This document summarizes a research paper on presuppositions found in the movie The Conjuring. The key points are:
1) The research analyzed utterances from the movie using Yule's theory of presupposition to identify 6 types of presupposition.
2) A total of 23 presuppositions were found, with lexical presupposition being the most common at 9 instances.
3) All types of presupposition in Yule's theory were identified, with counterfactual presupposition being the least common with only 1 instance.
This document analyzes the types of presuppositions found in short stories by Silvester Goridus Sukur. The study identifies 219 total presuppositions across Sukur's stories. The dominant type is existential presupposition, making up 58.90% of the total, followed by lexical presuppositions at 21.56%. The analysis employs Yule's six types of presupposition and identifies triggers using Karttunen's theory. The results provide insight into the presuppositions most commonly used in Sukur's short stories.
Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning. It examines how language is used in social interactions and the effects of language choice. Pragmatics considers implied meanings, presuppositions, and conversational implicatures rather than just the literal meaning of words. It analyzes utterances as speech acts that serve functions like requests, complaints, promises. Pragmatics distinguishes between what is said and what is implied through maxims like quantity, quality, relation and manner proposed by Grice's cooperative principle.
This document summarizes Seiji Uchida's paper on immediate contexts and reported speech. Uchida argues that a dynamic view of context, where context is actively constructed based on relevance, better explains deictic phenomena and reported speech than a static view of context. He introduces the concepts of primary immediate context (PIC), anchored to the current speech situation, and secondary immediate context (SIC), providing referents for deictic items in reported speech that do not belong to the PIC. Direct quotation involves both PIC and SIC, while indirect quotation is based only on PIC. Uchida aims to show that reported speech in conversation and fiction can be explained by the same pragmatic principle of relevance, differing only
1712070239_2015_The Episteme Journal of Linguistics and Literature Vol 1 No 3...RaheemDad4
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the types of presupposition used in advertisements in TIME Magazine. The study used a descriptive quantitative method to identify presuppositions based on Yule's six types: existential, factive, lexical, structural, non-factive, and counterfactual. It found that existential presupposition, which assumes the existence of named entities, was the most dominant type used. The study examined advertisements from multiple issues of TIME Magazine to determine frequency and calculate percentages of each presupposition type.
Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning in communication. It focuses on the users of language and how the context of language use affects meaning, rather than just the semantic meaning of words. Pragmatics examines implied meanings, presuppositions, and speech acts. It studies how people choose language to achieve different purposes in social interactions and how those choices affect others. Pragmatics analyzes both linguistic and non-linguistic aspects of communication, such as physical context, shared knowledge between speakers, social relationships, and more. Theorists like Austin and Searle contributed speech act theory to pragmatics, distinguishing between what is said and what is meant by an utterance. Grice's
Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context and how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge but also on the context of the situation in which an utterance is made. It examines the ways context contributes to meaning. This includes studying how language is used in social interactions, the different types of speech acts, implicature, presupposition, and how context helps determine what is actually meant by an utterance, beyond just its literal meaning. Pragmatics considers both linguistic and contextual knowledge in interpreting meaning.
Pragmatics and Discourse , context & speech actsNaeemIqbal88
Pragmatics and Discourse
What is pragmatics?
An approach within DA which concentrates on the way language
acquires meaning in use. It has developed from the tradition of the
philosophy of language known as pragmatics.
Focus: The study of contextualised meaning and is concerned with
describing the principles that underlie how we interpret the meaning
behind words: how we get from what we say to what we mean.
Pragmatic approaches tend to be interested in the 'big picture': trying
to formulate generalisable principles about how people produce and
interpret discourse (eg’ the use of humour in business meetings’).
Context
Context is an important concept in DA. Language does not take place in a vacuum and we
need to consider the context in which it occurs in order to understand it.
However, this seemingly unproblematic statement masks the issues and debates that are
ongoing in discourse analysis around the concept of context and its significance.
Two types of context
The 'intrinsic' or 'linguistic' context which refers to information that can be found
within the text that surrounds the language that is being analysed at a particular
moment. It is generally agreed that this type of context is not only useful but essential.
The more problematic type of context lies outside the actual text: what is sometimes
called 'extrinsic' (Schegloff 1997) or 'experiential' context.
This refers to all sorts of information about setting, situation, social circumstances of the
participants such as age, gender, ethnicity and possibly also about the shared
background knowledge and assumptions of the participants.
So, in the example:
'Later, an item about vasectomy and the results of the do-it-yourself competition'
(from Cameron 2001:12)
 The issue with extrinsic context is moving from description to interpretation in
research. Along with describing 'what' is happening in the discourse , it is also
important to interpret 'why' it is happening.
 Extrinsic contextual evidence can be potentially very useful in discussing why
participants say a particular thing in a particular way at a particular time,
however, there is also a danger of 'reading too much into the text' and of
judging which out of many possible interpretations is the 'right' one.
For instance, if the analyst is aware of gender, age or ethic difference among
discourse participants, these variables may well appear to influence the
discourse but how do we know which of these particular variables are
important to the participants in an particular communicative event.
 This is not to say that we should ignore extrinsic context but to suggest that we
need to be cautious about what we select as significant and rigorous about how
we incorporate it into our analyses. Schegloff (1997) advises that the best
option is to use only what can be shown to be relevant to participants.
 Can you imagine a meaningful context for this text?
a. Which of you was the prawns?
Metaphor is a pervasive phenomenon, the study of metaphor is a complicated task, and the exploration of metaphor is still going on. This present paper attempts to interpret metaphor from pragmaticapproaches from the perspectives of Indirect Speech Act Theory, Conversational Implicature Theory and Relevance Theory respectively, aiming at making a contrastive study of these three interpretations and finding features including similarities and differences and limitations among them.
This document analyzes the types of presuppositions found in short stories by Silvester Goridus Sukur. The study identifies 219 total presuppositions across Sukur's stories. The dominant type is existential presupposition, making up 58.90% of the total, followed by lexical presuppositions at 21.56%. The analysis employs Yule's six types of presupposition and identifies triggers using Karttunen's theory. The results provide insight into the presuppositions most commonly used in Sukur's short stories.
Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning. It examines how language is used in social interactions and the effects of language choice. Pragmatics considers implied meanings, presuppositions, and conversational implicatures rather than just the literal meaning of words. It analyzes utterances as speech acts that serve functions like requests, complaints, promises. Pragmatics distinguishes between what is said and what is implied through maxims like quantity, quality, relation and manner proposed by Grice's cooperative principle.
This document summarizes Seiji Uchida's paper on immediate contexts and reported speech. Uchida argues that a dynamic view of context, where context is actively constructed based on relevance, better explains deictic phenomena and reported speech than a static view of context. He introduces the concepts of primary immediate context (PIC), anchored to the current speech situation, and secondary immediate context (SIC), providing referents for deictic items in reported speech that do not belong to the PIC. Direct quotation involves both PIC and SIC, while indirect quotation is based only on PIC. Uchida aims to show that reported speech in conversation and fiction can be explained by the same pragmatic principle of relevance, differing only
1712070239_2015_The Episteme Journal of Linguistics and Literature Vol 1 No 3...RaheemDad4
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the types of presupposition used in advertisements in TIME Magazine. The study used a descriptive quantitative method to identify presuppositions based on Yule's six types: existential, factive, lexical, structural, non-factive, and counterfactual. It found that existential presupposition, which assumes the existence of named entities, was the most dominant type used. The study examined advertisements from multiple issues of TIME Magazine to determine frequency and calculate percentages of each presupposition type.
Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning in communication. It focuses on the users of language and how the context of language use affects meaning, rather than just the semantic meaning of words. Pragmatics examines implied meanings, presuppositions, and speech acts. It studies how people choose language to achieve different purposes in social interactions and how those choices affect others. Pragmatics analyzes both linguistic and non-linguistic aspects of communication, such as physical context, shared knowledge between speakers, social relationships, and more. Theorists like Austin and Searle contributed speech act theory to pragmatics, distinguishing between what is said and what is meant by an utterance. Grice's
Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context and how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge but also on the context of the situation in which an utterance is made. It examines the ways context contributes to meaning. This includes studying how language is used in social interactions, the different types of speech acts, implicature, presupposition, and how context helps determine what is actually meant by an utterance, beyond just its literal meaning. Pragmatics considers both linguistic and contextual knowledge in interpreting meaning.
Pragmatics and Discourse , context & speech actsNaeemIqbal88
Pragmatics and Discourse
What is pragmatics?
An approach within DA which concentrates on the way language
acquires meaning in use. It has developed from the tradition of the
philosophy of language known as pragmatics.
Focus: The study of contextualised meaning and is concerned with
describing the principles that underlie how we interpret the meaning
behind words: how we get from what we say to what we mean.
Pragmatic approaches tend to be interested in the 'big picture': trying
to formulate generalisable principles about how people produce and
interpret discourse (eg’ the use of humour in business meetings’).
Context
Context is an important concept in DA. Language does not take place in a vacuum and we
need to consider the context in which it occurs in order to understand it.
However, this seemingly unproblematic statement masks the issues and debates that are
ongoing in discourse analysis around the concept of context and its significance.
Two types of context
The 'intrinsic' or 'linguistic' context which refers to information that can be found
within the text that surrounds the language that is being analysed at a particular
moment. It is generally agreed that this type of context is not only useful but essential.
The more problematic type of context lies outside the actual text: what is sometimes
called 'extrinsic' (Schegloff 1997) or 'experiential' context.
This refers to all sorts of information about setting, situation, social circumstances of the
participants such as age, gender, ethnicity and possibly also about the shared
background knowledge and assumptions of the participants.
So, in the example:
'Later, an item about vasectomy and the results of the do-it-yourself competition'
(from Cameron 2001:12)
 The issue with extrinsic context is moving from description to interpretation in
research. Along with describing 'what' is happening in the discourse , it is also
important to interpret 'why' it is happening.
 Extrinsic contextual evidence can be potentially very useful in discussing why
participants say a particular thing in a particular way at a particular time,
however, there is also a danger of 'reading too much into the text' and of
judging which out of many possible interpretations is the 'right' one.
For instance, if the analyst is aware of gender, age or ethic difference among
discourse participants, these variables may well appear to influence the
discourse but how do we know which of these particular variables are
important to the participants in an particular communicative event.
 This is not to say that we should ignore extrinsic context but to suggest that we
need to be cautious about what we select as significant and rigorous about how
we incorporate it into our analyses. Schegloff (1997) advises that the best
option is to use only what can be shown to be relevant to participants.
 Can you imagine a meaningful context for this text?
a. Which of you was the prawns?
Metaphor is a pervasive phenomenon, the study of metaphor is a complicated task, and the exploration of metaphor is still going on. This present paper attempts to interpret metaphor from pragmaticapproaches from the perspectives of Indirect Speech Act Theory, Conversational Implicature Theory and Relevance Theory respectively, aiming at making a contrastive study of these three interpretations and finding features including similarities and differences and limitations among them.
Discourse analysis and pragmatics are interrelated fields that both study language in use and context. Discourse analysis examines language beyond the sentence level and how linguistic units are connected into coherent wholes. It considers local speech acts and their connections as well as global structures. Pragmatics analyzes speaker meaning and how context helps interpret utterances. Both fields consider context, text, and function. While pragmatics focuses more on speaker intention, discourse analysis examines how stretches of language are structured together. Discourse pragmatics bridges the two fields by studying speech acts in texts and series.
The document discusses several theories of semantics, including truth-conditional semantics, generative semantics, and semantic competence. Truth-conditional semantics claims that the meaning of a sentence is identical to the conditions under which it is true. Generative semantics aims to give rules to predict which word combinations form grammatical sentences. Semantic competence refers to a native speaker's ability to recognize utterances as meaningless even if grammatically correct.
Presupposition trigger a comparative analysis of broadcast news discourseEhsan Abbaspour
Presupposition has long been used as a property of language to mold the audience’s ideology. Using presupposition triggers, surprisingly the author or speaker impinges on readers or listeners’ interpretation of facts and events, establishing either a favorable or unfavorable bias throughout the text. The role of presupposition in mass media’s use of language is of paramount importance in that media writers attempt consciously or unconsciously to influence the audience understanding of news events. The present paper is aimed at pinpointing the oral discourse structure of two English news channels i.e. PressTV and CNN as varieties of Persian and American English respectively, in terms of presupposition triggers, employed to share non-asserted meaning. Accordingly, 40 transcripts (20 selected from PressTV and another 20 from CNN) were analyzed in terms of presupposition triggers, namely existential, factive, lexical, non-factive, structural, counter-factual, adverbial, and relative. Analysis of the transcripts revealed that the most frequently used presupposition trigger in both varieties of oral discourse was Existential.
pragmatics speech act theory promises, felicity conditionsSajid Ali
This document provides an overview of speech act theory. It discusses that speech act theory attempts to explain how speakers use language to accomplish intended actions and how listeners determine intended meaning. It was first proposed by J.L. Austin and later expanded on by John Searle. The document then discusses key aspects of speech act theory, including locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It also discusses felicity conditions and provides an example of the speech act of promising. Finally, it provides a brief overview of John Searle's contributions to the development of speech act theory.
This document discusses the debate around semantic versus contextual presuppositions in linguistics. It argues that a purely semantic account of presupposition is adequate and that contextual accounts are unnecessary. The paper examines Karttunen's influential argument for contextual presupposition and shows it is invalid. A semantic theory can formally represent presuppositions using devices like referential and non-referential positions. This allows the theory to predict which presuppositions of a sentence's components also become presuppositions of the full sentence. Therefore, the paper concludes that notions of contextual presupposition are unnecessary for linguistic theory.
This document analyzes the types of presuppositions used in the Disney animated film Frozen. It begins with an introduction to presupposition and why Frozen was chosen for analysis. It then outlines Yule's (1996) six types of presupposition: existential, factive, lexical, structural, counterfactual, and non-factive. Examples of each type are identified from conversations in Frozen, such as "Born with the powers or the curse?" containing an existential presupposition. In total, 100 presuppositions from Frozen were classified, with existential being most common at 23%. The analysis finds Frozen effectively utilizes various presupposition types in character dialog.
For more info go to http://phenomenologyblog.com/
My presentation at this year's International Human Science Research Conference in Montreal. My aim was to support discussion among hermeneutic and descriptive researchers and clinicians, and also to convey a sense of the descriptive phenomenological method, developed by Giorgi, which I teach at Saybrook Graduate School.
The Mental Process of Speech ComprehensionEko_Mulyono
Speech comprehension is a complex mental process, which plays a significant part in our English study. Mental process itself means the process how human study langauge. Based on the psycholinguistics theory and taken English as its researching language, this paper tries to find out the mental processes of speech comprehension. In comprehending the meaning of utterances we face the following problems: How humans can understand a word, phrase, clause, sentence, or discourse they hear? Or how comprehension can be formed? Although listeners are typically in a position correctly to identify the distal sources of their acts of comprehension, through perception of productions of speech, it appears that they need not always be in that position.
This document discusses identifying an author's main ideas, guessing meaning from context, and understanding classification text. It provides information and examples on determining the main idea of a text, strategies for guessing the meaning of unfamiliar words from context clues, and the purpose and process of classification text. Examples are given of guessing word meanings and of how texts can be classified by topics, genres, or sentiment. The overall main ideas are on comprehending a text's central theme, learning new vocabulary in context, and categorizing information through classification.
This document defines and describes different types of presuppositions. It begins by defining a presupposition as something a speaker assumes to be true before making a statement, whereas an entailment is something that logically follows from an utterance. It then lists and describes seven types of presuppositions: potential presuppositions, existential presuppositions, factive presuppositions, lexical presuppositions, structural presuppositions, non-factive presuppositions, and counterfactual presuppositions. For each type, it provides examples to illustrate the meanings.
The document discusses learning and using new words. It explains that learning new vocabulary increases ability to understand and communicate ideas in academic settings, everyday life such as purchases, and work. Learning new words helps with reading comprehension and writing in school. Understanding legal terms is important for personal transactions like buying a car. Using words effectively also helps career success and advancement. The document encourages predicting how vocabulary relates to different life contexts and provides examples.
The document examines how semantics, through sense and reference relations, provides some guidance for word meaning but is limited. Pragmatics, through exploring possible interpretations and understanding context and speaker intent, provides additional insight. The study aims to investigate how semantics and pragmatics are related and whether sense and reference alone are sufficient for word meaning or if pragmatic factors like illocutionary force also contribute. It hypothesizes that sense and reference require additional "force relations" from pragmatics to fully determine word meaning.
Semanticists study the foundations of everyday communication by examining properties of sentences like being analytic, synthetic, or contradictory. These properties depend on the sense and relationships between words. The sense of a word is its core meaning, while a stereotype includes typical characteristics. Complete definitions of word meanings are difficult, but stereotypes and necessary/sufficient conditions provide partial understanding. Effective communication relies on shared understandings of word senses and stereotypes.
The document summarizes several theories and hypotheses in psycholinguistics:
1) Behaviourist theory views language learning as habit formation through reinforcement. Innateness theory proposes an innate language acquisition device. Cognitive theory sees language emerging from general cognitive development in stages.
2) Social interactionist theory emphasizes the role of environment and social interaction in language learning. Usage-based theory suggests that structure emerges from language use and experience. Optimality theory models how constraints shape linguistic forms.
3) Other topics discussed include the critical period hypothesis, Krashen's monitor and comprehensible input models, the interaction, comprehensible output, and noticing hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of pragmatics and its relationship to discourse analysis. It discusses how pragmatics looks at meaning in relation to context and background knowledge. Key aspects of pragmatics discussed include speech act theory, implicature, presupposition, and politeness principles. Speech act theory examines the performative functions of language like statements, requests, promises. Implicature refers to implied meanings beyond what is literally said. Presupposition involves shared background assumptions. Politeness principles govern how people communicate to maintain social harmony. The document provides examples and references prominent pragmatics scholars like Grice, Searle, and Lakoff.
This document discusses several theories of meaning:
- Referential theory claims words refer to real objects, but some words like "nobody" have no referent.
- Use theory argues meaning depends on a word's conventional use rather than reference.
- Speech act theory proposes words can perform actions like promising or requesting.
- Hermeneutic theory interprets meaning through analyzing related concepts within a text.
- Postmodern theory rejects objective meanings and emphasizes context and interpretation.
READING LIST NOTES, 100 books and articles for Qualification Test, 2013.3.20Kris Chang, Ph.D.
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses theories of speech acts from Austin and Halliday, as well as theories of irony from Booth. It analyzes how utterances perform actions through conventions and how meaning is constructed through three metafunctions. Context is essential for reconstructing irony and interpreting discourse. The theories focus on how language is used pragmatically to communicate meanings and establish social relations between speakers.
This document provides an introduction to pragmatics. It defines pragmatics as the study of what speakers mean in context rather than just the literal meaning of the words. It discusses several key elements of pragmatics including deixis, reference, inference, anaphora, presupposition, speech acts, direct and indirect speech acts, politeness and social closeness. The document aims to explain these fundamental concepts in pragmatics.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Discourse analysis and pragmatics are interrelated fields that both study language in use and context. Discourse analysis examines language beyond the sentence level and how linguistic units are connected into coherent wholes. It considers local speech acts and their connections as well as global structures. Pragmatics analyzes speaker meaning and how context helps interpret utterances. Both fields consider context, text, and function. While pragmatics focuses more on speaker intention, discourse analysis examines how stretches of language are structured together. Discourse pragmatics bridges the two fields by studying speech acts in texts and series.
The document discusses several theories of semantics, including truth-conditional semantics, generative semantics, and semantic competence. Truth-conditional semantics claims that the meaning of a sentence is identical to the conditions under which it is true. Generative semantics aims to give rules to predict which word combinations form grammatical sentences. Semantic competence refers to a native speaker's ability to recognize utterances as meaningless even if grammatically correct.
Presupposition trigger a comparative analysis of broadcast news discourseEhsan Abbaspour
Presupposition has long been used as a property of language to mold the audience’s ideology. Using presupposition triggers, surprisingly the author or speaker impinges on readers or listeners’ interpretation of facts and events, establishing either a favorable or unfavorable bias throughout the text. The role of presupposition in mass media’s use of language is of paramount importance in that media writers attempt consciously or unconsciously to influence the audience understanding of news events. The present paper is aimed at pinpointing the oral discourse structure of two English news channels i.e. PressTV and CNN as varieties of Persian and American English respectively, in terms of presupposition triggers, employed to share non-asserted meaning. Accordingly, 40 transcripts (20 selected from PressTV and another 20 from CNN) were analyzed in terms of presupposition triggers, namely existential, factive, lexical, non-factive, structural, counter-factual, adverbial, and relative. Analysis of the transcripts revealed that the most frequently used presupposition trigger in both varieties of oral discourse was Existential.
pragmatics speech act theory promises, felicity conditionsSajid Ali
This document provides an overview of speech act theory. It discusses that speech act theory attempts to explain how speakers use language to accomplish intended actions and how listeners determine intended meaning. It was first proposed by J.L. Austin and later expanded on by John Searle. The document then discusses key aspects of speech act theory, including locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It also discusses felicity conditions and provides an example of the speech act of promising. Finally, it provides a brief overview of John Searle's contributions to the development of speech act theory.
This document discusses the debate around semantic versus contextual presuppositions in linguistics. It argues that a purely semantic account of presupposition is adequate and that contextual accounts are unnecessary. The paper examines Karttunen's influential argument for contextual presupposition and shows it is invalid. A semantic theory can formally represent presuppositions using devices like referential and non-referential positions. This allows the theory to predict which presuppositions of a sentence's components also become presuppositions of the full sentence. Therefore, the paper concludes that notions of contextual presupposition are unnecessary for linguistic theory.
This document analyzes the types of presuppositions used in the Disney animated film Frozen. It begins with an introduction to presupposition and why Frozen was chosen for analysis. It then outlines Yule's (1996) six types of presupposition: existential, factive, lexical, structural, counterfactual, and non-factive. Examples of each type are identified from conversations in Frozen, such as "Born with the powers or the curse?" containing an existential presupposition. In total, 100 presuppositions from Frozen were classified, with existential being most common at 23%. The analysis finds Frozen effectively utilizes various presupposition types in character dialog.
For more info go to http://phenomenologyblog.com/
My presentation at this year's International Human Science Research Conference in Montreal. My aim was to support discussion among hermeneutic and descriptive researchers and clinicians, and also to convey a sense of the descriptive phenomenological method, developed by Giorgi, which I teach at Saybrook Graduate School.
The Mental Process of Speech ComprehensionEko_Mulyono
Speech comprehension is a complex mental process, which plays a significant part in our English study. Mental process itself means the process how human study langauge. Based on the psycholinguistics theory and taken English as its researching language, this paper tries to find out the mental processes of speech comprehension. In comprehending the meaning of utterances we face the following problems: How humans can understand a word, phrase, clause, sentence, or discourse they hear? Or how comprehension can be formed? Although listeners are typically in a position correctly to identify the distal sources of their acts of comprehension, through perception of productions of speech, it appears that they need not always be in that position.
This document discusses identifying an author's main ideas, guessing meaning from context, and understanding classification text. It provides information and examples on determining the main idea of a text, strategies for guessing the meaning of unfamiliar words from context clues, and the purpose and process of classification text. Examples are given of guessing word meanings and of how texts can be classified by topics, genres, or sentiment. The overall main ideas are on comprehending a text's central theme, learning new vocabulary in context, and categorizing information through classification.
This document defines and describes different types of presuppositions. It begins by defining a presupposition as something a speaker assumes to be true before making a statement, whereas an entailment is something that logically follows from an utterance. It then lists and describes seven types of presuppositions: potential presuppositions, existential presuppositions, factive presuppositions, lexical presuppositions, structural presuppositions, non-factive presuppositions, and counterfactual presuppositions. For each type, it provides examples to illustrate the meanings.
The document discusses learning and using new words. It explains that learning new vocabulary increases ability to understand and communicate ideas in academic settings, everyday life such as purchases, and work. Learning new words helps with reading comprehension and writing in school. Understanding legal terms is important for personal transactions like buying a car. Using words effectively also helps career success and advancement. The document encourages predicting how vocabulary relates to different life contexts and provides examples.
The document examines how semantics, through sense and reference relations, provides some guidance for word meaning but is limited. Pragmatics, through exploring possible interpretations and understanding context and speaker intent, provides additional insight. The study aims to investigate how semantics and pragmatics are related and whether sense and reference alone are sufficient for word meaning or if pragmatic factors like illocutionary force also contribute. It hypothesizes that sense and reference require additional "force relations" from pragmatics to fully determine word meaning.
Semanticists study the foundations of everyday communication by examining properties of sentences like being analytic, synthetic, or contradictory. These properties depend on the sense and relationships between words. The sense of a word is its core meaning, while a stereotype includes typical characteristics. Complete definitions of word meanings are difficult, but stereotypes and necessary/sufficient conditions provide partial understanding. Effective communication relies on shared understandings of word senses and stereotypes.
The document summarizes several theories and hypotheses in psycholinguistics:
1) Behaviourist theory views language learning as habit formation through reinforcement. Innateness theory proposes an innate language acquisition device. Cognitive theory sees language emerging from general cognitive development in stages.
2) Social interactionist theory emphasizes the role of environment and social interaction in language learning. Usage-based theory suggests that structure emerges from language use and experience. Optimality theory models how constraints shape linguistic forms.
3) Other topics discussed include the critical period hypothesis, Krashen's monitor and comprehensible input models, the interaction, comprehensible output, and noticing hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of pragmatics and its relationship to discourse analysis. It discusses how pragmatics looks at meaning in relation to context and background knowledge. Key aspects of pragmatics discussed include speech act theory, implicature, presupposition, and politeness principles. Speech act theory examines the performative functions of language like statements, requests, promises. Implicature refers to implied meanings beyond what is literally said. Presupposition involves shared background assumptions. Politeness principles govern how people communicate to maintain social harmony. The document provides examples and references prominent pragmatics scholars like Grice, Searle, and Lakoff.
This document discusses several theories of meaning:
- Referential theory claims words refer to real objects, but some words like "nobody" have no referent.
- Use theory argues meaning depends on a word's conventional use rather than reference.
- Speech act theory proposes words can perform actions like promising or requesting.
- Hermeneutic theory interprets meaning through analyzing related concepts within a text.
- Postmodern theory rejects objective meanings and emphasizes context and interpretation.
READING LIST NOTES, 100 books and articles for Qualification Test, 2013.3.20Kris Chang, Ph.D.
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses theories of speech acts from Austin and Halliday, as well as theories of irony from Booth. It analyzes how utterances perform actions through conventions and how meaning is constructed through three metafunctions. Context is essential for reconstructing irony and interpreting discourse. The theories focus on how language is used pragmatically to communicate meanings and establish social relations between speakers.
This document provides an introduction to pragmatics. It defines pragmatics as the study of what speakers mean in context rather than just the literal meaning of the words. It discusses several key elements of pragmatics including deixis, reference, inference, anaphora, presupposition, speech acts, direct and indirect speech acts, politeness and social closeness. The document aims to explain these fundamental concepts in pragmatics.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. Prosiding Konferensi Pendidikan Nasional
“Penguatan Karakter Bangsa Melalui Inovasi Pendidikan di Era Digital” ISSN: 2654-8607
67
A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF PRESUPPOSITON FOUND IN THE
CONJURING MOVIE
Taufiq Umar1
, Elysa Hartati2
, Dedi Febrianto3
1,2,3
University of Mercu Buana Yogyakarta
1
indonesiataufiq@gmail.com
2
hartatielysa@gmail.com
3
dedi.febrianto20@gmail.com
Abstract
The objectives of this research are describing the types of presupposition and interpreting the implied meaning
of the presupposition through characters' utterance in the movie entitled The Conjuring. Yule's theory of
presupposition and context are used to answer the research questions in this research. This research was a
qualitative study. The object of this research was The Conjuring movie that released in 2013. The data of this
research were taken from the conversation between the character's utterances in the movie and the data analysis
was conducted by classifying and analyzing according to Yule's theory. Meanwhile, in order to interpret the
implied meaning of the data of presupposition, the writer considered the context to interpret the implied
meaning of the presupposition. The findings of the research were as follows: all Yule's types of presupposition
were found in this research. Those were lexical presupposition is the most-occurred in this study with 9 data
of 23 data gained in this movie. The second type presupposition most occurred was existential presupposition
with 6 data found in this study. The third type of presupposition occurred in this study was factive
presupposition which 3 data found in this study. The fourth type presupposition occurred in this study was non-
factive with 2 data found and the fifth presupposition occurred was structural presupposition with 2 data found
of all 23 data found in this study. The last type of presupposition occurred in this study was the counterfactual
presupposition. The writer only found 1 datum of the counterfactual presupposition of 23 data found in this
study. After conducting the research, the writer concludes that all types' presupposition were found and the
implied meaning for each type presupposition can be interpreted by considering the context. In this study,
lexical presupposition mostly occurred because the use of this presupposition could reveal two assumptions in
one utterance and counterfactual presupposition rarely occurred in this research because counterfactual
conditional seldom found in this movie situation.
Keyword: Pragmatics, Presupposition, the Conjuring Movie
INTRODUCTION
In order to interpret the implied meaning of speaker, the assumption is not merely based on
interpretation of the word of the utterance but it must look at the background of the situation when
the utterance is stated. Speaker's assumption or presupposition is something the speaker assumes to
be the case prior to making an utterance. Speaker, not sentence has presupposition (Yule, Pragmatics
25). It means that there is something in speaker's mind before making an utterance. Presupposition
becomes important to be studied because it discusses the implied meaning that usually does not state
directly in the utterance. Speaker assumes that the information is known by the listener, although the
information does not mention directly but sometimes is not easy to get the information which un-
stated by the speaker. Addressee needs to look the word meaning and the situation when the
information is stated in order to interpret the meaning itself. It means context or background situation
is something that helps in determining the utterance (Grundy 10). It can be said that context can be
used in order to interpret the implied meaning of an utterance. In the study of meaning which it
communicates between the speaker and the listener, they need to consider about pragmatic.
Pragmatic is study relation between language and context which are grammaticalized or encoded in
the structure of a language (Levinson 1). It can be said that pragmatic studies about the linguistic
content and the background of the utterance.
To find presupposition phenomena, the writer use horror movie entitle The Conjuring as the
object of this study. The Movie was chosen as the object of this study because the language used by
the character's utterance in the movie can be examined as data presupposition. Based the reason
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above this study concern about what the types of presupposition and what the interpretation of the
implied meaning of the presupposition found in The Conjuring movie and the objectives of this
research are to describe presupposition types in The Conjuring movie and to interpret the implied
meaning of the presupposition found in The Conjuring movie.
To study about presupposition, we must understand some theory related to the topic as
pragmatic, presupposition, context and interpretation. Pragmatic is another branch of linguistics that
is concerned with the meaning (Kreidler 18). It focuses on someone's ability to find the meaning of
conversation by considering the certain situation. It can be said that to gain the meaning speaker's
utterance, the listener needs to consider about the pragmatics because we can analyze of the meaning
people utterances rather than the words or phrase in those utterances. According to Yule (Pragmatics
3), It requires a consideration that speaker organizes how they can interpret the meaning by looking
the situation when and where it stated because pragmatic is a study of contextual meaning.
Furthermore, pragmatic is the study of how more gets communicated than is said (Yule, Pragmatics
3). It can be said that pragmatic studies the implied meaning which does not state by the speaker.
The un-stated information implied information or speaker's assumption is called presupposition. The
presupposition is something speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. Speaker,
not sentence has presupposition (Yule, Pragmatics 25). It can be said that it is speaker assumption
that has in mind as background before making an utterance. Yule classifies six types of
presupposition. Those are:
a. Existential Presupposition.
Existential presupposition is not only assumed to be present in possessive construction,
but more generally in any definite noun phrase.
Example: Ali’s new car.
In producing the utterance above, the speaker will normally be expected to have
presupposition that person called Ali exist, he has new car and probably he is a rich man.
b. Factive Presupposition
Factive presupposition is the presupposed information following verb as ‘know, realize’
or phrases involving be with ‘aware, glad’ can be treated as a fact. Example: She did not realize
she was ill
(>> she was ill)
The utterance above presupposes she was ill. The use of verb ‘realize’ can be denoted as
of fact when the statement is stated.
c. Lexical Presupposition
Lexical presupposition is the use of one form with its asserted meaning is conventionally
interpreted with the presupposition that another (non-asserted) meaning is understood.
Example: He stopped smoking.
(>> He used to smoke)
d. Structural presupposition
The use of structure to treat information as presupposed and hence to be accepted as true
by listener.
Example: Where did you buy the bike?
(>> you bought a bike)
e. Non- factive presuppostition
The presupposed that is assumed not to be true. The use of verb ‘dream, imagine, and
pretend’ are use that presupposition that what follows is not true.
Example: I dreamed that I was reach
(>> I was not reach)
f. Counter- factual presupposition
The meaning what is presupposed is contradict with true. The used of counterfactual
conditional, presupposes that information after If-clause is not true.
Example: If I were not ill.
(>> I am ill)
It can be concluded that counter factual is the meaning what it presupposed is not true.
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The most important problem in study language use is the interpretation of the utterance. In
the way addressee interprets the message is not only merely depend on grammatical or linguistic
knowledge addressee but there is a gap between the information or meaning which an addressee can
recover from an utterance on the basis the linguistic knowledge and the information or meaning
which communicator intends to convey by means this utterance (Sinclair 130). In another word, the
way interpret the meaning is by considering the word as literal meaning and looking the situation
background of the utterance stated. The situation of when and where the utterance stated is called
context. Context cannot separate in interpreting of the meaning. Context is something that helps in
determining the utterance (Grundy 10) It can be said by considering about context, it can help listener
or reader to understand the meaning. Another theory states that context has two points of view.
Context is situation surrounding when the utterance is stated and Co-text is the word which is used
in the same sentence or utterance (Yule, The Study of Language 129). The utterances can be easily
understood by the listener if only the listener can catch the meaning within the known context. The
function of context is to reduce the ambiguities of meaning since different context will result in
different meaning or information of the similar utterance.
METHODOLOGY
Research Method
Research is an activity which is conducted in a small set of logical step (John W Creswell
2). This research applied the qualitative method. Qualitative research is an approach for exploring
and understanding the meaning using a word (John W. Creswell 32). The writer wanted to obtain
information and understood about the utterances consisting presupposition taken from characters in
this movie. Additionally, (Maxwell 27) remarked that qualitative design was to understand the
meaning of the events, situations, and actions that participants in the study involved.
Based on the explanation above, this study uses a qualitative approach because the subject is
a human and the outcomes was a narrative data of exploring and understanding the meaning by using
words. Even though this study is a qualitative study, there are some numeric data that are used to
make a reader easy to understand.
Data and Source data
Movie entitles The Conjuring was an object of this research. Character's utterance was the
data in this study. The data utterance gained by the researcher were combined with subtitle and movie
script to avoid listening error.
Research Instrument
The instrument is an important aspect of the research. Qualitative research has the natural
setting as the direct source of data where the writer becomes the important instrument (Bogdan and
Biklen 27). In this study, the writer is the main instrument in qualitative data because the qualitative
study cannot be separated with the role of the writer who is the determinant scenario of this research.
Furthermore, the writer plays roles as the planner, implementer of data collection and data analysis,
data interpreter and finally as the pioneer of the research result (Moleong. J 167).
Data Collecting
The data collecting technique used in this study are observation, taking note and data
reduction. The writer observed the movie and took note of data with potential presupposition into
data classification table. After gaining the data the writer reduces the data which do not contain
potential presupposition.
Data Analyzing
The writer used several activities in analyzing the data, those were selecting, identifying,
analyzing and interpreting the data. After gained all presupposition, the writer selected the data found
and identified into the type of presupposition. After that, the writer analyzed the data and interpreted
the implied meaning of presupposition data.
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FINDING AND DISCUSSION
As mentioned at the beginning of this research that the objectives of this research were to
describe the types of the presupposition and to interpret the implied meaning of presupposition found
in The Conjuring movie. After the writer analyzed the data finding and explained the implied
meaning of each presupposition in this study, it can be concluded that the writer found all six types
of presupposition based on Yule's theory. Those the types of presupposition were the existential
presupposition, factive presupposition, non- factive presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural
presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition.
The data gained were 23 data of presupposition that consisted of 6 data existential
presupposition, 3 data of factive presupposition, 2 data non- factive presupposition, 9 data of lexical
presupposition, 2 data of structural presupposition and 1 datum of counterfactual presupposition
To make easy to understand the data found, the writer served data into the table below:
Table 1: Table Data Finding
No Presupposition Frequency %
1 Existential 6 26.1%
2 Factive 3 13.1%
3 Non-factive 2 8.7%
4 Lexical 9 39.1%
5 Structural 2 8.7%
6 Counter-factual 1 4.3%
TOTAL 23 100%
It could be seen based on the table. There was data presupposition occurring in this study.
The writer found 23 presuppositions used by characters in The Conjuring movie of this study. The
writer found 6 data existential presupposition or 26.1% occurred in this study. It means that
existential presupposition was the second presupposition which often occurred through characters
utterances in the movie. The next type of presupposition occurred in this study was the factive
presupposition. The writer found 3 data or 13.1% of factive presupposition. It could be said that
factive presupposition was the third presupposition which often occurred in this study. The next type
presuppositions which have the same amount occurred in this study were non- factive presupposition
and structural presupposition. The writer found 2 data of Structural and non- factive presupposition
which had the same percentage 8.7% of 23 data presupposition found. The next type of
presupposition found in this study was the lexical presupposition. Lexical presupposition had 9 data
or 39.1% of 23 data found. It denoted that lexical presupposition mostly occurred in this study.
The last type of presupposition found in this study is the counter-factual presupposition. The
writer found 1 datum counter-factual presupposition or 4.3% data of 23 data found in this study. It
meant that counterfactual presupposition was rarely used by movie character in the movie.
CONCLUSION
All six types of Yule's presupposition are found in this study. The lexical presupposition was
the most-occurred in this study with 9 data of 23 data gained in this movie. The use of this type by
characters movie because it can reveal two assumptions in the one utterance. The use of this type
could reveal two assumptions in the one utterance. This referred to the benefit of the study pragmatics
that study of how more gets communicated that was said. It could be said that what was unsaid was
recognized as part of what was communicated. Second type presupposition occurred in this study
was existential presupposition with 6 data found in this study. The existential presupposition was
used by movie character to denote someone existence. In the horror movie, existential presupposition
used by the character to state someone existence even it was human or spirits. The third type of
presupposition occurred in this study was factive presupposition with 3 data found in this study. It
could be analyzed that the use of factive presupposition in their utterance to treat someone that it was
a fact. Forth type of presupposition occurred in this study were non-factive presupposition and
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structural presupposition with 2 data found of all 23 data found in this study. The non- factive
presupposition used by characters to describe something probably happen even it would difficult to
be the case. Whereas, the structural presupposition found in this study used by characters to
presuppose that after certain used a pattern of English was already to be the case. The last type of
presupposition occurred in this study was the counterfactual presupposition. The writer only found
1 datum of the counterfactual presupposition of 23 data found in this study. This type rarely used by
character because this type rarely used by character because counterfactual conditional rarely found
in this movie situation.
After analyzing presupposition found in The Conjuring movie, the writer concluded that the
writer got all the presupposed that uttered by the characters among conversation in this movie. The
interpretation of the implied meaning for each presupposition could be done by considering Yule's
presupposition theory and context of the background of the utterances. Context to be the essential
part in the interpretation of implied meaning because by considering context, the listener could easily
understand the meaning which stated or not stated.
Recommendation for the lecturer. The finding of this research can be used as one of the
references to be considered in the teaching and learning process. This is suggested to the lecturers
who study deeply about pragmatics especially presupposition because it is deal with implied meaning
which cannot be understood merely in literary meaning.
Recommendation for next researcher. This study has many weaknesses. It is a limited
explanation of the types and the interpretation of the implied meaning of presupposition. Therefore,
the findings of this research expected can be developed knowledge for the next researcher for further
studying presupposition.
Recommendation for the English Department. This study is expected to give the contribution
to the English Department of Mercu Buana University as basis references for studying pragmatics,
especially in presupposition topic. Furthermore, this thesis can be used as the complement of the
kinds of study pragmatics which have done by previous student's English Department of Mercu
Buana University.
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