ແບບຮຽນ ເຄມີສາດ ມ7

2. ōįįĽŋĮ
ŌĥĵńĺŁĪ
ĨŀœĮĵ ŀĪĭĿĩʼnĵĺŅģĺŁ İńĭń 7
ĽŋįĽŋĦŎĪĩ: Ľĺ. ĭļĦĺń įŇĮİĿŌĺńĪ, ĵĿĻŁĹŃĭĿĩŁŐĸōĻŒĦĨŁĪ
ĥ ŗŁijļĮ İŀĮĩŁĹʼnĦ, ĵĿĻŁĹŃĭĿĩŁŐĸōĻŒĦĨŁĪ
ŌijŀĪĺĿţļĮ ĺńįŇĮŌĽņļĦ, ĺ.Ĺ.ĺ
ĥ ŗŁŌıńĩ ŌijŀĦŐĤ, ĺňĮĺŅģĺŁĮŃŌĭĪĮĿĥļĮĻŊĹĦ
ŐĨĩĿģļĮ İŀĮĩŁĭļĦ, ĺ.Ĺ.ĺ
ĭŁ ĺļĮŌijŀĪ, ĺ.Ĺ.ĺ
ĹŃōļŀĪ ōģŒĮijĿħ ŀĮ, ĺ.Ĺ.ĺ
ģĹĪōģœŎĪĩ: ĭļĦōģœĹ ļŁĺŁ, ĺ.Ĺ.ĺ
ŌijŀĪĺĿţļĮ ĺńįŇĮŌĽņļĦ, ĺ.Ĺ.ĺ
ijŃĵŌĤʼnœŁŢœŁŎĪĩ: ĭŁ ĺļĮŌijŀĪ, ĺ.Ĺ.ĺ
ŎĪĩģŁĮĽŒĹĵĵņħŁģ: êûèþ ôýàôúÝôýä, ćÞóàĆâÝöà
éāèáúèòþ òþĆãČ ãðþ, ćÞóàĊâôăïéĂè
öāäăïíöè áýäæûóöè, ćÞóàõĄóàíùéûà
ćôàöûòāè éāèïûÝ, ćÞóàõĄóàèđčûçû
Ćíúäôùĝöè ćÝčóöČ öèõĄčû, ćÞóàáđûêûôúÝ
ģĿĨĹĦĺŅģĺŁĭŃģŁĮ ōĸĿ ģŃĸŁ
ĺĿĬŁįŀĮĥʼnœĮĥĹœŁĹŃĭĿĩŁĺŁĪģŁĮĺŅģĺŁ
2016
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

4. ĥ ŗŁĮ ŗŁ
İŅœĵōįįĽŋĮ ĵ7 ŌĻŊŀœĵĮńœ ŐĪœĽŀįģŁĮĽŋįĽŋĦĤŅœĮŎĪĩŏĻœĺļĪĥŒļĦģ ŀįĻŊŀģĺňĪĨŀœĮĵ ŀĪ
ĭĿĩʼnĵīļĮİŁĩ ŌijņŒ ļīļįĺĿŢļĦīŗŒĥĹŁĵĽŋģĽœļĦīœļĦģŁĮģ ŀįĺĿijŁįģŁĮİŒŋĮōİĦ
ĤļĦŌĺĪĬĿģŃĪ-ĺŀĦĥʼnĵŏĮİŀĪħŇįŀĮ ĭŀĦĻĩŀįŌĤʼnœŁŏģœģ ŀįĺŁģ ʼnĮ, įŀĮĸŇīŁĵ 5 ĻŊŀģĵňĮ ōĸĿ
3 ĸŀģĺĿĮĿĤļĦģŁĮĺŅģĺŁ ōĸĿ ōĭĪŌţŁĿģ ŀįĩŇĪĭĿĺŁĪĤļĦģŁĮijŀĪĭĿĮŁģŁĮĺŅģ
ĺŁĭńŒ ģĿĨĹĦĺŅģĺŁĭŃģŁĮ ōĸĿ ģŃĸŁ ĹŁĦļļģ.
ŎĥĦĺœŁĦĤļĦİŅœĵĻʼnĹĮńœ ōįŒĦļļģŌİŀĮ 7 ijŁģ ĥņ: ŌĥĵńŌĪńĮŌĥņŒļĮ, ĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩ
ōĸĿģŁĮİŇĦōīŒĦĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩ, ģŁĮĪŇĮĪŒŋĦĭŁĦŌĥĵń, ĭŃĪĺĿĪńģŁĮōīģīʼnĹĤļĦĭŁĪĹŃ
ŌĥŁĿŐĴĴœŁ, ŐĴĴœŁŌĥĵń, ŌĥĵńļŁĻŁĮ ōĸĿıĿĸŃĪīĿijŀĮ ōĸĿ ļŇĪĺŁ ĻĿģ ŗŁŌĥĵń.
ōīŒĸĿijŁģŐĪœōįŒĦļļģŌİŀĮįʼnĪ ŌĨŃŒĦĸĹĵĭŀĦţʼnĪĵń 34 įʼnĪ, ōīŒĸĿįʼnĪ ĵńĥ ŗŁĬŁĵ
ōĸĿ įʼnĪŌIJŃģĻŀĪ, įŁĦįʼnĪ ĵńģŃĪħĿģ ŗŁ ĻŊņ ģŁĮĭʼnĪĸļĦŏĻœĮ ŀģĽŋĮŐĪœİĿīŃįŀĪ ŌĨŃŒĦŌİŀĮ
ŌİʼnœŁţŁĩĺ ŗŁĸŀįıňœĽŋĮĭŇģĥʼnĮŐĪœijŀĪĭĿĮŁĥĹŁĵĽňœ ĤĿįĹĮģŁĮĥŃĪ, ĤĿįĹĮģŁĮĺņį
ĺĹĮĻŁĥĹŁĵĽňœ, ģŁĮōģœŐĤįŀĮĻŁ, ĥĹŁĵĺŁĵŁĪŏĮģŁĮĺņŒĺŁĮ, ģŁĮīŀĪĺŃĮŏħ, ģŁĮ
Į ŗŁĥĹŁĵĽňœŐİŏĨœİĿŎĻĩĪŏĮĨńĹŃĪİĿħ ŗŁĹŀĮ īĿĻŊļĪŌĬŃĦģŁĮĵńħŃĪĹŃĭĿĩŁĺŁĪ ĥŇĮĮĿ
ĭ ŗŁ, ĥŒŁĮŃĩʼnĵĭńŒ ĬņģīœļĦ ōĸĿ ŌţŁĿĺʼnĵ ŎĪĩĵŇŒĦŌĮŀœĮģŁĮŌİŀĮĸŁĹ ĥĹįĥňŒģ ŀįģŁĮŌİŀĮ
ĺŁģ ʼnĮ.
ŏĮģŁĮĽŋįĽŋĦİŅœĵĥŀœĦĮńœŐĪœĽŀįģŁĮĽŒĹĵĵņŌİŀĮĶŒŁĦĪńħŁģĥňļŁħŁĮ ıňœĨʼnĦĥŇĮĹŇĪĭŃ
Į ŀģĹŃĨŁģŁĮħŁģĤĿōŢĦĺŅģĺŁ ōĸĿ ĥňĺļĮħŁģĺĿĬŁįŀĮīŒŁĦő. ĪŀŒĦĮ ŀœĮ, ĺĿĬŁįŀĮ
ĥʼnœĮĥĹœŁĹŃĭĿĩŁĺŁĪģŁĮĺŅģĺŁ ħŅŒĦĤŗĤļįŏħŐĹœĮĿĭńŒ ĮńœĪœĹĩ. ŏĮģŁĮħ ŀĪĭ ŗŁİŅœĵōįįĽŋĮ
ŌĥĵńĺŁĪ ĵ7 ŌĻŊŀœĵĮńœ ĥʼnĦįŗŒİŁĺĿħŁģĤŗœĤŁĪīʼnģįʼnģijŒļĦŐĪœ ōīŒĻĹŀĦĶŒŁĦĩŃŒĦĹŒŁĵ ŀĮĥʼnĦħĿ
ŌİŀĮİĿŎĻĩĪōģŒĮ ŀģĽŋĮ, ıňœĺļĮ ōĸĿ ıňœģŒŋĹĤœļĦĭŇģIJŒŁĩŌijņŒ ļĨŒĹĩŌĽŀĪŏĻœģŁĮħ ŀĪ
ģŁĮĽŋĮ-ģŁĮĺļĮŌĥĵńĺŁĪĵńİĿĺŃĪĭŃıʼnĮĺňĦĤŅœĮ.
ĺĿĮ ŀœĮ, ŌĵņŒļĭŒŁĮıňœĨʼnĵŏĨœĻŁģijʼnįŌĻŀĮĺŃŒĦĭńŒ ĥĹĮĪŀĪōİĦ ĻŊņ ĵńĤŗœĺĿŌŢńŏĮōĦŒĺœŁĦ
ĺŀĮ Ĥŗħ ʼnŒĦģĿĸŇĮŁĺʼnŒĦĥ ŗŁĥŃĪŌĻŀĮŐİĩŀĦĥĿĮĿĽŋįĽŋĦĭńŒ ĺĿĬŁįŀĮĥʼnœĮĥĹœŁĹŃĭĿĩŁĺŁĪ
ģŁĮĺŅģĺŁ ŌijņŒ ļħĿŐĪœĮ ŗŁŐİŌİŀĮĤŗœĵňĮŏĮģŁĮİŀįİŇĦĥŀœĦīŗŒŐİŏĻœĪńĤŅœĮ ĭŇģĥ ŗŁĥŃĪŌĻŀĮħĿĬņ
ĹŒŁŌİŀĮĺŃŒĦĺ ŗŁĥŀĮĩŃŒĦ ōĸĿ ĤŗĤļįŏħĶŒŁĦħŃĦŏħīŗŒĥĹŁĵĻĹŀĦĪńĤļĦįŀĮĪŁĭŒŁĮĪœĹĩ.
ĺĿĬŁįŀĮĥʼnœĮĥĹœŁĹŃĭĿĩŁĺŁĪģŁĮĺŅģĺŁ
2016
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

6. ĺŁĸĿįŁĮ
ŢœŁ
ijŁģĭń I ¡‹šÃ¡‘Ô¡‹Åɝ” .............................................................................. 1
įʼnĪĭń 1 Á‘’Ÿ‰Ÿ”¡‰Ã‘–ž’‰¾Ÿ¡‹šÃ ........................................................ 1
įʼnĪĭń 2 ‰Æ‘¡‰”Á‘’Ÿ ¢¾ž Á”‘Á•ŠŒ–ž’‰¾Ÿ .......................................... 7
įʼnĪĭń 3 Â‘ŽÀŸ”ĉ‰ÉÔÒ‰Á•‰Ÿ”¡‰Ã‘–ž’‰¾Ÿ¡‹šÃ ...................................... 16
įʼnĪĭń 4 ‰Æ”¥‰ŠŒ–ž’‰¾Ÿ¡‹šÃ ¢¾ž –Á‘¥’ÉŸŒ¦¼Ãɚ×Ɣ’ÀɝÁ‘’Ÿ‰Ÿ”¡‰Ã‘
–ž’‰¾Ÿ¡‹šÃ .......................................................................... 20
ijŁģĭń II ¼Ÿ‘¾ž¾Ÿ ¢¾ž ‰Ÿ”–ÇŒ¢’ÉŒ¼Ÿ‘¾ž¾Ÿ ................................... 24
įʼnĪĭń 5 ¼Ÿ‘¾ž¾Ÿ ¢¾ž ‹ÒŸš¡ŠÁÊšŠÇÊ” ................................................... 24
įʼnĪĭń 6 ‰Ÿ”–ÇŒ¢’ÉŒ¼Ÿ‘¾ž¾Ÿ .............................................................. 32
įʼnĪĭń 7 •ŸŒ¾Á‰Žž”žŠŒ¼Ÿ‘¾ž¾Ÿ .................................................... 42
ijŁģĭń III ‰Ÿ”‘Ç”‘ÉÔŒ¼ŸŒ¡‹šÃ ................................................................... 46
įʼnĪĭń 8 ‰Ÿ”‘ÇÉ”‘ÉÔŒ¡‹šÃ ¢¾ž ‹ÉŸ‹ÆŒ¼ÃÉ‘Ç”‘ÉÔŒ ............................................ 46
įʼnĪĭń 9 ‰Ÿ”ŠÔ”‹ÉŸ‹ÆŒ¼ÃÉ‘Ç”‘ÉÔŒ .............................................................. 51
įʼnĪĭń 10 ‰Ÿ””ÀŸ¤Ê‹ÉŸ‹ÆŒ¼ÃÉ‘Ç”‘ÉÔŒ ............................................................ 68
įʼnĪĭń 11 –Á‘¤¼Ãɚ×Ɣ’ÀɉŸ”‘Ç”‘ÉÔŒ¡‹šÃ...................................................... 74
ijŁģĭń IV ¼Â‘Žž‘ÉŸ”¢’‰’ÆÒŠŒ¼Ÿ‘Ò¡‹Ÿž¥™™ÊŸ ................................ .. 81
įʼnĪĭń 12 ¼Ÿ‘Ò¡‹Ÿž¥™™ÊŸ ¢¾ž •ÀÉÒ¡‹Ÿž¥™™ÊŸ ......................................... 81
įʼnĪĭń 13 ¼Ÿ‘¾ž¾ŸŸÂ‘ ¢¾ž •Ÿ¡Ã ..................................................... 84
įʼnĪĭń 14 ¼Â‘Žž‘ÝŸÂ‘ ¢¾ž •Ÿ¡Ã ........................................................... 86
įʼnĪĭń 15 ‰Ÿ”¢’‰’ÆÒŠŒŸÂ‘ ¢¾ž •Ÿ¡Ã .............................................. 93
įʼnĪĭń 16 ‰Ÿ”¢’‰’ÆÒ¡–Á”ÃÆŒŠŒ”ÀÊŸ .................................................... 105
įʼnĪĭń 17 pH ŠŒ¼Ÿ‘¾ž¾Ÿ ................................................................ 110
įʼnĪĭń 18 –ž’‰¾ŸŠŒŸÂ‘ ¢¾ž •Ÿ¡Ã .............................................. 117
įʼnĪĭń 19 ¼Ÿ‘¾ž¾Ÿ•Á•¡™Ã ................................................................... 128
ijŁģĭń V ¥™™ÊŸ¡‹šÃ ................................................................................ 133
įʼnĪĭń 20 İĿīŃģŃĸŃĩŁļʼnģĨńĪŁĨʼnĦ--ŌķĪŇģĨʼnĦ ĻŊņ İĿīŃģŃĸŃĩŁŌķĪŇģ ..................... 133
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

7. įʼnĪĭń 21 İŃĮģ ŀĸĹŁĮŃģ ........................................................................... 136
įʼnĪĭń 22 İŃĮĹŃŌĥŁĿŐĴĴœŁ ...................................................................... 149
įʼnĪĭń 23 ģŁĮŌģńĪţœŋĦĤļĦŎĸĻĿ ōĸĿ ģŁĮİœļĦģ ŀĮ ................................. 159
įʼnĪĭń 24 ĥĹŁĵģœŁĹŢœŁĭŁĦŌīŀģŎĮŎĸĨńĤļĦİŃĮŐĴĴœŁŌĥĵń ......................... 164
ijŁģĭń VI ŌĥĵńļŁĻŁĮ ōĸĿ ıĿĸŃĪīĿijŀĮ ................................................. 169
įʼnĪĭń 25 ŌĥĵńļŁĻŁĮ ōĸĿ ĹŀĪĬŇŌħņļİʼnĮŏĮļŁĻŁĮ .................................. 169
įʼnĪĭń 26 ĭŁĪİʼnĮŌİņœļĮŏĮļŁĻŁĮ ........................................................... 177
įʼnĪĭń 27 Á”’ž¾ŸŸ‰‰Ÿ””ÀŸ¤Ê—ž¾Â‘’ž˜Á”¼ÃɚüŸ‘˜Â‘ ¢¾ž
‰Ÿ”–ʝŒ‰Á”¼Ÿ‘˜Â‘ ................................................................ 184
ijŁģĭń VII Ç‘ŽŸœž‰ÀŸ¡‹šÃ ..................................................................... 192
įʼnĪĭń 28 Ç‘ŽŸœž‰ÀŸ¢ÓɼŸ‘ ................................................................. 192
įʼnĪĭń 29 Ç‘ŽŸœž‰ÀŸÃšÁŒ ..................................................................... 196
įʼnĪĭń 30 Ç‘ŽŸœž‰ÀŸ¡½ŸšÂ‰ ............................................................... 200
įʼnĪĭń 31 Ç‘ŽŸœž‰ÀŸ¢‰ÊÒ ..................................................................... 204
įʼnĪĭń 32 Ç‘ŽŸœž‰ÀŸÊš—ÊŸ ................................................................ 206
įʼnĪĭń 33 ”ÀÊŸœš .................................................................................. 210
įʼnĪĭń 34 Ç‘ŽŸœž‰ÀŸÑÇɔҼžŸŽŸ‘ ...................................................... 214
ŌļģĿĺŁĮļœŁĦļńĦ ....................................................................................... 218

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5/*(% ?04%.E514!55%0=:!- 0=9 ?/ C' 1$5! A @-3$5!
B ?$E 5414!55%?7!?'4%$5! C @-3 $5! D !4E%4F%
14!55%?7!'366-6 5 r
Δ[A]
Δt
-
Δ[B]
Δt
=
Δ[C]
Δt
Δ[D]
Δt
/ G5-4'366-6 5$7E $5!4FF% @-3 $5!(3-6!3)4%*7 G5%.%A*-GE?$E 54%
5%%14!55%?7!'366-6 5F1 G5%8?#6 G5%.%A*-1$5!4FF%@-31
$5!(3-6!3)4%17 !4E/*(%
'366-6 5 A + 2B 3C (2)
B%/*(%
14!55%0=:!-1$5! A ?$E 54
2
1
?$9E 1114!55%0=:!
-1$5! B @-3 ?$E 54
3
1
?$9E 1114!55%?7!1$5! C
/ G5-4'366-6 5$E.C' aA + bB cC + dD
14!55%?7!'366-6 5 r -
1
a dt
d[A]
= -
1
b dt
d[B]
= +
1
c
d[C]
dt
= +
1
d
d[D]
dt
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

16. 4
)*

17. '
)$*(
,*
14!55%?7!'366-6 5/5*5!.4!@$C!F0=5 @ ?4E % .4!@$@.5*
C./3?-E 0=9 .4!@$@.5*C.+;E?.-5B!H8E
+ ?24!5%$!-1E.4'366-6 5-30.E5A-03*5? 711*(Mg) 415
6!=G27!,6 (HCl).
#1$5!-3-5 156! HCl ?4F*:F% 0,2 mol/L B/E4F2E5 $7E *77!I5 3
H5! mL %?#66! mL
?-91?15!1%14!$7E *73H5!)G!74'54F2E5 *5'5!$5F55*-.
5.B0F?'4%2E1%F1 D ?)9E 1B0F$5!-3-5 156!C0=11C!F?*9E15/27A!,@%?7!
8F%0=45?7!'366-6 5?*7
% G5?15?/4F%-.!*5? 711*$7E 4!#;/315! 5.'3*5% 10 cm *5!F5
9/3'6 -GG @-F./?F5B/E!1%14! 0=45%4F%% G5?15!1%14!*514!'54F2E5

18. . GF5'54F2E5 -B%1?@3H5! mL $7E 4%:% GF5'3*5%?6E
1 ?-7E* 4?.-5?*9E1-3!4$5!-3-5 156!+;E7!I5 $ G516!/E.%?$614F2E5
4F2E5 . GF5'5 4?.-5 @-3 4%$8?.-5$:DC- 3$7E $5!-3-5 156!0=:!-
mL %?#67!E1%$7E 3?04%/F%-.! Mg )F%8F%5-3!4$5!-3-5 156!B%4F
2E5 @-F.4%$8(%5%$!-1
B%5%/8/514!55%?7!'366-6 5*7/*(%!4E%7F
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

19. 5
+)10*'/ $(.0%%+! ,$$/'0
1%! H2 (mL ,%
1 4

24. *'
0%,+%-0,$0#-# /% 1%! H2 $,% #,$$/'0

25. !$%%,'#%#,/
124
8
0,065 ml/s
1234567
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

26. !
H2mL

27. !
H2
!
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

28. 6
14!55%?7!'366-6 5E.?.-5

29. J 1C!F5
ΔV 1
r= = mL/s
Δt 6
14!55%?7!'366-6 5B%E.?.-5

30. 1C!F!4E%7F
ΔV 5-4 1
r= = = mL/s
Δt 40-28 12
52; F5?$614!55%?7!'366-6 5?*7+;E.6%5$7 $7
105C!F
!4E%7F !
$ G516!B0F@F*?/4F%/3@!-30.E5G-6*5!1 H2 4?.-5 A!
G5%!B0FG-6*5!1 H2 +;E5*@%4F @-3 ?.-5+;E5*@%%1% 0=45%4F%B0F
7!?/4F%/ G5(4!4?/4F%AF+;E$7E :! t = 50 .6%5$7 @-3 7!?/4F%4F5:!/ G5(4!-*5
05?/4F%%1%+;E:!
@-3 7!?/4F%5?/4F%/ G5(4!B0F4F/54?/4F%4F1:!
.6%5$7 .5*4% (slope) 1?/4F%/ G5(4!@*E%
) !

31. +;E?.-5 50 .6%5$7 ?6E2;
.5*4% slope
a
b
A! @*E%G-6*5!1 H2 @-3 @*E% ?.-5
!4E%4F% 14!55%?7!'366-6 5?*7+;E .6%5$7$7E
a
b
5,8 3,4
50 15
2,4
35
mL/s
-

32. #F5F15%10514!5?7!'366-6 5+;E:!B!H8E G'364!@!.
4%%7F
+ ' %
14!55%?7!'366-6 5?*7.5*I5 .E5@%.B! @-3 *70.HE. @%.B!

33. 7
# ( ! )
!
( !
=!@%25!6A+F%0=+(=%$64%7!06! @7F04A!C1G@15%/F625!6/6+D/
2'477.7 69G%5F6=$8F 25!6 A.4 /6+@5G+;G%2$6!5G=G% 1: 2$6!
(4.7!4)5% C%%8G@3=64)76.4%604@)64=!@%25!6$8F 9G%5/6+@5G+;G%2
$6!5G=G%@$=F 6%5G% )76.4%6$6! A A.4 B @+:F2'477.7 65%A.G/@8!$6!
(4.7!4)5%
aA + bB $6!(4.7!4)5%
=!@%25!6:

34. 25!6/6+D/26%@8!'477.7 6 (r) = k [A]x
[B]y
(1)
60!+8/6+J6 /F6 25!6/6+D/2'477.7 69G%5/6+@5G+;G%2
$6! A H6.5 x %C1G/6+@5G+;G%2$6! B H6.5 y ( x A.4 y @'5%@. H6
%/%#G/% 0F/% k @'5%F6=$8F @28G%/F6

35. *!
#* ! @. H6.5 x y @28G%/F6
!
x @'5%25%!52'477. 6@+:F2'?$?5$6! A
y @'5%25%!52'477. 6@+:F2'?$?5$6! B
(=%/2@. H6.5$5J=!C%=!@%25!6 (x + y) @28G%/F6

36. !
# !
($*

37. !
!
*!
6%$=!.2$8F 4% H6D'0F6%216F6 x, y G2@'5%6%$=!
.2$8F @'5%D',F6+8.4=:

38. G2+86%'F?%A'/6+@5G+;G%2$6!5G=G%=/I9F
C%4%4$8F C1G/6+@5G+;G%2$6!5G=G%=/2:F%E=$8F A.G//5!A$25!66%@8!'4
77.7 6C%AF.46%$=!.2@5F %

39. 6%$=!.2@):F 221625%!52'477.7 6!5F%8G

40. ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

41. 8
2NO(g) + Cl2(g) 2NOCl g
@35!6%$=!.2
5G 6%$=!.2AF.45GC1G/6+@5G+;G%2$6!5G=G%
NO 1: Cl2 +8F6AF65% A.G//5!A$25!66%@8!'477.7 62AF.4
=/,F6 6%$=!.2
64.6 04A!HG+%6%$=!.221625!66%@8!'477.7 6
6%$=!.2 /6+@5G+;G%@.8F +=G%(mol/dm3
) 25!6@.8F +=G% (mol/ dm3
.s)
[NO [Cl2
5G$8 2,3 x 10-4
5G$8 9,2 x 10-4
5G$8
1,15 x 10-4
6=!@%25!6$=F/D'0 H6.5'477.7 6%8G

42. =!@%25!6:

43. 25!66%@8!'477. 6 (r) = k [NO]x
[Cl2]y
(2)
6HG+%C%64.6 =F216

44. =F?%=!@%25!6
=F21625%!5./+2'477.7 6
=F216F6 k F6=$8F 25!6
=F21625!66%@8!'477.7 6 (r) @+:F2 [NO] = 0,03 mol/dm3
A.4
[Cl2] = 0,04 mol/dm3
.
#) + 6%21625%!52'477.7 6 1: 6%216F6 x, y 216D!G
!G/ /7$8 :

45. ## 6%216F6 x 1: 216F625!6/6+D/2'477.7 69G%5 [NO
+8156%:

46. C1G@.:26%$=!.2+6 6%$=!.2 @7F6%$=!.2$8F @.:2+6%5G%

47. 9
G2+8/6+@5G+;G%2 Cl2 =$8F AF/6+@5G+;G%2 NO 'F?%A'
C%%8G4@.:2@2=66%$=!.25G$8 A.4 5G$8 4@15%/F625!6/6+D/
26%@8!'477.7 6@'5%25!60F/%=5/6+@5G+;G%22 NO H6.5 :

48. @+:F2/6+@5G+;G%2 NO @)8F +9G%@'5%02@$=F 6 6 0,01 M @'5% 0,02 M).
25!6/6+D/26%@8!'477.7 6@'5% @$=F 6 1: 6 2.3x10-4
Ms1
@'5% 9,2 x 10-4
Ms1
) %5G%:

49. 25!6/6+D/26%@8!'477.7 6'F?%A'D'6+
/6+@5G+;G%2 NO H6.5 06+6!?%D!G!5F%8G

50. 25!66%@8!'477.7 6 9G%5 [NO r α [NO %5G%:

51. x
!5F%5G% 25!6%@8!'477.7 6@+:F2'?$?5$6! NO @'5%'477.7 625%!5
02
6%216F6 y 1: 6%21625!6/6+D/2'477.7 6$8F 9G%5
/6+@5G+;G%2 Cl2 +8156%A!?/5%56%216F6 x %5G%:

52. C1G@.:2
@2=6 6%$=!.2+6 @7F6%$=!.2$502%5G%G2C1G+8/6+@5G+;G%2 NO
=$8F AFC1G/6+@5G+;G%2 Cl2 'F?%A' C%%8G@.:26%$=!.2$8 A.4 6%$=!
.2$8
@15%/F625!6/6+D/2'477 6'F?%A'B! =5/6+@5G+;G%2
Cl2 :

53. @+:F2/6+@5G+;G%2 Cl2 @)8F +9G%@'5% @$=F 6 6 0,01 M @'5% 0,02 M
225!6/6+D/2'477.7 64@)8F +9G%@'5% @$=F 6 6 1,15 x10-4
M.s1
@'5%
2,3 x 10-4
M.s1
) 06+6!?%D!G!5F%8G

54. 25!66%@8!'477.7 6 r α [Cl2 %5G%: y = 1)
!5F%5G% 25!66%@8!'477.7 6@+:F2'?$?5$6! Cl2 @'5%'477.7 625%
!5I9F
=!@%25!6:

55. 25!66%@8!'477.7 6 r ) = k [NO]2
[Cl2] (3)
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

56. 10
## 6%216F62 x B! /7$8%8G+8156%A!?/56%216F62
x C%/7$8$8 :

57. @.:2@2=66%$=!.2$8 A.4 6%$=!.2$8 @)64/F66%$=!
.2$502%8G+8 [Cl2 =$8F AF [NO 'F?%A' 156%5G% A$%F625!6/6+D/
2'477.7 6:A$%F6 [NO A.4 [Cl2 26%$=!.2$8 A.4 6%$=!.2
$8 @=G6C0FC%0=+(=%=!@%25!6
!5F%8G

58. A$%F6HG+%6%$=!.2$8 C0FC%0=+(=%
4D!G

59. 2,3 x 10-4
= k (0,01)x
(0,02)y
(1)
A$%F6HG+%6%$=!.2$8 C0FC%0=+(=%
4D!G

60. 9,2 x 10-4
= k (0,02)x
(0,02)y
(2)
H6 5!F6 B! @2=60=+(=% 16%C1G0=+(=% !5F%8G

61. -4 x y
-4 x y
(1) 9,2x10 k(0,02) (0,02)
= =
(2) 2,3x10 k(0,01) (0,02)
4 = 2x
22
= 2x
@3=6D!G x = 2
6%216F6 y H+8156%A!?/5%56%216F6 x C%/7$8$8F :
@.:26%$=!.2$8 A.46%$=!.2$8
156%5G%A$%F625!6/6+D/2
'477.7 6 r A$%F6 [NO A.4 A$%F6 [Cl2 26%$=!.2$8 A.4
6%$=!.2$8
@=G6C0FC%0=+(=%=!@%25!6
!5F%8G

62. 2,3 x 10-4
= k (0,01)x
(0,02)y
1,15 x 10-4
= k (0,01)x
(0,02)y
)3(
)1(
= 4
4
1015,1
103,2
= yx
yx
0,01(0,01)k
(0,02)(0,01)k
y
22
y = 1

63. 11
A$%F6 x A.4 F6 y C0FC%0=+(=%@:G2=G% 4D!G=!@%25!6$8F 21625%
!5'477.7 6A.G/4D!G

64. =!@%25!6 :

65. 25!66%@8!'477.7 6 (r) = [NO [Cl2
!
25%!5./+2'477.7 6 = x + y = 2 + 1 = 3
!5F%5G% 25%!5./+2'477.7 6 @'5%'477.7 625%!506+
!

66. ! *!
#* ! k) ! ( !
=/,F6

67. =F216F6=$8F 25!6 k) ,F2;%14)+ 300 K 0 H6.5'477.7 6
HFD'%8G

68. 22NO(g) + Cl (g) 2NOCl(g)
6HG+%6%$=!.2C%64.6 @15%/F6'477.7 6%8G+8=!@%25!6@'5%

69. 2
2 2
2
r
r = k[NO] [Cl ] k =
[NO] [Cl ]
A$%F6/6+@5G+;G% A.4 25!6@.8F+=G%26%$=!.2$8
664
.6 4D!G

70. -4 3
3 2 3
2 3
1,15x10 mol/dm .s
k =
(0,01mol/dm ) (0,01mol/dm )
k = 1,2x10 mol/dm .s
#G6A$%F6/6+@5G+;G% A.4 25!6/6+D/ B! CGHG+%26%$=!.2$8
A.4 6%$=!.2$8 664.6 H4D!GF6 k = 1,2 x 102
mol2
dm6
s1
@$=F 65%$5026%$=!.2 !5F%5G% C%6%216F6=$8F 25!6 k) 2'477.7 6
C!I9F 4CGHG+%66%$=!.2C!HD!G @)64/F6HF/F64CGHG+%66%$=!.2C!
H4D!G(=%2F6=$8F 25!6@$=F 65%
!

71. !! !( #
!($* ,! !( + %+
!
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

72. 12
6=!@%25!6

73. r = [NO [Cl2 A.4 k = 1,2 x 102
mol2
/dm6
s1
!5F%5G% #G6 [NO] = 0,03 mol/ dm3
A.4 [Cl2] = 0,04 mol/ dm3
@+:F2A$%
F6 k F6 [NO] A.4 F6 [Cl2] @=G6 4D!G

74. r = 1,2 x 102
mol2
/dm6
.s1
0,03 mol /dm3
0,04 mol /dm3
r = 4,3 x 10-3
mol/ dm3
.s1
*!
$6! A, B A.4 C '477.7 65%@8!@'5%$6! ABC !5F0=+(=%

75. A + B + C ABC
=F216

76. =F216

77. 25%!52'477.7 6@+:F2'?$?5$6! A 1: '?$?5
$6! 1: B 1: '?$?5$6! C ($6!C!$6!I9F )?$6!!?/
=F216

78. 25%!5./+2'477.7 6
=F?%=!@%25!62'477.7 6
CGHG+%26%$=!.204A!C%64.6
64.6 04A!HG+%6%$=!.22'477.7 6!5F%8G
6%$=!.2
$8
/6+@5G+;G%@.8F +=G% mol/L 25!6@.8F +=G%
mol/L[A] [B] [C]
1
2
3
4
1,0
1,0
2,0
1,0
0,15
0,15
0,15
0,15
0,3
0,1
0,1
0,1
7,2 x 10-3
2,4 x 10-3
9,6 x 10-3
2,4 x 10-3
#) +
6=!@%25!6$=F/D'$=F/D'

79. 25!66%@8!'477.7 6 r = k [A] [B]n
[C]x
(
216F62 m % H6CGHG+%66%$=!.2$8 A.4 6%$=!.2$8
4@15%
/F6 [B] A.4 [C] +8F6=$8F :@'5% 0,15 mol/L A.4 0,1 mol/L AF [A]

80. 13
'F?%A': mol/L A.4 mol/L CGHG+%66%$=!.2$8 A$%F6@=G6
C%0=+(=%
2,4 x 10-3
= k (1,0)m
(0,15)n
(0,1)x
(1)
9,6 x 10-3
= k (2,0)m
(0,15)n
(0,1)x
(2)
@2=6 16% 4D!G
m-3
-3
2,4x10 1,0
=
9,6x10 2,0

81. m
2 m
1 1
=
4 2
1 1
=
2 2

85. !5F%5G% m = 2
216F62 n @.:2CG6%$=!.2$8 A.4 6%$=!.2$8 @)64/F6C%02
6%$=!.2%8G [A] A.4 [C] =$8F AF [B] 'F?%A' A$%F6@=G6C%0=+(=%
66%$=!.2$8

86. 2,4 x 10-3
= k (1,0)m
(0,15)n
(0,1)x
@2=6 16% 4D!G
-3 m n x
-3 m n x
2,4x10 k(1,0) (0,15) (0,1)
=
2,4x10 k(1,0) (0,01) (0,1)
n
0,15
1 =
0,15

87. 4D!G 1 = 1n
!5F%5G% n
216F62 x @.:2CGHG+%26%$=!.2$8 A.4 6%$=!.2$8
A$%F6@=G6C0F0=+(=%
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

88. 14
66%$=!.2$8

89. 7,2 x 10-3
= k (1,0)m
(0,15)n
(0,3)x
(1)
(1) / (2)
-3 m n x
-3 m n x
7,2x10 k(1,0) (0,15) (0,3)
=
2,4x10 k(1,0) (0,01) (0,1)
3 = 3x
x = 1
!5F%5G% 25%!52'477.7 6@+:F2'?$?5$6! @'5%'477.7 6!5I9F
25%!5./+2'477.7 6 : m + n + x = 2 + 0 + 1 = 3
=!@%25!6 = k [A]2
[B]0
[C]1
1: r = k [A]2
[C]1
( (#(

90. ' (Differential rate law)
!5FD!GF6/+6A.G//F6=!@%25!6@'5%0=+(=%$64%7!06!$8F 04A!C1G@15%
/F625!66%@8!'477.7 69G%,F5/6+@5G+;G%2$6!5G=G%A%/C! @5F %

91. aA + bB + cC dD + eE (1)
?%=!@%25!6D!G!5F%8G

92. 25!66%@8!'477.7 6 r = k [A]x
[B]y
[C]z
(2)
6%/5!A$25!66%@8!2'477.7 6C!I9F 4/5!A$C%326%
1;!.=2$6!5G=G% 1: 4/5!A$C%326%@)8F +9G%2$6!(4.7!4)5%HF
1=/IF/ @/.6 !5F%5G% 25!66%@8!'477.7 69F?%C%3A!7@*8@-%?.D!G
!5F%8G

93. 25!66%@8!'477.7 6 !5F%8G

94. r
1
a dt
d[A]
= -
1
b dt
d[B]
= -
1
c
d[C]
dt
= +
1
d
d[D]
dt
= +
1
e
d[E]
dt
A$%F6 r C%3A!7@*8@-%?.C%=!@%25!6 1: 0=+(=% H4D!G=!
@%25!6@+:F2'?$?5$6!5G=G%2$6!C!$6!I9F 1: @+:F2'?$?5$6!
(4.7!4)5%$6!C!$6!I9F !5F%8G

95. -
1
a dt
d[A]
k [A]x
[B]y
[C]z

96. 15
-
1
b dt
d[B]
= k [A]x
[B]y
[C]z
-
1
c
d[C]
dt
= k [A]x
[B]y
[C]z
+
1
d
d[D]
dt
k [A]x
[B]y
[C]z
1
e
d[E]
dt
k [A]x
[B]y
[C]z
=!@%25!6$8F ?%C%3A0=+(=%!7@*8@-%?.A%8G+8:F@28G%04@)64/F6

97. ( ! (#(

98. '
,!! ) (
=!@%25!6+86%)=/)5%.41/F625!66%@8!'477.7 65F6=$8F 25!6
A.4 /6+@5G+;G%2$6!5G=G%A%/C! C1G?%@'5%A0=+(=%
'477.7 6

99. A + B C +8(=%6%$=!.2!5F%8G

100. 6%$=!.2$8 /6+@5G+;G% Mol/L 25!66%@8!'477.7 6
Mol/L/sA] B]
#G6 H6%=!C1G
25!66%@8!'477.7 6
F6=$8F 2'477.7 6 A.4
/6+@5G+;G%2
/6+@5G+;G%2
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130. II

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179. (Concentration of solution)
( / #/

180. (
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181. .

182. $.+

183. .
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184. , /

185. .
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186. %

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190. 100 %1. .
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197. ( 15%, *
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198. 100g (
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199. % *
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206. ) '
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207. 2 ( 0

208. +

209. 100g %1. 0
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210. #
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211. 100g H2SO4 80 mL 80 cm3
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212. ) '
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213. . +

214. 100 %1.
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215. H2SO4 80% * 0
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216. H2SO4
100 mL H2SO4 80mL.
,..
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, / .
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100
$%**-#(#*
0

217. 2.2 % ) !)

218. %

219. ' (Molarity)
2 ( 0
*

220. . +

221. 1 L 1000 mL
( . + /%1. (
molar mol/ dm3
mol/L M ( .
:
- /+/ NaOH 40g = 1 mol +
0/1dm3
, , /

222. .
( / #/
1 mol/ dm3
(%/., /

223. NaOH ( / #/
1 molar (1 M)
NaOH 40 g 1 mol.
-

224. NaCl ( / #/
2 molar 2 .

225. NaCl 1L NaCl
$. 2 mol 2 x 58,44 = 116,88 g.
%. :

226. H2SO4 ( / #/
27% *
, 1)1/
1,198
g/cm3
( / #/
molar.
): 0
* H2SO4 +

227. 1 L.

228. H2SO4
( / #/
27% *
( . 2 .:

229. 100g
.'
(
0 3m 100
V= = cm
D 1,198
H2SO4 27
m 27
n = Þ n = mol
M 98
.
/
,

230. H2SO4 1 dm3
1000 cm3
H2SO4
327 1,198
mol (1000cm )( ) 3,30 mol
98 100

231. H2SO4 ( / #/
3,30 molar.
2.3 % ) !)

232. %

233. ' (Molality).
2 ( 0
*

234. . +
% 1kg . + /%1.
(
molal mol/kg m ( .
:

235. # * ( / #/
2*/ *
2m # * 2 * .

236. 1kg 1000g.
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237. ( :
0/
$ C12H22O11 1 10 g +
0/ 125g ( / #/
molal. C = 12 , H= 1, O = 16
):
0/1 $
0/
(
*( #) = 342
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$. = 10 g
m
n= Þ n
M
10
mol
342
.
/
,
0/ 1 kg 1000g
0/
$. =
10 1,000 g
( mol
342 125 g
)

238. ( / #/
0,23 molal
2.4 % ) !)

239. %

241. * (Normality) # N.
2 ( 0

242. '(

243. %.

244. . +

245. 1 L. + /%1. (
Normal N ( .
:
-

246. HCl ( / #/
1 N 2 .

247. HCl 1 L HCl
$. 1

248. '(

249. %. (
(

250. %. 36,5g
-

251. H2SO4 1 N 2 (

252. H2SO4 1 L H2SO4
$. 1 g

253. '(

254. %. (
(

255. %. 49 g .
*

256. $
%( :
0

257. '(

258. %. (

259. %. 0
*
% +
1!. *( #
/
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0

260. '(

261. %. ( (

262. %. 0
% %
+
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263. '(

264. %. ( (

265. %. %
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266. '(

267. %.

268. . (
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269. %. 0
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270. . ( , ( %/ +
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271. /
.
0

272. '(

273. %. =
*( #
0

274. '(

275. %.

277. ( 1:

278. H3PO4
*( # 98 0

279. '(

280. %. = 3

281. '(

282. %.
3
98
= 32,67g 2 . H3PO4 32,67g +
0/ 1L
( / #/
1N.
( 2:

283. Ca(OH)2
*( # 94 0

284. '(

285. %. = 2

286. '(

287. %.
2
74
= 37g 2 . Ca(OH)2 37 g +
0/ 1L
( / #/
1N.
( 3:

288. Cr2(SO4)3
*( # 392 0

289. '(

290. %. = 6

291. '(

292. %.
6
392
= 65,33g 2 . Cr2(SO4)3 65,33 g +
0/
1L ( / #/
1N.
( 4:

293. KMnO4
*( # 158 (. KMnO4
(
Mn2+
/
Mn7+
+ 5e Mn2+
.
/
, 0

294. '(

295. %. = 5
.

296. '(

297. %.
5
158
= 31,6g 2 . Cr2(SO4)3 31,6 g +
0/ 1L ( / #/
1N.
2.5 % ) !)

298. %

299. % (

300. '
2 (
.
. 0
*

301. 0
*

302. 2% ( 0
*

303. 0
*
% ) ( .
* + /
).
X ( . ,.
$ #.
/:
'
(
: 1
1
1 2 i
n
X =
n + n + .....+ n
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304. (X)
0
*

305. 0
*

306. + 0
* **#(
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307. 2
2
1 2 i
n
X =
n + n + .....+ n
i
i
1 2 i
n
X =
n + n + .....+ n
( :

308. 1!.
0/ 36g ) (
C3H5(OH)3 46g ,
( .
*)
. .
(

309. %. + ?
): 0
* )
..
:
:
2
3 5 3
m 36
n = Þ n(H O) = = 2 mol
M 18
46
n(C H (OH) = = 0,5 mol
92
2
3 5 3
2
X(H O) = = 0,8
2+0,5
0,5
X(C H (OH) = = 0,2
2+0,5
*
%
1.

310. 1!. ( . / # * C6H12O6 0
100 g +
0/ 200g
( / #/
(
.
/ *
0.
(

311. %. + ?
2. / 1000 cm3
N2O 0
3,30 x10-5
cm3
( / #/
*
0. 0 N2O +
(

312. %. + ?
3. %. ( / #/
(
.
/ *
0.,
/:
. NaCl 50g +
0/ 200g
. (
0,4 mol +
0/ 3 0 mol
4. %. ( / #/
(
.
/ *
0.0
0.,
/:
. NaCl mol +

313. 0,650 dm3
. HCl 0,015 mol +

314. 10 cm3
. C6H12O6 400 g +

315. 800 cm3

316. . Na2CO3 53 g +

317. 1 dm3
5.
/
0/ * (. NaCl 234g +/, /

318. .
( / #/
0,25 mol/kg
6.

319. .
0/ 0,5 mol ) (
*
0,03 * %. ,.( .
*

320. (

321. %. + ?
7. %. ( .
*

322. # % +

323. NaCl 10% *
0.
?
8.

324. 1!. # )
. , /
%(
*
10g
0/ 0
100g %. ( .
* (
*
+

325. ?
9. %. ( .
* % )
.
+

326. .
/

327. A 0,5 mol; B 2,0 mol ) 98* 5,0 mol?
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328. 32
įʼnĪĭń 6 ģŁĮİŇĦōīŒĦĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩ
1. ģŁĮģŋĵĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩ
ŏĮĻœļĦĭʼnĪĸļĦŌĥĵń ĺŒĹĮĻŊŁĩģŁĮŏĨœĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩĵńĥĹŁĵħłŌİŀĮīœļĦŐĪœĵńģŁĮģĿ
ģŋĵĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩŏĻœĵńĥĹŁĵŌĤŀœĵĤŇœĮīŁĵĭńŒ īœļĦģŁĮ ĬœŁĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩĵńĥĹŁĵŌĤŀœĵĤŇœĮ įŗŒ
ōĮŒĮļĮģŗħĿĵńıʼnĮīŗŒģŁĮĭʼnĪĸļĦŐĪœ. ĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩĭńŒ ħĿĮłŏĨœŏĮģŁĮĭʼnĪĸļĦīœļĦĬņģ
īœļĦĨŀĪŌħĮ; ĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩħĿĵńĥĹŁĵĬņģīœļĦĨŀĪŌħĮijŋĦŏĪĮ ŀœĮĵ ŀĮĤŅœĮĶňŒģ ŀįĥĹŁĵįŗĸŃĺŇĪ
ĤļĦĭŁĪ, ģŁĮĨŀŒĦĮ ŗœŁŢŀģ ōĸĿ ģŁĮōĭģįŗĸŃĵŁĪĤļĦĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩ.ŎĪĩİʼnģģĿīŃōĸœĹ
ģŁĮģĿģŋĵĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩĶňŒŏĮĻœļĦĭʼnĪĸļĦīœļĦĵńģŁĮĥłĮĹĮĶŒŁĦĸĿļŋĪ, ħĿīœļĦŏĨœ
ŌĥņŒļĦĨŀŒĦĭńŒ ĺŁĵŁĪĨŀŒĦĭŁĪŐĪœŌĬŃĦĭʼnĪĺĿĮŃĩʼnĵŏĮīłōŢŒĦĭń 4 ĤļĦģķŁĵ ōĸĿ ļŒŁĮĥŒŁ ŐĪœ
ĸĿļŋĪŌĬŃĦ 0,0001 ģķŁĵ, ĺŒĹĮijŁĨĿĮĿĭńŒ ŏĨœģŋĵĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩ ōĸĿ ĹŀĪįŗĸŃĵŁĪħĿŏĨœ
ģĹĪĹŀĪįŗĸŃĵŁĪĭńŒ ĺĿļŁĪ ŌĨŃŒĦĵńĤĿŢŁĪōīģīŒŁĦģ ŀĮ.
Ľňį 6.1 ĨŇĪļŇİĿģļĮģŁĮģĿģŋĵĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩ

329. 2.
$ (
.
#
)-
(%-/#
+
*
%
/(%
-$-). -
(-+.
%
' )- #
)-
-
.
2.1
$ (
% .
#
)-
*
%
)-

330. -
(%-.
,
+
-+-0!-
-/( .
.!-
-
). %( %. (-+.,./-.
4! #
02/ ' -2 $3 $ #$ :
- #
02-, .
- #
02.

331. /3-!3 :
CV
n
1000
,#2
0 0
m N V
n = = =
M N V
n -2
4.
C -2 , !3 '3./#
m -2

332. M -2., '

333. N -2
4 ' ( ., ', . * $) )
N0 -2
4. .
= 6,02 1023
V -24#

334. V0 -24#

335. 22,4 L/ mol

336. (2, 20
(STP).
'(
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

337. ( : , - NaCl $2
,)' -2

338. /3$
, !3 '3 1,0 mol/dm3
/4#
250 cm3
3 /3 NaCl
! ? - ,!
#$/
?
$ ):
- ., ' NaCl= 23+35,5=58,5
-

339. $4#
,)2 250 cm3
CV m CVM
m m m
1000 M 1000
- 2/2
0
3
CVM 1,0 250 58,5
m m 14,625
1000 1000
g
* #
02-, .

340. $ , !3 '3 1,0 mol/L $
6

341. 2

342. 1L * 1000 cm3
$ NaCl 1,0 mol * 58,5 g
,)3

343. 250 cm3
3 /3 NaCl
! g ?
58,5 250
X 14,625 g
1000
-
2 3 !2 , - NaCl
4 14,625 g

344. ) / 43 !2/3$4#
250 mL
# )#
,2!2 NaCl #$2 #
020
3 :14,625 g -3 4

345. 3

346. 43 !2
100 cm3
/# , $; ,

347. 2

348. ) /
$2 $ 5
!
'
4#
250 cm3
-3/3 43 !2
4,! 3

349. 3 # , $ 2-3 !3 - ,2

350. )

351. 3 ) 0
)6)
, 4#

352. /
42 , $
2 / 3 4#
! 6)
!3 !2
2

353. 1 ,2 /3

354. ) !,!
,3
+-3,$2/. -) 0,2 53

355. ) -
0
34#

356. 250 cm3
.

357. 2.2
$ ( % # ) # ) )#( ) ! .
' -2

358. .

359. ,!
/3, !3 '3,$2 %3 *
) -2/3 4 $$2
$

360. (2-3 4' -2 /62,2 /30
3 , !3 '3$2 3 ,#2 $#$
!2 $3:
) ' -2 /3 , !3 '3,$2 %3 3 2

361. ) 0 *
,!
/3)

362. ,$

363. 0.
) ' -2 /3 , !3 '3,
) 3 2)

364. ) 0, -23
2 #
02 (
!2 '2$3.
C1V1 = C2V2
- C1 - C2 -2 , !3 '3,!./#
, )2 - /62 4
!
- V1 - V2 -24#

365. , )2 - /62 4
!
- #
02 43 !2$2 3 2) /

366. : V = V2 - V1
( 1:

367. NaOH $ , !3 '3 0,1 mol/L 250 mL (2/
- 3
5%2 , ' -2

368. !2 2/30
3 , !3 '3 2 mol/L
,!
-/
?
$ ): $ (
C1V1 = C2V2
(32 C1 = 0,1 mol/L - C2 = 2 mol/L
V1 = 250 mL - V2 = ?
250 mL = 0,25 L
0,1x 0,25 = 2x V2
!2 !3 2
0,1 0,25
V 0,025L=12,5 mL
2
6

369. 2 3 ,!
/3)

370. '
) , /34#

371. ! ,* 12,5 g * 2

372. ) 0$ -23 0
3 42 +
!2 $3.

373. 0,1 mol/L $
6

374. 2

375. 1 L $ NaOH 0,1 mol = 4g
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

376. 250 mL , !3 '3 0,1 mol/L
$ NaOH = 1 g
!2 !3,

377. 250 mL , !3 '3 2 mol/L
$
NaOH =
2 1
20 g
0,1
( 2:

378. KOH $ , !3 '3 5 ./#
(2/
- 35%2 ,
' -2

379. !2 2/30
3 , !3 '3 0,2 mol/L 4#
250 mL
,!
-
/
?
$ ): (3: C1= 5 mol/L; C2= 0,2 mol/L; V2= 250 ml; V1=?
4/3(
C1V1 = C2V2
32 2
1
1
C V 0,2 mol/L×25 ml
V = =10 ml 10 cm
C 5 mol/L
!3 ,)

380. KOH ,3 )3 10 mL * 10 cm3
, -32 43 !2
)
/30
3

381. 250 mL $ , !3 '3 0,2 mol/L(M).
) ' -2

382. $2 $ , !3 '3- 2 !
-2 4,)

383. #
+ ! -2$ , !3 '3- 2 !)
!.

384. #
02 , !3 '3/62$ (
'2$3:
CV = C1V1 + C2V2 +........+ CnVn
C1, C2 ... Cn -/3 , !3 '3

385. ,
$ $)52

386. ,!
mol/dm3
* mol/L
V1, V2 ... Vn -/34#
,
$

387. $)52

388. cm3
* dm3
C -/3 , !3 '3/62

389. V -/34#
/62

390. ( : ,2

391. H2SO4 -2
$2 $ , !3 '3 0,1; 0,3; 0,5 mol/L
4 300mL; 250mL; 50mL 4
!. 3,)) !/2/
+ !
0
3

392. /62$2 $ , !3 '3,)2 /
?

393. $ ): $ (
CV = C1V1 + C2V2 + C3V3
(32: C1 = 0,1 mol/L; C2= 0,3 mol/L; C3= 0,5 mol/L
V1 = 300 mL; V2 =250 mL; V3= 50 mL
V/6 72= 300 mL +250 mL +50 mL = 600 mL C/62 = ?
,)
0
3
1 1 2 2 3 3C V+C V +C V 0,1 300 0,3 270 0,5 50
C= = 0,22
V 600
mol/ L
3.
(+( # ) ).
3.1 () % *(#
% *( .
4)
/3 n =
4.
C = , !3 '3

394. V = 4#

395. m =

396. M = ., '

397. m = )

398. - )

399. .
CV
n
1000
-
m 1000m
n= C
M MV
%
=
m 100 % Σm
m
Σm 100
- 2/2
0
3
% Σm
1000
100C
MV
% Σm 10
MV

400. 32:
m
= D
V
(D = 5-53)
!2 !3
% 10 D
C
M
( : 43)3 #
5%2 $#
,# (2 8% .

401. - $ 5-53
1,13g/cm3
2 43)3
!2 2$#
,# , !3 '3,! mol/dm3
,)2 /
?
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

402. $ ):
(32: D = 1,13g/ cm3
, X = 8% , MCH3COOH = 60 C = ?
$ -!3 :
% 10 D
C
M
- 2
0
3
8% 10 1,13
C 1,5mol/L
60
3.2 () % *(

403. * #
% *( .
4 $$3 423 0 5-53

404. 40
3
-2,)
4/3(
0
3
!2 $3:
% 10
C
M
( :

405. $ , !3 '3 15% .

406. 424#
)2 2+ , !3 '3
!2 2,!./#
.
$ ):
(32: X= 15% , MNaCl = 58,5 C = ?
$ -!3 :
0
0 X 10
C
M
- 2
0
3
0
015 10
C 2,56mol/L
50,5
3.3
($
# ) ) Molarity #
Normality.
Normality = Molarity x
4+,)2
)2 :
)2 #
02,! N

407. '2$3:
.

408. NaOH 0,2 M
.

409. H2SO4 0,5 M
$ ): $ (
Normality = Molarity x
4+,)2
. 0,2 x 1= 0,2 N
* NaOH - )0
3 !3
+ :
+
-
NaOH H + OH !3 -
OH = 1
+
-
NaOH H + OH

411. 1M 1N
0,2M ?
0
3
0,2M×1N
= 0,2N
1M
. 0,5 x 2= 1 N
* H2SO4 - )0
3 !3 :
!3
++ - -
2 4 4
++
H SO 2H +SO
2H 2
++ - -
2 4 4H SO 2H +SO
1M 2N
0,5 M ?
0
3
0,5M 2N
1N
1M
* $

412. #
1.

413. NH4Cl , !3 '3 40% .

414. 424#
4 50 cm3
3
3 ,!
/3

415. $ , !3 '3,$2 %3,! 60% .

416. 424#
3 2 NH4Cl ) 0
! ?
2.

417. #
$# $2 ' -2

418. #
$# 0 1 M
4
50,00 mL !#
$# 0 20 M
4 100 mL -32 43$ 50 mL
0
3

419. $2 $ , !3 '3 ,! molar ,)2 /
?
3. 43)3$#
,#

420. 5% .

421. 42 5-53
#
,# 4#'
1, 06g/ cm3
)2 :
. , !3 '3 43)3,! M
. 43)3 500 cm3
$ 43)(2
! ?
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

422. 4.
)2

423. $..$.
)
!
/

424. , !3 '3 0,460 M
4 1,75 L.
5.
)2 ' -2

425. KOH 0,50 mol/L
4 250mL
:
. KOH $2 ,!
-
.

426. KOH 1,25 M
6. 33 ' -2

427. (II)$!
0,05 mol/dm3
4 100 cm3

428. (II) $!
0,2 mol/dm3
)2 :
.
3 /3

429. (II)$!
0,2 mol/dm3
#,)2 /
?
.

430. $2 ,
-3 $(II) $!

431. (2
! ?
7. ' -2

432. ,

433. '!
0,1 mol/L
4 100 cm3
3 /3,

434. '!
! - /3 #
02,!
4.?
8.
)2 #
02 ' -2

435. , #$!
0,1 mol/dm3
4 250 cm3
% , #$!
.
9. 33 ' -2

436. $$)
) 2 mol/L
4 250 cm3
3 /3
$$)
)
! - /3 #
02,!
4.?
10. (II)$!
3,31g /3' -2

437. (II) $!
$2 $ , !3 '3 0,25
mol/dm3
)2 4#

438. -
4. (II)$!
?
11.
)2 #

439. ,$2 )3$2 3 ,2 4/3/ ' -2

440. 420$3:
. ' -2

441. HCl 6,0 mol/dm3
4 500 cm3

442. HCl 12 mol/dm3
. ' -2

443. HNO3 1,0 mol/dm3
4 100 cm3

444. HNO3 6 mol/dm3

445. 12.

446. H2SO4 , !3 '3 27% .

447. - $ 5-53 1,198g/cm3
$ , !3 '3
! M ?
13.
)2 #
02 , !3 '3

448. '2$3 $
! 4$$ (N)
. HNO3 6,66g /

449. 1 dm3
. Na2CO3 20,5g /

450. 1 dm3
14. 33 ' -2

451. #
,# , !3 '3 0,5 M
4 150 ml

452. #
,# $2 $ , !3 '3 2 M
3 /3
! mL -
2 43
!2$
! mL?
15. / ' -2

453. HNO3 , !3 '3 0,1mol/dm3
4 2 L
3 /3
HNO3
! g ?
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

454. 1/ -,(++*-+-
,(++*/2/

455. 9#=3-(,,..,!.*.,. 8/=1$4=- ,/#..2,
.0= 8 -:#83:'.-9=3.#90= )635 350= 8!0= #1 '.#-
*.)635 9=;0,=.'(,8!.,3.#90= )63 ?=.5 9, 350= (41
-=0
3.#90= )635 @.8/3.#9*.,. ?=.'=.3
.#9*.!.,.8-= : .,.* ?.. )62 .,.$48% 0= #0
'.#8-#3 1 m )62 1 mol/kg ,#03.#9 -1,86o
C (,9'=. 3.#9
*.,. ?.. )62 .,.$48%0= #0'.#8-#385= .- .7;(=-
3.#9*.!.,.2: ?.#03.#9 00
C ,#0=.'.#9=.*
3.#92: 0 o
C - (-1,86 o
C)= 1,86 o
C . -=-, =.01=8*0'=.: =.50= .)63
5*3.#9* ?. Kf = 1,86 o
C.
1.2. 350= (41 @.8/35*.,.(4'=.35*.
!.,.(58-= : .,. ?.. )62 .,.$48% 0= #0'.#8-#3
1mol/kg ,#03585= .-2: 100,512 o
C. (,9'=. =.'.#9=.*35,
)'=..,.-.!.,.2: ?.8/=#03585= .-1000
C ,#0=.'.#
9=.*352 0,512 o
C. (,-, =.'.#9=.*3550= 08*0'=.
=.50= .8!0= #1*35* ?. Kb= 0,5120
C.
-.45'-$35-*06-$3 3+ 0#1
./= (.#.*''/0 7798(.# ,. )62 ;(4.#
'.#9=.*3.#9 9, 35 -=0:
fΔT =K.m
8/= fΔT '.#9=.**3),!4#0= =79 .

456. fK =.50= *.,.
'.#8-#38 -:#.00 )62 :#?=/:%.#
. 77;(=#'(.*.!.,. #'(.*.2,.
9, #'(.:#83*.2,.,(4/= -=0
'-$35-*06-$3 '-$35-*0#1
1
f f f
2
m ×1000
ΔT =K m=K
m ×M
1
b b b
2
m ×1000
ΔT =K m=K
m ×M
fΔT 2'.#9=.*3.#9 bΔT 2'.#9=.*359
2=.50= *3.#9*.,. 2=.50= *35*.
,.
m1 2#'(..2,.8 -%.# m22#'(.*.!.,.8 -%.#
M 2#'(.:#83*.2,.
8-2): =.50 Kf 9, Kb 9#=..5*5'/ 8/=1-
,/*.,. ..5* =.50 Kf 9, Kb *..
,.-=0:
--+- 06-$
3(o
C)
Kf
o
C/m 0##1 (o
C) Kb
o
C/m
?.
9-9
*./*.8/
.*8.6?:%
%?:%*#
8)65.*00/

459. ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

460. 44
īʼnĹĶŒŁĦ: ĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩĭńŒ ŌģńĪħŁģĮ ŗœŁīŁĮĨŁĩ C12H22O11 15,0g ĸĿĸŁĩŏĮĮ ŗœŁ 200g ħĿĵń
ĥĹŁĵōīģīŒŁĦĤļĦħŇĪģœŁĵōĤĦ ōĸĿ ħŇĪĴʼnĪŌĭʼnŒ ŁŏĪ?
(Kf = 1,8; Kb= 0,51 )
ĹŃĭńōģœ:
ĽňœĹŒŁ: Kf = 1,8; m1 = 15g; M = 342 Kb = 0,51; m2 = 200g; M= 18
fǻT =? bǻT =?
ōįįīŀœĦ 1
f f f
2
m ×1000
ǻT =K m=K
m ×M
1
b b b
2
m ×1000
ǻT =K m=K
m ×M
f
1,8 15 1000
ǻT
200 342
u u
u
b
0,51 15 1000
ǻT
200 342
u u
u
f
1,8 15 1000
ǻT 0,4 C
200 342
u u
q
u
b
0,51 15 1000
ǻT 2,125 C
200 18
u u
q
u
ţŁĩŌĻĪ: ĺ ŗŁĸŀįĭŁĪĬņģĸĿĸŁĩĭńŒ ĵńŎĥĦĽŒŁĦŌİŀĮļńļʼnĦħĿĵń fǻT ōĸĿ bǻT
ĤŅœĮģ ŀįħłĮĹĮŎĵĸļńļʼnĦĭńŒ ōīģīʼnĹŏĮĭŁĪijŁĸĿĸŁĩŌĨŀŒĮ: ĭŁĪĸĿĸŁĩŌģņļ NaCl ŌĨŃŒĦĵń
ĺļĦŎĵĸļńļʼnĦ (Na+
+ Cl-
) ħĿĵń bǻT ŌİŀĮ 1,86 x 2 = 3,72 o
C.

461. 7--$ 3+ 12!.),
1. 5=/=).3.#9 9, 35*.,.4: ; ?.0= #0'.#
8-#3 0,02 m +4'=.: ?.#0=. Kb= 0,51 o
C/m 9, Kf =1,86 o
C/m .
2. 5=*).'.#8-#3 (m) * ( C2H6O2) 0= ,2=#5; ?. ?.' 37,8 g 8!2= *
39=.,.=0#03.#9 - 0,150 o
C +4'=.: ?.#0=. Kf =1,86 o
C/m.
/=).3.#9*.,.?= 0
. .,..*8.6?%5' 3,00g ;9-9 190g. (kf = 5,12 )
. .,.8#.:; ?.8-#3 1,5m. (kf = 1,86 )
. .,.*./*.8/ 0,02 mol ; ?. 200g. (kf = 1,8)
4. .,...9 (C10H8) 2,11g ,.;09 35g 8 -.,.#0
3.#9 11,25 o
C , .!.,.#03.#9 13,25 o
C 5=/=).=. Kf
*09?
5. .,.,/ 39=..,.3: 18,00g ; ?. 150,0g .
,.0= #035100,34o
C 5=/=).#'(.:#83*3: ?.5
=. Kb * ?. 0,51 o
C?
6. 5=*).#'(.. .9 (C10H8) ,*2=#5;9-9 C6H6(l) 50,0g
8!2= * 39= ,.0= #03.#985= .- ?.?/(3, 3.#9*9-
9 5,53 o
C? , Kf *9-9 5,12?
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

462. III
!

463. 27B;!2'4$1,02+0!4B #DB,2'2,1-12$B;=$B2A@C
*4'6B.$033*32'4(8B?,02+0!47B;F2 3+2'1C'7C.!21C9C
=*0 !2%0*301'4B29!4B =*0 #DB-1'42$B;=$?A?*0#9# (B2?D
2'2$B;=$?*01#'*7*14(B2DB6B.2!21C9CC.2$B;$1
!2%0*301 =*0 1B ;+11#'*7*.!2%0*301DC.2$B;
$1'*7*.!21C9C 2$B;=$!4B 4=##DB6B. -:6 ?,02+0@2'3
(Dynamic situation) 1BB2+5B$1-9+DC!4, D21!4B C.@C/;/8C1?#94C 3B0@C
/8C 324$033*32-:2A03 !4B 45C!4B ,02+07B; +2'F2.
B29!4B 27B; +2', D21*0-+B2B29!4B 7B; =*0 B29!4B .12C.'!1
$1@!4B '4%9DB2+07B;.*0#9#

464. ! !

465. !
!
!
!
'4$033*32'4!4B 45C=##!3!2;+ ,B+-:2=*C+' 145C=##1#
$4C6@C =*0 ?0#+2!4B 4=##1#$4C6@C1C $033*3204@$C2
EC2B. 1C64$1!2%0*301 =*0 '6B.'4!2%0*30145C
0#+2$4C1#0*4B'45C!1!4/1?-C!2%0*3011BB2+2$1!2
1C9C =*0 27B;!2'4 !## 45C'6B..12.2
4$033*32@$C2EC2!9B 21#.1224$033*32$4C1# =*0 +2'1C'7C
.!21C9C =*0 !2%0*301'4B29!4B
27B;!2'4B;+C.1#2$B;=$.!21C9C =*0 !2%0
*301 27B;!2'4.!203;+1!4B 45C*0-+B2
,0 20
1C/92/;+B2 7B;!2202# (physical equilibrium) 20+B2 B;+C.1#
0#+2$B;=$!2202#

467. 9+(B2 1B 2*0-4. DC22?200$32?C.7-08'!4B D29
?004C D2+'*7*. DC2!4B +#=EC!9B 21#!4B *0-4@$
H2O(l)
H2O(g)
2,5,2*6B.27B;!2202#1#+B2'4$0--:2 1B +2'
1.2(8B,027B; (B2?D2'1'4 '4+2',9??*6B.0#+2!2
'4!4B 45C(8B,02+07B; 9+(B2 1B $033*32!4B $4C1#@C.2,4)
=4.93 =*0 44)=)2.93 ,1/8#!4
/8#!4 $033*32=##$4C 1#@C. NO2 =*0 N2O4 (8B2+07B;
/8#!4
2$B;=$+2'1C'7C. =*0 1#+*2
'6B.*4B'9C'4; NO2 (B2;+
'6B.*4B'9C'4; N2O4 (B2;+
'6B.*4B'9C'4 NO2 =*0 N2O4 $0,9'(8B D21 ,1C6B1C,21#= X $1
,1C!4B ,0= 32+07B;
/92,2'232'2 D24@$.$033*321BB2+@C2 N2O4 20+B2
N2O4 $12,!4B #DB'4,4 !1!4B NO2 $12,,4 DC221C' /1?-C,2'2,1@C
+2'1C'7C +2'1C'7C +2'1C'7C
+*2 +*2 +*2
a b c
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

469. 3#/!-#!.3#!%3 # #-$ *(3# N2O4 %-
*4#10
)# ##

470. 4

471. !

472. - --% 54##

473. NO2 - %
4% #-
4

474. %
!-%3
4-'4
* !4

475. *

476. %3 -'3-$

477. #!(3,

478. +

479. # 4 53##

480. - - #3,.

481. % 54##14% .4 #-
4

482. % 54##53% #
3,.

483. %4 5-#!3##-
4

484. NO2 .! N2O4 %3#*

485. %3
# %4

486. ##$# #-
*4#)3#!(,

487. 14%
# #% # NO2 -
*4#10
.4

488. - -% 54##32
#

489. *

490. *7*1 +' ##$#14
# #
!*!3#

491. NO2 .! N2O4 /-$3

492. # %%3 3,.

493. 1
* !4

494. %4*

495. %3

496. #.%3 3##4- #$# #3,.

497. !$ $$#%3 -.
%4'14 $3

498. %3 !

499. ')3#!(3,

500. 4

501. *

502. % #3,.

503. NO2 1-
N2O4 .! N2O4 1- NO2 !+-# .353- #3,.

504. %-'3

505. #
# #- %#0731
4#

506. 64#-*3 # # #- %%4 / #+(*

507. NO2 - %1-*3 # #- % NO2 .! #- % N2O4 -*3 # #!+#*

508. N2O4
)% 8 !.

509. #3,.

510. #-
4
(4

511. NO2 .! N2O4

512. #.

513. #!#

514. !.

515. 54)%3 14
# #*

516. NO2 - N2O4 )3(!
) 250
C #-
4
(4

517. #!.

518. 0*63/#%% -$3

519. 5#14
#
5#
/

520. #)3#!-%3*4 #!(3,

521. /5$#

522. #!!%3
(%
*63-$ #$-#!
54))3#!(3,

523. / # 5###3
#!#

524. !* NO2 - N2O4 )3(!) 250
#-
4
(4
-%3*4 (M)
#-
4
(4)3
#!(3,

525. (M)
#3

526. #-
4
(4
)3#!(3,

527. (M)
[NO2] [N2O4] [NO2] [N2O4]
]O[N
][NO
42
2
]O[N
][NO
42
2
2

528. 0.000 0.670 0.0547 0.643 0.0851 4.65x10-3
0.0500 0.446 0.0457 0.448 0.102 4.66x10-3
0.0300 0.500 0.0475 0.491 0.0967 4.60x10-3
0.0400 0.600 0.0523 0.594 0.0880 4.60x10-3
0.200 0.000 0.0204 0.0898 0.227 4.63x10-3
*0-+B2
]O[N
][NO
42
2
'4B2=B2 1-:200!4B .12,B+.
]O[N
][NO
42
2
2
C.C29!4B 3B
'4B2,0*B!9B 2 1#

529. 2
32
2 4
[NO ]
K 4,63 10 (8.1)
[N O ]
'6B. K $1B29!4B .$033*32
(8B2+07B;
.7-08' 250
, D2*1#* D2*1
. !4B ,0=?,9'%9 1C'4B2
!9B 21#*, D2$0,3(8B!2EC2. NO2 ?,9'%9'4. 1B1C ,2'2.-2B22
9+1.B29!4B 1#,9'%9'4(8B2+07B;@C,0=1B*7B'4C. 032*022
,9'%9'4=##1#$4C6@CDB@$4C
aA + bB
cC + dD
'6B. =*0 6, D2$0,3.!2 =*0 2'* D21#,2'2,C2
29+1*0-+B2B29!4B 7B; 1#+2'1C'7C(8B.7-08' 250
@C
1B4C
c d
a b
[C] [D]
K (8.2)
[A] [B]
,9'%9
4C,0E41'42+.=+
!B26 !B22 7*#4 =*0
$44+2 ?$4

530. ,9'%91BB2+?C, D2*1#$033*32=##1#$4C6@C(8B?2+0
!4B 7B; =*0 .7-08'9!4'4.12,B+*0-+B2!21C9C =*0 !2%0*30
1
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

531. 1K
1K
/8#!4 .3 (8B2+07B;'4!2%0*301-:2+B2!21C9C -:6
$033*324@$2C2
(8B2+07B;!21C9C-:2+B2!2%0*301 -:6 $033*324
@$2+2
B29!4B 3+B2+2'1C'7C.2'42$B;=$@$ =B C2$033*329C2,8B
2+07B; =*0 #DB'42$B;=$..7-08' K C.9!4B
B29!4B 0?-C/8C+B2$033*32 04$1!21C9C -:6 !2%0*301 '6B.
(8B?2+07B;3BF2 3
C2 K 1 $033*321BB2+4@$!2+2 -:6 F2 34$1!2
%0*301
C2 K 1 $033*321BB2+4@$!2C2 -:6 F2 34$1!21C9C
9B.0!3#2+2'F2.27B; =*0 99+(B227B;@2'3
9+(B2
9B.0!3#2+2'=B2*0-+B227B;!22021#!2'4
3. 2,9'%9$033*32 A
bB '4B29!4B 7B; a
b
A
B
K
'6B..32'B2 /92 D29@C+B2
C2 K 1 $033*321BB2+42C2@$+2
C2 K 1 $033*321BB2+42C2@$+2
C2 1K $033*321BB2+42C2@$+2
%3F920B2 #DB,2'2 D29!3!2.$033*32@C
!21C9C !2%0*301
!21C9C !2%0*301

532. 51
*
$,

533. /$

534. *
/ (/,
'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK( 7D';B7 TB'A0-TR0A%L'7D8RB(=J;(=JB+ L*CR(A(L%,L=A0M:S;;RB
'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK(L2A0%G0M) TB'A0*R;+M%SPL:FR((2@:C7B0 TB5A0/DR L%D,ES08HR5B;@
,G0,RK(L*AR 0 O02@-C%C:C+B%B03@:C,B*C,*G06H9C% 3HS2@%1%B0-S(%B0O=SP,S3@
:C,-@5A0P,S=JB+/DR G, 0A%L'7D*R;+P,SN,+BP';B7LISBO)%RK;%A1'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK(
(2@-C%C:C+B(M-R:@@1;0%B0+R+Q L*CR(L:DR7)B%2@-C%C:C+BI%*D,B*I((
7B,) I0%@/AS(L%D,L2A0B*C,*G06H9C% O0%T:@0D(';B71TR ,G0,RK(/DR L%D,ES0:@=;RB(
B*C, 1BL*D 3HS*RK;*B07D';B7) TBL2A0-S(?HSL.C('RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK((B*C,R0%A11B
L*D L*CR()@0 TBP2HR%B0@/C1B+L.C(BL=,(';B71TR,G0,RK(/DR L%D,ES0 0%)B%0DS
O05B;@B+'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK((2@-C%C:C+B+A(O=SLISBO)L.C(@1;0%B0/ TB:B+N
N*0/DR L%D,ES08HR*AS01A0+B%B,@-BN-@M6 ## ! D%,S;+
'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK(@M,(L.C(%B05I;5A0:@=;RB(';B7LAS7GS0(/B,-AS(-IS0 M:@
/B,3@:C,-@5A0 M:@ *%=B'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK()B%I73I0 2.2 M-RL0FR()B%=I;UR;+
(';B7LAS7GS07D=JB+M11 M:@ 5B;@(/B,B,7D';B7M-%-RB(%A0L?A,O=S7D
=JB+;C/DO0%B0*%=B'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK( L*CR(O0=I;TS-TRP2)@5C)B:@0B%B0*%=B'RB
'I(/DR ,G0,RK((2@-C%C:C+B(/B,-AS(-IS0 M:@ /B,3@:C,-@5A08HRO0@.B0@,K;
%A0 ,G0,RK(M11L2A0L0FS,K;%A0 =JF I73I0L%@5A0
(/,
.-#-'0 , +' (/,
-
#
%B0,G0,RK(/B(L'7D*@0C,0DSVB+L.C(/B,O02@-C%C:C+B8HRO05B;@,K;%A0 -I;8RB(
%B0,G0,RK((5B;@%B -I;8RB( N2O4
2NO2
]O[N
][NO
K
42
2
2
c
-I;=S+ c (KC) VB+L.C(';B7LAS7GS0O0=I;UR;+N7:B9D/D (molarity =JF mol/L),
0%0DS';B7LAS7GS0(/B,-AS(-IS0 M:@ /B,3@:C,-@5A0/DR L2A0%B+A(B7B,@
M,(P,SO0?H1';B7,A0+R+ (partial presore) ';B7,A0(%B)@7D%B05I;5A0%A1
';B7LAS7GS0(/B,O0=I;UR;+ molarity =JF mol/L0AS0'F
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

535. 52
RT
V
n
p
TB:A12@-C%C:C+BL'7D N2O4
2NO2
'RB'I(/D,G0,RK(*%P,S)B% 2
2 4
2
P
N O
P
K
P
NO

536. .
O00AS0 2NOP M:@ 4ON2
P 'F';B7,A0+R+8HR5B;@,G0,RK(O0=I;UR;+ atm
-I;=S+ p (KP) VB+L.C(';B7LAS7GS0/DR O*SO0=I;UR;+(';B7,A0
2I%%@-C KP 1TRL/IR B%A1 KC L0FR()B%';B7,A0+R+(/B,-AS(-IS0 M:@ /B,3@
:C,-@5A01TRL/IRB%A1';B7LAS7GS0O0=I;UR;+ mol/L %B05I;5A0M11(RB+Q :@=;RB(
KP %A1 KC *%P,S,AR(I73I0:GR70DS
aA(g)
bB(g)
a M:@ b L2A0 TB2@C, M:@ 'RB'I(/DR K0P,S,AR(0DS
a
b
c
[A]
[B]
K a
A
b
P
P
P
K B
L7FR PA M:@ PB L2A0';B7,A0+R+( A M:@ B N,+I77G,;RB%B7D:A%@0@
(%BI77G,
PAV = nART
A
A
n RT
P (9.2)
V
V M7R01T:C7B,(%B7D=I;UR;+L2A0:C, M:@ PBV = nBRT
V
RTn
P B
B
M/0'RBLISBL5FR *%=B KP
b
b BB
b a
P a
aA A
nn R T
VVK R T (9.3)
n R T n
V V

537. 53
)B%I73I0L/C(=I;UR;+( nA/V M:@ nB/V L2A0 mol/L M:S;B7B,M/0,S;+
! M:@ ! -B7: TB,A1,AR(0DS
Δn Δn
P C
B
K RT K (RT) (9.4)
A
b
a
L7FR Δn 'F) TB0;0N7:(%B3@:C,-@5A0:I1) TB0;0N7:(%B
-AS(-IS0 )abΔn(
';B7,A0/DR O*S7D=I;UR;+L2A0 atm
'RB'I(/DR (%B'F atm/K.mol )B%0AS0L?IBP,S%B05I;5A0:@=;RB( KC
%A1 KP P,S,AR(0DS
Δn Δn
P C CK K RT K 0,0821 T (9.5)

538. N,+/IR;P2M:S; CP KK
+I%L;AS0L7FR n = 0 -I;8RB(2@-C%C:C+B/DR L%D,ES0:@
=;RB( H2 %A1 Br2
H2(g)+ Br2
2HBr(g)
P,S
0
C
Δn
CP T0,0821KTRKK

539. @0AS0 KP = KC
-I;8RB(
+
3 2 3 3
-CH COOH(aq) + H O(l) CH COO (aq) + H O (aq)
OHCOOHCH
OHCOOCH
K
23
3
-
3
C
-S(O*SL'FR(VB+L2A0 K L5FR M+%';B7M-%-RB(('RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK(M11
/ TB7@,B/DR % TB:A(@M,(8HRSB(:GR70DSN,+'C,;RB0 TSB :C, UA%L/IR B%A1 1000%
(18,02g/mol) =JF mol ,AR(0AS0 2H O 55,5 mol/L =JF 55,5 M )B%'RB/DR P,S
.F;RBL2A0'RB/DR H(=JB+ L7FR/K1%A1';B7LAS7GS0(/B,-I;FR0/DR 8HRO0:@1I1 L*CR(R;0
=JB+)@7D'RB M1 =JF 0S+%;RB)ER(.F;RB';B7LAS7GS0(0 TSB2RK0M2(US+=JB+ =JF 1TR
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

540. 54
2RK0M2(L:D+L7FR/K1%A1/B,FR0 .F;RB';B7LAS7GS0(0 TSB7D'RB'I(/DR )ER(B7B,K0
I73I0OVRP,S,AR(0DS
COOHCH
OHCOOCH
K
3
3
-
3
C
OHKK 2CC
*2/

541. /$

542. *
/ (/,
N,+2I%%@-C'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK()@1TRK0 =JF @M,(=I;UR;+ M:@ O0/B(L/DN7P,
0B7C%'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK(7 A%)@% TB0I,,S;+M(R/B(';B7=SB;=A0 (activities) =JB+%;RB/DR )@
O*S';B7LAS7GS0 O0:@1I1/DR L2A0I77G, ';B7=SB;=A0(/B,'FA,-BR;0:@=;RB(
';B7LAS7GS0 =JF ';B7,A0+R+%A1';B7LAS7GS07B,-@.B0 (1M) =JF ';B7,A0
7B,-B.B0 1 #*' )B%0AS0L?A,O=SB7B,'A,=I;UR;+%P,S )ER(L?A,O=S K 1TR7D=I;
UR;+
'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK( K )@ES0%A1G0=@5H7'F L7FRG0=@5H7'I(/DR 'RB K %T)@'I(/D M-R
L7FRG0=@5H72RK0M2('RB K %T)@2RK0M2(
2@-C%C:C+B*@0C,-RB(%A0)@7D)'RB K )@7D=I;UR;+-RB(%A0 M:@1B(2@-C%C:C+B1TR
7D=I;UR;+L*AR 0
H2(g)+ I2(g)
2HI(g)
2 2
2 2
HI (mol/L)
K
H I (mol/L)(mol/L)
L=A0P,S;RB 'RB1TR7D=I;UR;+L5B@=I;UR;+.F%=A%:SB(% A0P2VI,
3H2(g) +N2(g)
2NH3(g)
2 3 2
3
3 3 3 3
2 2
NH (mol/dm )
K
(mol/dm )(mol/dm )H N
6 2
3 2
1
dm /mol
(mol/dm )

543. 55
-I;8RB(:GR70DS@M,(L.C(;C/D%B0' TB0;0=B'RB'I(/DR ';B7LAS7GS0(/B,8HR5B;@
,G0,RK( M:@ %B0K0'RB'I(/DR
*/$
) IR(@M,(%B0*%=B'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK( KC M:@ KP (2@-C%C:C+B-TR
P20DS
+
2 3
2 2
3 2 5 3 2 5 2
-1) HF(aq) + H O(l) H O (aq) + F (aq)
2) 2NO(g) + O (g) 2NO (g)
3) CH COOH(aq) + C H OH(l) CH COOC H (aq) + H O(l)
%R0)@@M,(%B0*%=B'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK( KC M:@ KP -S(' TB0E(L.C(
1A0=B'F
% TB:A12@-C%C:C+B/DR L2A0%B
';B7LAS7GS0(0 TSB.F;RBL2A0'RB'I(/DR /DR 1TRO*SO0%B0' TB0;0
2@-C%C:C+B/DR L%D,ES01TR7D/B,B+LISB7B%RK;S( @0AS0L?IB-S(*%=B KC
OHHF
FOH
K
2
3
C
HF L2A0B*C,R0 ,AR(0AS00 TSBB7B,-A,%P,S
3
C
H O F
K
HF
2
2
2 2
NO2
C P2 2
NO O2
PNO
2) K ; K
P PNO O
3 2 5
C
3 2 5
CH COOC H
3) K
CH COOH C H OH
*/$
) IR(*%=B'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK( KC (2@-C%C:C+B:GR70DS8HR 2300
C.
2 22NO(g) + O (g) 2NO (g)
N,+7D';B7LAS7GS0(M-R:@/B,8HR5B;@,G0,RK(,AR(0DS:
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

544. 56
[NO]=0,052M , [O2]= 0,127M, [NO2] = 15,5M
'RB'I(/DR *%P,S)B%
2
2
2
2
C
ONO
NO
K
M/0'RB-B7=I;1I,% TB0I,O=S)@P,S 5
2
2
C 1044,6
0,1270,0542
15,5
K

545. KC /DR *%P,S 1TR7D=I;UR;+ 'RB/DR P,S7D'RBH( ,'R(%A1%B0/DR ';B7LAS7GS0
( NO2 7D'RBH(L7FR/K1%A1';B7LAS7GS0( NO M:@ O2
*/$
'RB'I(/DR Kp (%B0@=JB+-I;(6I6TM2(-B%JT9I; ( PCl5) N,+
7D3@:C,-@5A0'F 6I6T-JD%JT9I; 3 M:@ %JT (Cl2) 7D'RB

546. 8HR

547. 0
C .SB';B7,A0
+R+( PCl5 M:@ PCl3 L/IR B%A1 0,875atm M:@ 0,463 atm -B7: TB,A1, ) IR(' TB0;0
=B';B7,A0+R+( Cl2 8HR5B;@,G0,RK(.
'RB'I(/DR Kp *%=BP,S)B%
5
23
PCl
ClPCl
C
P
PP
K
M/0'RB';B7,A0+R+L?IBP,S
2
2
Cl
Cl
0,463 P 1,05 0,875
1,05 P 1,98atm
0,875 0,463

549. */$
%B03@:C,L7-BN0:O0G,B=@% TB @M,(,AR(2@-C%C:C+B:GR70DS
2 3 CCO(g) 2H CH OH K 10,5
8HRG0=@5H7 2200
C ) IR(*%=B'RB KP
-1
Δn
C
Δn
CP T0,0821KTRKK

550. T = 220 + 273 = 493K
Δn = 1 - 3 = -2
3-2
P 1041,6)493082,0(5,10K

552. KC M:@ Kp -RB(%TL2A0'RB'I(/DR 1TR7D=I;UR;+ L=A0;RB'RB/A((1TRL/IR B%A0 ES0%A1
;RB)@' TB0;07B)B%';B7LAS7GS0 =JF ';B7,A0

553. 57
*/$
5 0 TBLIB4GR0L=JA% M:@ 0 TSBORO05B*@0@@UB,

554. :C, A,4BO=S
MUS0M:S; 0 TBP2L3IBP68HRG0=@5H7 10000
L%D,2@-C%C:C+B,AR(0DS
2 3 4 23Fe(s) 4H O(l) Fe O (s) 4H (g)
L7FR2@-C%C:C+BLISBHR5B;@,G0,RK( )B%%B0;CL'B@5I1;RB5B+O05B*@0@2@%1
,S;+%B?DN,9M*0 1,10% M:@ B+0 TSB
% ) IR(' TB0;0=B'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK((
2@-C%C:C+B0DS (H = 1, O = 16)
7;0B0N7L:%G:( x 2 = 2
7;0B0N7L:%G:( x 2

555. + =
) TB0;0N7:(%B?DN,9M*0
mol0,55
2
1,10
M
m
n
) TB0;0N7:(0 TSB
mol36,2
18
42,50
M
m
n
8HR5B;@,G0,RK( 1T:C7B,

556. :C, ';B7LAS7GS0( 2
0,55
H (g) 0,11 mol/L
5
';B7LAS7GS0(
mol/L47,0
5
36,2
O(g)H2
4 4
2
4 4
2
H (0,11)
K 0,003
(0,47)H O
'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK((2@-C%C:C+B0DS8HR 10000
= 3,0x10-3
*/$
6 L7FR-FR7 H2(g) M:@ I2(g) 8RB(:@ 2mol :I(O05B*@0@@UB, 20
:C,8HRG0=@5H7 5200
C L7FR:@1I1LISBHR5B;@,G0,RK()B%%B0;CL'B@5I1;RB5B+O05B
*@0@2@%1,S;+ HI(g) 0,24 mol ) IR(' TB0;0=B'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK((2@-C%C:C+B
2 2H (g) I (g) 2HI(g)
: )B%I73I0 2 2H (g) I (g) 2HI(g)
L=A0;RB HI(g) 2mol P,S)B% H2(g) 1mol ?R;7%A1 I2(g) 1mol
@0AS0 HI(g) 0,24mol P,S)B% H2(g) mol12,0
2
24,0
?R;7%A1
I2(g) mol12,0
2
24,0
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

557. 58
@0AS08HR5B;@,G0,RK(7D H2(g) M:@ I2(g) L=JF8HR*@0C,:@ mol
';B7LAS7GS0( HI(g), H2(g) M:@ I2(g) 8HR5B;@,G0,RK('F
[HI] = mol/L012,0
20
24,0
mol/L094,0
20
88,1
IH 22
2 2
2
2 2
HI (0,012 mol/L)
K 0,0163 1,63 10
H I 0,094mol/L 0,094 mol/L

559. */$
7 %BBN70DA% '( O05B*@0@ :C, 8HRG0=@5H7 6500
L7FR:@1I1LISBHR5B;@,G0,RK(5I1;RB7D%BBN70DA%8HR5K( 71% (L;:BL:DR7-IS0 ) IR(
' TB0;0=B'RB'I(/DR ,G0,RK((2@-C%C:C+B-TRP20DS
2NH3(g)
3H2(g) +N2(g)
5B;@,G0,RK(5I1;RB7D%BBN70DA%8HR5K( 71%
71 2
1,42mol/L
100