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7 anxiety disorders and ocd
Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive and abnormal anxiety that interferes with daily functioning. Symptoms can include physical features like increased heart rate and sweating, behavioral avoidance, and worrying or irrational thoughts. The main types of anxiety disorders are panic disorder, phobic disorders like social anxiety disorder and agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. Panic disorder involves unexpected panic attacks, while phobias involve excessive and irrational fears of specific objects or situations. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps patients address unhelpful thoughts and behaviors associated with their anxiety disorders.
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7 anxiety disorders and ocd
- 3. ANXIETY DISORDER • Usefulbecause it prompts us to seek regular medical checkups or motivates us to study for tests. • It is a normal response to threats, but anxiety becomes abnormal when it is out of proportion to the reality of a threat, or when it seems to simply come out of the blue--- that is, when it is not in respose to life events.
- 4. SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETYDISORDERS •PHYSICAL FEATURES: jumpiness, jitteriness, or shaking, tightness in the pit of the stomach or chest, heavy perspiration, sweaty palms, lightheadedness or faintness, dryness in the mouth or throat, shortness of breath, heart pounding or racing, cold fingers or limbs, and upset stomach or nausea, among other physical symptoms.
- 5. SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETYDISORDERS •BEHAVIORAL FEATURES: avoidance behavior, clinging or dependent behavior, and agitated behavior.
- 6. SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETYDISORDERS •COGNITIVE FEATURES: may include worry, a nagging sense of dread or apprehension about the future, preoccupation with or keen awareness of bodily sensations, fear of losing control, thinking the same disturbing thoughts over and over, jumbled or confused thoughts, difficulty concentrating or focusing one’s thoughts, and thinking that things are getting out of hand.
- 7. MAJOR TYPES OFANXIETY DISORDERS •PANIC DISORDER •PHOBIC DISORDERS •GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDERS
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- 9. PANIC DISORDER • Characterizedby repeated, unexpected PANIC ATTACKS. • PANIC ATTACKS are intense anxiety reactions that are accompanied by physical symptoms such as a pounding heart; rapid respiration, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing; heavy perspiration; and weakness or dizziness. • These are accompanied by feelings of sheer terror and a sense of imminent danger or impending doom and by an urge to escape the situation. • Usually accompanied by thoughts of losing control, “going crazy,” or dying.
- 10. KEY FEATURES OFPANIC ATTACKS PANIC ATTACKS ARE EPISODES OF INTENSE FEAR OR DISCOMFORT THAT DEVELOP SUDDENLY AND REACH A PEAK WITHIN A FEW MINUTES. • Pounding heart, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), or palpitations • Sweating, trembling, or shaking • Experience of choking or smothering sensations or shortness of breath • Fears of either losing control and dying or going crazy • Pain or discomfort in the chest • Tingling or numbing sensations • Nausea or stomach distress • Dizziness, light-headedness, faintness, or unsteadiness • Feelings of being detached from oneself, as if observing oneself from a distance, or sense of unreality or strangeness about one’s surroundings • Fear of losing control or going crazy • Hot flashes or chills
- 11. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL MODELOF PANIC DISORDER
- 12. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL MODELOF PANIC DISORDER
- 13. PHOBIC DISORDERS • fromthe Greek phobos, meaning “fear.” • Fear is anxiety experienced in response to a particular threat. • A phobia is a fear of an object or situation that is disproportionate to the threat it poses.
- 14. PHOBIC DISORDERS • thefear exceeds any reasonable appraisal of danger. • people with phobic disorders recognize their fears are excessive or unreasonable. • usually involve fears of the ordinary events in life, such as taking an elevator or driving on a highway, not the extraordinary.
- 17. Specific Phobia persistent, excessive fearof a specific object or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger these objects or situations pose.
- 18. TYPES OF SPECIFICPHOBIAS • Fear of animals, such as fear of spiders, insects, and dogs • Fear of natural environments, such as fear of heights (acrophobia), storms, or water • Fear of blood-injection injury, such as fear of needles or invasive medical procedures • Fear of specific situations, such as fear of enclosed spaces (claustrophobia), elevators, or airplanes
- 19. DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OF SPECIFICPHOBIAS • The phobic person experiences high levels of fear and physiological arousal when encountering the phobic object, which prompts strong urges to avoid or escape the situation or to avoid the feared stimulus, as in the following case.
- 20. DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OF SPECIFICPHOBIAS • To rise to the level of a diagnosable disorder, the phobia must significantly affect the person’s lifestyle or functioning or cause significant distress.
- 21. DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OF SPECIFICPHOBIAS •Specific phobias often begin in childhood.
- 22. DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OFSPECIFIC PHOBIAS • Specific phobias are among the most common psychological disorders, affecting about 9% of the general population at some point in their lives • The fear, anxiety, and avoidance associated with specific phobias typically persist for six months or longer, and often for years or even decades unless the phobia is successfully treated.
- 23. DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OFSPECIFIC PHOBIAS • Anxiety disorders in general and phobic disorders in particular are more common in women than in men (McLean & Anderson, 2009). • Gender differences in development of phobias may reflect cultural influences that socialize women into more dependent roles in society • People with specific phobias will often recognize that their fears are exaggerated or unfounded. But they still are afraid, as in the case of this young woman whose fear of medical injections almost prevented her from getting married.
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- 25. SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER •Intense fear of social situations that they may avoid them altogether or endure them only with great distress. • The underlying problem is an excessive fear of negative evaluations from others—fear of being rejected, humiliated, or embarrassed.
- 26. SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER •Social anxiety or fear can severely impair a person’s daily functioning and quality of life. • People with social anxiety often turn to tranquilizers or try to “medicate” themselves with alcohol when preparing for social interactions • People with social anxiety often turn to tranquilizers or try to “medicate” themselves with alcohol when preparing for social interactions
- 27. SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER •The average age of onset of social anxiety disorder is about 15 years. • About 80% of affected people develop the disorder by age 20 • Social anxiety is strongly associated with a history of childhood shyness • Social anxiety tends to be a chronic, persistent disorder, lasting about 16 years on average • Despite its early development and the many negative effects it has on social functioning, people with social anxiety first receive help at an average age of 27
- 28. AGORAPHOBIA • Gk word“fear of the marketplace” • fear of being out in open, busy areas • They may structure their lives around avoiding exposure to fearful situations and in some cases become housebound for months or even years, even to the extent of being unable to venture outside to mail a letter. • The most INCAPACITATING type of phobia.
- 29. AGORAPHOBIA • People withagoraphobia develop a fear of places and situations from which it might be difficult or embarrassing to escape in the event of panicky symptoms or a full-fledged panic attack or of situations in which help may be unavailable if such problems should occur. • Women are about as likely as men to develop agoraphobia • Frequently, it begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. • It may occur either with or without accompanying panic disorder. Agoraphobia is often, but not always, associated with panic disorder.
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- 32. Classical Conditioning Why wasIvan Pavlov’s HAIR so soft?
- 33. Some call itBRIBERY. I call it OPERANT CONDITIONING
- 34. John B. Watson BRAINFART! “I can make you fear anything”
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- 40. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE •Oversensitivity tothreatening cues. •Overprediction of danger. •Self-defeating thoughts and irrational beliefs. (e.g., Armfield, 2006; Schultz & Heimberg, 2008; Wenzel et al., 2005)
Editor's Notes
- #8 Several other disorders that were previously classified in the category of anxiety disorders are placed in the DSM-5 in new diagnostic categories with other disorders with which they share common features. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is now classified in a new diagnostic category of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, which we discuss later in the chapter. Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, which we discussed in Chapter 4, are now classified in a new category of Trauma- and Stressor- Related Disorders. The anxiety disorders, along with dissociative disorders and somatic symptom and related disorders (see Chapter 6), were classified as neuroses throughout most of the 19th century. The term neurosis derives from roots meaning “an abnormal or diseased condition of the nervous system.” The Scottish physician William Cullen coined the term neurosis in the 18th century. As the derivation implies, it was assumed that neurosis had biological origins. It was seen as an affliction of the nervous system. According to Freud, disorders involving anxiety (as well as the dissociative and somatic symptom disorders discussed in Chapter 6) represent ways in which the ego attempts to defend itself against anxiety. Freud’s views on the origins of these problems united them under the general category of neuroses. Freud’s concepts
- #11 People often describe panic attacks as the worst experiences of their lives. Their coping abilities are overwhelmed. They may feel they must flee. If flight seems useless, they may “freeze.” There is a tendency to cling to others for help or support. Some people with panic attacks fear going out alone. Recurring panic attacks may become so difficult to cope with that panic sufferers become suicidal. People with panic disorder may avoid activities related to their attacks, such as exercise or venturing into places where attacks may occur or they fear may occur, or where they may be cut off from their usual supports. Consequently, panic disorder can lead to agoraphobia—an excessive fear of being in public places in which escape may be difficult or help unavailable (Berle et al., 2008). That said, panic disorder without accompanying agoraphobia is much more common than panic disorder with agoraphobia (Grant et al., 2006b).
- #20 Coulrophobia
- #21 Coulrophobia
- #22 Coulrophobia
- #26 Imagine what it’s like to have social anxiety disorder. You are always fearful of doing or saying something humiliating or embarrassing. You may feel as if a thousand eyes are scrutinizing your every move. You are probably your own harshest critic and are likely to become fixated on whether your performance measures up when interacting with others. Negative thoughts run through your mind: “Did I say the right thing? Do they think I’m stupid?” You may even experience a full-fledged panic attack in social situations. Stage fright, speech anxiety, and dating fears are common forms of social anxiety.
- #27 Imagine what it’s like to have social anxiety disorder. You are always fearful of doing or saying something humiliating or embarrassing. You may feel as if a thousand eyes are scrutinizing your every move. You are probably your own harshest critic and are likely to become fixated on whether your performance measures up when interacting with others. Negative thoughts run through your mind: “Did I say the right thing? Do they think I’m stupid?” You may even experience a full-fledged panic attack in social situations. Stage fright, speech anxiety, and dating fears are common forms of social anxiety.
- #32 anxiety is a danger signal that threatening impulses of a sexual or aggressive (murderous or suicidal) nature are nearing the level of awareness. To fend off these threatening impulses, the ego mobilizes its defense mechanisms. In phobias, the Freudian defense mechanism of projection comes into play. A phobic reaction is a projection of the person’s own threatening impulses onto the phobic object