This document analyzed driver interactions with navigation systems and mobile phones based on a study of 80 drivers across several European countries. The main findings were: 1) Drivers interacted with their navigation system about 4-5 times per hour and their mobile phone nearly 6 times per hour, with over 70% of mobile phone interactions occurring while driving. 2) Interactions lasted on average 20.9 seconds for navigation systems and 31 seconds for mobile phones. Nearly half of mobile phone interactions and 40% of navigation interactions lasted over 15 seconds. 3) The majority of time interacting with devices was spent on the visual-manual subtask of operating them, such as entering destinations or making selections.

1. Results of Cross Country analysis
on Navigation use
and Mobile Phone use
Nicole van Nes, Michiel Christoph, Allert Knapper
SWOV
21-11-12

2. Description of the sample
Hours Km
#Drivers
#valid trips
Driven
Driven
Finland
15
1611
750
33031
France
16
1495
698
34751
Spain/Portugal
13
334
210
6961
The Netherlands
21
1319
573
26388
United Kingdom
15
392
320
16731
Total
80
5151
2550
117862
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3. Interaction with Navigation System
3

4. video
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5. Frequency of manual interactions
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Finland France Spain/Portugal the United Total
Netherlands Kingdom
Number of driver’s interactions with NS by hours driven with NS
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6. Frequency of manual interactions
by speed
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
>10
50%
<=10km/h
40%
Stopped
30%
20%
10%
0%
Finland France Spain/Portugal the United Total
Netherlands Kingdom
Number of driver’s interactions with NS by hours driven with NS
according to the speed of the car
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7. Frequency of manual interactions
by speed
25
20
15 Stopped
<=10km/h
10 >10km/h
5
0
Finland (n=11) France (n=16) Spain/Portugal the Netherlands United Kingdom Total (n=76)
(n=13) (n=21) (n=15)
Number of driver’s interactions with NS by hours driven with NS
according to the speed of the car
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8. Frequency of destination entries
by speed
3
2,5
2
Stopped
1,5
<=10km/h
>10km/h
1
0,5
0
Finland (n=11) France (n=16) Spain/Portugal the Netherlands United Kingdom Total (n=76)
(n=13) (n=21) (n=15)
Number of destination entrances with NS by hours driven with
NS according to the speed of the car
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9. Conclusions
• Drivers interacted with their navigation
about 4 to 5 times per hour
• About half of the manual interactions
took place while driving
• When the car was stopped there were
relatively more interactions (11/hour)
than when driving (2 to 7/hour)
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10. Interaction with Mobile Phone
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11. video
22-11-12 11

12. video
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13. Frequency of manual interactions
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Finland France Spain/Portugal the Netherlands United Kingdom Total
Number of driver’s interactions with mobile phone
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14. Frequency of manual interactions
by speed
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
10km/h
50%
<=10k/h
40%
Stopped
30%
20%
10%
0%
Finland France Spain/ the United Total
Portugal Netherlands Kingdom
Number of driver’s interactions with mobile phone by hours
driven according to the speed of the car
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15. Frequency of manual interactions
by speed
35
30
25
20
Stopped
<=10km/h
15
>10km/h
10
5
0
Finland (n=5) France (n=16) Spain/Portugal the Netherlands United Kingdom Total (n=70)
(n=13) (n=21) (n=15)
Number of driver’s interactions with mobile phone by hours
driven according to the speed of the car
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16. Conclusions
• Drivers interacted with their mobile
phone nearly 6 times per hour
• More than 70% of the manual
interactions took place while driving
• When the car was stopped there were
relatively more interactions (11/hour)
than when driving (3 to 8/hour)
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17. Conclusions
• Interaction with mobile phone were
slightly more than with navigation system
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18. Some additional Dutch results
• Duration
• Subtasks
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19. video
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20. Results on manual interactions
Average duration of interaction with
• mobile phone: 31.0 seconds, SD=15.5
• navigation device: 20.9 seconds, SD=9.6
Duration of interaction with mobile phone was significantly
longer than with the navigation device
NS
interac5ons
MP
interac5ons
80
Average
dura*on
of
60
interac*ons
40
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Par*cipant
The average duration of manual interactions.
20

21. Results on manual interactions
NS
interac5ons
MP
interac5ons
15
interac*ons
per
hour
Average
number
of
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Par*cipant
Average number of manual interactions per hour.
NS
interac5ons
MP
interac5ons
80
Average
dura*on
of
60
interac*ons
40
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Par*cipant
The average duration of manual interactions.
21

22. Duration of manual interactions
MP interactions NS interactions
70%
60% • 48% of interactions with the mobile
phone > 15 seconds
Fraction of interactions
50%
• 40% of interactions with the navigation
40%
device > 15 seconds
30%
20%
10%
0%
0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 60-75 75-90 >90
Duration of interaction
Fraction (%) of manual interactions for different durations.
22

23. Analysis of subtasks
23

24. Results on sub tasks
Destination entries: 45%
100%
1%
Other tasks: 42%
Average
frac*on
of
the
total
12%
17%
80%
11%
60%
dura*on
Holding
40%
87%
72%
Grabbing
20%
Opera5ng
0%
NS
MP
Device
Average fraction of manual interaction subtasks
MP
NS
60
Average
dura*on
(sec)
Destination entries: 26.6 seconds (SD = 13.2)
Other tasks: 15.3 seconds (SD = 10.0)
40
20
33,6
20,7
21,2
19,6
8,8
12,0
0
Holding
Opera5ng
Grabbing
Interac*on
with
device
Mean duration (seconds) of manual interaction subtasks
24

25. Duration of operating events
Average fraction of all device operating events for different durations.
MP operating NS operating
70%
Average fraction of operating
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 60-75 75-90 >90
Duration of operating (sec)
• 36% of all mobile phone and navigation device operating events took
longer than 15 seconds
25

26. Duration of operating event
in relation to initiation speed
MP operating NS operating
MP operating NS operating
45
45
40
40
35 35
Average duration (s)
Average duration (s)
30 30
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
Stopped Driving 0-30 30-60 60-90 >90
No significant effects of the speed at which the task was started on the
duration of the operating tasks for the navigation system were found.
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27. Preliminary results on Glance behaviour
100% 2,53% 100%
1,78% 6,40%
90% 90% 3,46%
80% 80%
70% 70%
60% 72,94% Other_outside 60% 56,66% Other_outside
50% Other_inside 50% Other_inside
40% Nav_system 40% Mobile_phone
30% Forward_road 30% Forward_road
20% 20%
33,48%
10% 22,74% 10%
0% 0%
Totaal Totaal
Glance distribution while Glance distribution while
operating the navigation operating the mobile phone
system
27

28. Conclusions
Duration
• A substantial amount of driving time was spent on
interacting with the mobile phone and the
navigation device
• Participants made relatively more operations at
lower speeds - However, duration of operations
are similar for different driving speeds
Subtasks
• Most of the time interacting with the devices was
spent on the visual-manual subtask operating
• Participants allow themselves on average 20 s to
perform a visual manual task
28

29. Thanks for your attention!
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