepts about memory from chapter 6 of the Psychology textbook. It describes the information processing model of memory and discusses the different types of memory including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Specific topics covered include iconic and echoic memory, the capacity and duration of short-term memory, encoding and retrieval of long-term memory, forgetting over time, and characteristics of autobiographical memory.
(1) Cranial-retained surgical sponges (gossypiboma or textiloma) are rare incidents that are mostly asymptomatic but can be confused with other masses like hematomas, abscesses, or tumors.
(2) During early stages, some gossypibomas can cause infection or abscess formation. Textiloma, gossypiboma, gauzoma, and muslinoma are terms given to foreign-body related inflammatory pseudo-tumors arising from retained non-absorbable cotton matrices and the associated inflammatory reaction.
(3) MRI is generally the best imaging modality for diagnosing gossypibomas, though they still may not have
This study aimed to develop a method for measuring cervical spinal cord cross-sectional area using magnetic resonance imaging. The researchers used an edge detection algorithm and partial volume correction to more accurately measure the spinal cord area on MRI scans. Their method was able to reliably measure spinal cord area and showed improvement over traditional techniques of simply counting pixels within the cord.
The document discusses the development of the spinal cord and vertebrae in humans. It explains that the spinal cord develops from the neural tube and that neurulation begins in the fourth week of development. It also describes how the somites differentiate and contribute to the formation of the vertebrae, ribs, and muscles. Finally, it outlines the process of ossification of the vertebrae from embryonic stages through adulthood.
The document discusses memory and amnesia. It describes the key brain regions involved in memory formation and consolidation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex. It outlines different types of amnesia, such as Korsakoff's syndrome and post-traumatic amnesia, and how they affect memory depending on the location of brain damage. Case studies of individuals like H.M. and Clive Wearing are presented to illustrate the effects of anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
The document discusses memory and amnesia. It describes how memory is stored across multiple brain regions like the hippocampus, cortex, and amygdala. It explains different types of amnesia, such as Korsakoff's syndrome caused by thiamine deficiency, and post-traumatic amnesia caused by brain injuries. Retrograde amnesia involves inability to recall events before an injury, while anterograde amnesia impacts forming new memories after an injury. Famous amnesia cases like H.M. and Clive Wearing are also summarized.
This document discusses different types and classifications of memory. It describes:
1. Memory can be classified based on content (long-term vs short-term), or duration (sensory, short-term, recent, long-term).
2. Long-term memory includes declarative (explicit) and procedural (implicit) memory. Declarative memory includes episodic and semantic memory.
3. The hippocampus is involved in forming new memories by converting short-term to long-term memories. Multiple brain regions are activated during memory encoding and recall.
This document provides details on performing a neurological examination, including:
1. Examining various parts of the patient's history, mental status, cranial nerves, motor system, sensory system, and gait.
2. Descriptions of how to assess level of consciousness, speech, reflexes, muscle strength, and sensory modalities.
3. Guidelines for evaluating abnormalities in tone, weakness, reflexes, and patterns of gait.
The temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral fissure in both hemispheres of the brain. It is important for long-term memory and processes visual memory, memories input, and language. Damage to the temporal lobe can cause effects like memory loss, disorders of perception and attention, and changes to personality and behavior, as seen in conditions like Alzheimer's disease, brain tumors, or head injuries.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Sensation
is an ability of an organism to
accept stimuli from external and
internal environment
3. Classification of sensation
І. Classification, which is based on
the place of originating of stimuli:
Exteroceptive
Interoceptive
Proprioceptive
4. Classification of sensation
ІІ. Classification, which is based on biological
principle of originating of sensation:
Protopatical (vital, nociceptive, thalamic).
This ancient sensation is typical for the
primitive nervous system of our ancestors
Epicritical sensation is connected with cortex
and it is based on the differentiation of
stimuli according to their modality, intensity,
localization etc
5. Classification of sensation
In clinical practice usually we use
classification, which is based on the kind
of stimuli:
Superficial
Deep
Complicated
6. Superficial sensation
- light touch
pain
temperature
Trihoesthesia – is a sensation of touch of
hair
Hydroesthesia – is a sensation of humidity
Sensation of electrical current
Feeling of tickling
7. Superficial pain – is
a feeling of pain,
which can be tested
with a corsage pin or
pinwheel (acutely or
bluntly, pricks or does
not prick)
9. Temperature sensation
– is feeling of cold or hot,
which may be tested by
application of glass tubes
filled with iced (10 C)
and hot (43 C) water to
the skin
10. Deep sensation
This includes joint and vibratory sense and
pain from the deep-lying somatic
structures, namely, muscle, ligaments,
fascia, bone, and so on.
Feeling of mass (baroesthesia) – is the
ability to distinguish different weights
Feeling of pressure - is the ability to
distinguish pressure from touch
11. Joint sense (bathyesthesia) - is
the ability to distinguish position
and passive movements in joints
12. The joint sense
The loss of joint sense, which is called
bathyanesthesia, results in disturbance of
muscular coordination and is known as
sensitive ataxia.
Sensitive ataxia is divided on:
static
dynamic
13. Static ataxia in legs can be
investigated by means of
Romberg’s test - patient is asked
to stand directly with the extended
forward arms and feet together. In
case of ataxia difficulty of standing
and instability occurs. That is
magnified while eyes are closed.
14.
15. Static ataxia in arms can be examined by
follows: we ask patient to extend forward
arms and to place fingers separately. In
case of ataxia consensually spontaneous
(involuntary forced) movements
(pseudoathetosis) in fingers of arms
occurs.
Dynamic ataxia in arms may be examined
by means of finger-to-nose test, and in
legs - heel-to-knee test.
19. Complicated sensation
Localization sense - is the ability to
point an exact place of the stimuli
Discrimination sense (two-point
discrimination) - tests the ability of
the patient to differentiate one stimulus
from two. It may be examined by
Weber’s circus
Baragnosis – is the impaired ability to
distinguish different weights
20.
21. Graphism – is the ability to determine figures
and numbers traced on the skin with the closed
eyes. Graphesthesia – impaired graphism is
very sensitive indicator of parietal lobe damage.
22. Complicated sensation
Stereognosis (Three-point
distinction) is the ability to
identify familiar object placed in
the palm of the patient by
palpation when the eyes are
closed
23. Anatomy of Superficial sensation
tracts
This tract carry out pain, temperature and part of
tactile sense and has three neurons.
The 1 neuron is situated in unipolar cell bodies in
ganglion spinalis of dorsal root of the spinal cord
and homologous ganglia of the Cranial nerves.
The 2 neuron - is situated in dorsal horns of the
spinal cord. The axons create tractus
Spinothalamicus. The axons of these neurons
cross the midline through the ventral commissura
and go to the opposite lateral funiculus of the
spinal cord in the lateral spinothalamic tracts.
The 3 neuron – are nuclei of thalamus. The
axons form Thalamocortical tract
27. Anatomy of Deep sensation explorers
The first neuron – is in the unipolar cell bodies in the
dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord and homologous
ganglia of the cranial nerves
- Medial Holl’s tract fibers pass from Th4 and below (carries
out deep sense from lower extremities and bottom of trunk)
- Lateral Burdach’s pathway - from Th4 and higher (carries
out deep sense from upper extremities and top of a trunk)
The second neuron - is in Holl’s and Burdach’s nuclei of
medulla oblongata. The axons of the second neuron create
Bulbothalamic tract. The fibers of this path are crossed on
olives level of medulla oblongata, on the Pons of brain stem
they join of Spinothalamic tract lateral and create a
medial closed loop (lemniscus medialis) The axons of
the 2-d neurons carry all sorts of sensation from opposite
side of the body
The third neuron - is in thalamus, from which cells
thalamocortical tract starts
28. Sensory innervation of the face
The first neuron of face, nasal sinuses, oral cavities and
nose sensory conductors are situated in Trigeminal
(Gasser’s ganglion). Those for larynx mucouse membrane,
pharynx, radix of tongue - in ganglions of Vague and
Glossopharyngeal nerves (ganglion superior and inferior).
Those for 2/3 front of tongue - in a geniculate ganglion
(ganglion geniculi) of facial nerve
The second neurons are situated in the sensitive nuclei of
the adequate cranial nerves in brain stem. The axons of
the second neuron make decussate and after that join
medial closed loop, in which structure pass to ventral-
lateral nuclei of a thalamus
The third neuron is in thalamus. The axons form
thalamocortical tract, pass through internal capsule, a
radiate crown and are ended in lower parts of postcentral
gyrus
29. Trigeminothalamic
Tract
A. trigeminal ganglion
B. trigeminal sensory
nucleus
C. thalamus (VPM)
D. cerebral cortex (S I)
1. spinal tract of
trigeminal nerve
2. ventral
trigeminothalamic tract
3. dorsal
trigeminothalamic tract
4. corona radiata
V. trigeminal nerve
30.
31. Objective sorts of sensory disorders
Anesthesia - complete loss of any sorts of
sensation. For example:
Analgesia - loss of pain sense.
Thermoanesthesia - loss of a temperature sense
Bathyanesthesia - loss of deep joint sense
Astereognosia - loss of stereognostic sense
Topanesthesia - loss of localization sense
Pallanesthesia – loss of vibratory sense
Hypoesthesia - lowering of sensation.
Hyperesthesia – increasing of sensation
32. Objective sorts of sensory disorders
Dysesthesia - distortion of sensitivity, when
instead of one stimulus the patient feels
absolutely other. For example, warm touch
one feels as cold
Hyperpathia - results from rise of a
threshold of energization, when there are
strong, unpleasant, badly localized
sensations of stimuli. Thus the mild stimuli
are not received absolutely. In basis of
hyperpathia the disturbance of the analytical
function of cortex lays
Synesthesia - sensation of stimuli not only
in a place of its plotting, but also in the other
place
33. Objective sorts of sensory disorders
Polyesthesia - means sensation of one
stimulus as several ones
Alloheyria - sensation of stimuli in
symmetrical sites on an opposite body part
Alloesthesia - sensation of stimuli in the
other place
Dissociation of sense - phenomenon of
fallout of some kind of sensitivity while
saving others in the area of segment
innervation
34. Subjective sorts of sensory
disturbances:
Paresthesia is a creeping sensation,
cold, burning sensation, fever,
numbness, itch, the pricking etc.
Frequently paresthesia is the first sign of
nervous system lesion
Pain The pain sensations can arise at
stimuli by the pathological process of
sensitive analyzers at any level (from
receptors up to cortex)
35. Sorts of pain
1. Local pain - is pain, for example, at
palpation of the nervous trunk. That is pain,
which coincides with the place of lesion
2. Projectional pain - is a pain in zone of
innervation not only in place of stimuli, but
also distally on a course of nerves or roots.
To projection belongs the stump neuralgia -
pain in absent segments of an extremity
after its ablation
36. Sorts of pain
3. Irradiating pains - are pains, which are
distributed from one nerve branch to another, not
struck. For example, at neuralgia of the first
branch of trigeminal nerve the pain is distributed
to zone of innervation of the second or the third
branches, in upper or lower jaw, in ears etc
4. Displayed pains - are pains in zones Zacharyin-
Hed’s at diseases of inner organs, when
irradiation arises to certain zone on skin through
cells of dorsal horns of spinal cord. For example,
pain on ulnar territory of the left forearm and
paintbrush at angina pectoris
37.
38. Sorts of pain
5. Causalgia (Greek causes - burning
sensation, algos - pain). It is intensive
thermalgia originating, for example, at
traumas. It is pain without stimulation
6. Reactive pains - are pains that originate
at expansion of nerves. The pains can
arise at palpation of pain points and at
band spread of nervous trunks
41. Types of sensory disturbances
Peripheral type
Mononeuritic (or neural)
Polyneuritic
Plexal
Segmental (sectional) type
Segmental - radicular
Segmental - dissociated
Conductive type
Spinal
Cerebral
42. The peripheral type
Mononeuritic (or neural) pattern - is
observed at lesion of one peripheral nerve
and consists of disturbance of all sorts of
sensation in innervative zone of this nerve.
there is a pain in the field of nerve
sometimes hyperpathia, hyperalgesia,
causalgia,
tension signs of nerve
pain at palpation
44. The peripheral type
Polyneuritic pattern - is observed at
multiple, frequently symmetric lesion of all
peripheral nerves
Appears by sensory disturbance in distal
parts of extremities as "socks" on legs and
"gloves" on arms
The “stocking-glove” pattern of sensory loss
is typical for peripheral neuropathy
45.
46. The peripheral type
Plexal pattern - occurs at lesion of
peripheral plexus and appears by sensation
disturbance in innervative zone of a plexus
and pains
47. The segmental (sectional) type
disturbance of sensation is observed at
lesion of sensitive fibbers at segment level
of spinal cord
Segmental - radicular pattern
Segmental – dissociated pattern
49. Lesion of dorsal root:
- pain
- loss of all sorts of
sensation in its zone
innervation according to
the segmental type
(transversal strip on a
trunk and longitudinal
strip on extremities)
- areflexion
50. Lesion of spinal nerve:
- pain
- loss of all sorts of
sensation in its zone
innervation according to
the segmental type
(transversal strip on a
trunk and longitudinal
strip on extremities)
- peripheral paresis of
segmental muscules
51. The segmental (sectional) type
Segmental - dissociated pattern is
observed at lesion of dorsal horns of spinal
cord and front grey soldering.
loss or lowering pain and thermoanesthesia
and saving tactile and joint sense in given
segment.
The sensitive disturbance are observed in
certain dermatomes as "jacket" or "half
jacket" at lesion of dorsal horns of spinal
cord in thoracic segments, or "trousers" - at
lesion of dorsal horns of spinal cord in
lumbar segments
52. Conductive type
The lesion of sensory explorers in:
Spinothalamic tract
Holl’s and Burdach’s pathways
Bulbothalamic tract
Medial closed loop
Thalamocortical tract
56. Multiple peripheral
nerves lesion
loss all kinds of
sensation in distal parts
of extremities -
«gloves» and «socks»
pains
paresthesias
distal peripheral paresis
distal autonomic
disorders
57. Dorsal root lesion
• loss all kinds of
sensation by
segmental type in
innervative
segment
• pain
areflexion