6 Name Paper 3 Introduction Comment by Richards, Sharlene - richarst: Note this paper is only 4 pages- it should be minimally 4 ½ pages. Out of all sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) cases calculated each year, 50% are contracted by young people ages 15-24 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). This age group is particularly at risk for STDs because they tend to sexually active, and engage in more sexually-risky behaviors. This research proposal examines the relationship between memorable messages received from mothers about sex prior to college and female college students’ perceived risks for STIs. First, the review of literature will discuss research on mother-daughter communication surrounding sexual behavior. Second, the literature review will examine research on perceived risk for STDs. Following the literature review, the rationale will present an argument for the research question. Following the rationale, the research question will be stated. Literature Review Mother-Daughter Communication about Sex Memorable messages are short, specific, verbal messages that one remembers throughout life (Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). Past research indicates that mothers have a significant influence on their daughter’s sexual behavior. Conversations about sex are marked by discomfort by both mothers and daughters, however, daughters see mothers as admirable role models (Dennis & Wood, 2012). Mothers are influential on their daughter’s views about sex and sexual behavior (Binkley, Frey, & Violanti, 2007). Comment by Richards, Sharlene - richarst: This is a conceptual definition Comment by Richards, Sharlene - richarst: This is a summary statement Past research indicates that mothers may engage in more conversations with their children and discuss more topics, but this may vary according to their parenting style. A study of parent-child triads found that, between mothers and fathers, mothers tend to engage in more conversations about sexuality with their children and discuss a wider variety of topics (Heisler, 2005). Askelson, Campo, and Smith (2012) surveyed mothers of daughters age 9-15 years old, and recorded ten conversation topics total, covering: menstruation, sexual intercourse, romantic relationships, sexually-transmitted infections or diseases, contraception methods, and sexual orientation. In this study, subjects such as menstruation and alcohol (around 80% of mothers recorded discussing these) were discussed much more than others like contraceptives and condoms (both around 30%) (Askelson et al., 2012). Askelson et al. (2012) questioned how a mother’s parenting style affected mother-daughter sex communication, and found that more authoritative mothers (who were demanding of, but responsive to, their children) discussed a greater number of topics with their daughters and at an earlier age than less authoritative mothers. Past research indicates that conversations about sex with daughters appear to be limi.

1. 6
Name
Paper 3
Introduction Comment by Richards, Sharlene - richarst: Note
this paper is only 4 pages- it should be minimally 4 ½ pages.
Out of all sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) cases
calculated each year, 50% are contracted by young people ages
15-24 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). This
age group is particularly at risk for STDs because they tend to
sexually active, and engage in more sexually-risky behaviors.
This research proposal examines the relationship between
memorable messages received from mothers about sex prior to
college and female college students’ perceived risks for STIs.
First, the review of literature will discuss research on mother-
daughter communication surrounding sexual behavior. Second,
the literature review will examine research on perceived risk for
STDs. Following the literature review, the rationale will present
an argument for the research question. Following the rationale,
the research question will be stated.
Literature Review
Mother-Daughter Communication about Sex
Memorable messages are short, specific, verbal messages
that one remembers throughout life (Rubinsky & Cooke-
Jackson, 2017). Past research indicates that mothers have a
significant influence on their daughter’s sexual behavior.
Conversations about sex are marked by discomfort by both
mothers and daughters, however, daughters see mothers as

2. admirable role models (Dennis & Wood, 2012). Mothers are
influential on their daughter’s views about sex and sexual
behavior (Binkley, Frey, & Violanti, 2007). Comment by
Richards, Sharlene - richarst: This is a conceptual definition
Comment by Richards, Sharlene - richarst: This is a
summary statement
Past research indicates that mothers may engage in more
conversations with their children and discuss more topics, but
this may vary according to their parenting style. A study of
parent-child triads found that, between mothers and fathers,
mothers tend to engage in more conversations about sexuality
with their children and discuss a wider variety of topics
(Heisler, 2005). Askelson, Campo, and Smith (2012) surveyed
mothers of daughters age 9-15 years old, and recorded ten
conversation topics total, covering: menstruation, sexual
intercourse, romantic relationships, sexually-transmitted
infections or diseases, contraception methods, and sexual
orientation. In this study, subjects such as menstruation and
alcohol (around 80% of mothers recorded discussing these) were
discussed much more than others like contraceptives and
condoms (both around 30%) (Askelson et al., 2012). Askelson et
al. (2012) questioned how a mother’s parenting style affected
mother-daughter sex communication, and found that more
authoritative mothers (who were demanding of, but responsive
to, their children) discussed a greater number of topics with
their daughters and at an earlier age than less authoritative
mothers.
Past research indicates that conversations about sex with
daughters appear to be limited to certain topics. Dennis and
Wood (2012) interviewed Black daughters’ (ages 19-22)
recollections of conversations with their Black mothers about
sex. Few (20%) daughters recalled having open conversations
with their mothers; instead, most remembered the conversations
being brief and inexplicit (Dennis & Wood, 2012). Binkley et

3. al. (2007) study found that mothers were more likely to discuss
less controversial sex topics with their daughters (i.e. more
discussed abstinence than safe sex or about birth control rather
than abortion) (Binkley et al., 2007). The researchers proposed
that this was due to participants’ culture as residents within the
Bible Belt region, which has characteristic values of women’s
abstinence and negative views on abortion (Binkley et al.,
2007).
Past research indicates that memorable messages about sexual
health tend to be more negative, rather than positive. The
negative messages tended to be about the physical and
emotional consequences of sex and feelings of discomfort
(Dennis & Wood, 2012). Similarly, a study of women and
gender minorities’ memorable messages about sexual health
(which came from sources such as parents and educators)
discovered a main theme of danger (Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson,
2017). These memorable messages of danger surrounded the
negative physical (STDs, unplanned pregnancies) and emotional
(low self-esteem) outcomes of sex (Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson,
2017). Participants in this survey recorded wishing they had
received memorable messages about the positive aspects of sex
and open dialogue, among others like consent negotiation
(Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). Comment by Richards,
Sharlene - richarst: Note: There should be one more paragraph
here.
There should be 5 paragraphs.
Perceived Risk of STDs Comment by Richards, Sharlene -
richarst: Note: In this section there should be five sources, there
are only four cited currently.
I changed the guidelines for this assignment- thus- this example
paper is missing a source here.
Risk perception is one’s believed susceptibility to
contracting a disease, along with the believed severity of the
disease (Mehrotra, Noar, Zimmerman, & Palmgree, 2008).

4. Previous research indicates a low risk perception for STDs. In a
study of students at a minority-serving college, almost half of
respondents (48.1% of those ages 20-29 and 57.9% of those
below 20 years old) perceived themselves as having no chance
of being infected with HIV (Adefuye, Abiona, Balogun, &
Lukabo-Durrell, 2009). Similarly, Mehrotra et al. (2008)
surveyed sexually-active 18-26 year olds through random digit
dialing. Respondents of the survey perceived a greater risk of
pregnancy from unprotected sex than of STIs or HIV, especially
in casual sex encounters. Further, Chapin (2001) found that
adolescents have optimistic bias, and believe they are less likely
than others to get pregnant or too cause a pregnancy.
Previous research indicates that those who engage in safe
sex practices tend to have a higher risk perception of STIs. In a
30-month longitudinal study of girls receiving the HPV (human
papillomavirus) vaccine, perceived risk for STDs other than
HPV significantly increased (Mullins et al., 2016). Likewise,
Mehrotra et al. (2008) found that participants who used
condoms reported higher perceived risk of STIs, HIV, and
pregnancy than those who did not report condom use.
Comment by Richards, Sharlene - richarst: Three more
paragraphs like these are needed here.
Rationale
Memorable messages from mothers are influential and tend
to focus on the negative aspects of sex. Mothers are influential
on their daughter’s views about sex and sexual behavior
(Binkley, Frey, & Violanti, 2007). Memorable messages of
danger were a focus of the sexual health conversations that
occurred Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). Comment by
Richards, Sharlene - richarst: This paragraph should have a bit
more in terms of citations. Additionally it should be showing
how memorable messages have been linked in the past to risk
perception.
Perceived risk for pregnancy was a predominant worry, as
compared to perceived risk for STDs. Mehrotra et al. (2008)
found that college-aged individuals perceived a greater risk of

5. pregnancy from unprotected sex than of STIs or HIV, especially
in casual sex encounters. Comment by Richards, Sharlene -
richarst: Likewise this paragraph should show how perceived
risk has been linked back to parent-child communication.
Thus it is likely that contents of memorable messages from
conversations with mothers are related to perceived risk for
STDs. Therefore the following research question is proposed.
RQ: Is there a relationship between memorable messages
received from mothers about sex before college and female
college students’ perceived risk for STIs?
References Comment by Richards, Sharlene - richarst: Note:
there are only nine scholarly sources here. There should be ten.
The other source is a credible source- for the statistic- not a
scholarly source.
You need ten scholarly sources (articles/conference papers).
Adefuye, A. S., Abiona, T. C., Balogun, J. A., & Lukobo-
Durrell, M. (2009). HIV sexual risk
behaviors and perception of risk among college students:
Implications for planning
interventions. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 281-292.
doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-281
Askelson, N. M., Campo, S., & Smith, S. (2012). Mother–
daughter communication about
sex: The influence of authoritative parenting style. Health
Communication, 27(5),
439-448. doi:10.1080/10410236.2011.606526
Binkley, L., Frey, R., & Violanti, M. (2007, November). Sex
communication between mothers
and daughters. Paper presented at the National Communication
Association Annual

6. Convention, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from
http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Sexually
transmitted disease surveillance
2016: STDs in adolescents and young adults. Retrieved March
12, 2018 from
www.cdc.gov/std/stats16/
Chapin, J. (2001). It won't happen to me: The role of optimistic
bias in African American teens'
risky sexual practices. Howard Journal of Communications,
12(1), 49-59.
doi:10.1080/10646170151143370
Dennis, A. C., & Wood, J. T. (2012). “We're not going to have
this conversation, but you get it”:
Black mother–daughter communication about sexual relations.
Women's Studies In
Communication, 35(2), 204-223.
doi:10.1080/07491409.2012.724525
Heisler, J. M. (2005). Family communication about sex: Parents
and college-aged offspring
recall discussion topics, satisfaction, and parental involvement.
Journal of Family
Communication, 5(4), 295-312. Retrieved from
http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/
Mehrotra, P., Noar, S., Zimmerman, R., & Palmgreen, P. (2008,
May). Understanding partner
characteristics and personality factors as predictors of HIV:
Implications for message
design. Paper presented at the International Communication
Association Annual Meeting,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Retrieved from
http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/
Mullins, T. K., Zimet, G. D., Rosenthal, S. L., Morrow, C.,
Ding, L., Huang, B., & Kahn, J. A.
(2016). Human papillomavirus vaccine-related risk perceptions
and subsequent sexual

7. behaviors and sexually transmitted infections among vaccinated
adolescent women.
Vaccine, 34(34), 4040-4045. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.026
Rubinsky, V., & Cooke-Jackson, A. (2017). “Tell me something
other than to use a condom and
sex is scary”: Memorable messages women and gender
minorities wish for and recall
about sexual health. Women's Studies in Communication, 40(4),
379-400. doi:10.1080/07491409.2017.1368761
Outline for Paper 3
I. Introduction
a. Paragraph 1-Cite a credible and relevant statistic (paraphrase
and cite). This paragraph addresses why this topic is important
to study.
b. Paragraph 2-Summarize the RQ you are going to propose.
c. Paragraph 3-Preview the Sections of the Paper.
II. Literature Review
a. Sub-Section for Independent Variable Related Research (Cite
5 Journal Articles)
i. Paragraph 1-Conceptual Definition, Summary Statement, Cite
Two Findings from Two Different Articles
ii. Paragraph 2-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from
Two Different Articles
iii. Paragraph 3-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from
Two Different Articles
iv. Paragraph 4-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from
Two Different Articles
v. Paragraph 5-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from
Two Different Articles
b. Sub-Section for Dependent Variable Related Research (Cite 5

8. Journal Articles, Different Articles from the above Sub-Section)
i. Paragraph 1-Conceptual Definition, Summary Statement, Cite
Two Findings from Two Different Articles
ii. Paragraph 2-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from
Two Different Articles
iii. Paragraph 3-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from
Two Different Articles
iv. Paragraph 4-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from
Two Different Articles
v. Paragraph 5-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from
Two Different Articles
III. Rationale
a. Paragraph 1-Cite Specific Findings, Argument that IV is
likely related to DV
b. Paragraph 2-Cite Specific Findings, Argument that DV is
likely related to IV
c. Paragraph 3-Restate and Conclude the Argument
IV. References (Beginning on a New Page- Use Page Break)
6
Name
Paper 3
Introduction Comment by Richards, Sharlene - richarst: Note
this paper is only 4 pages- it should be minimally 4 ½ pages.
Out of all sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) cases
calculated each year, 50% are contracted by young people ages
15-24 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). This
age group is particularly at risk for STDs because they tend to
sexually active, and engage in more sexually-risky behaviors.
This research proposal examines the relationship between
memorable messages received from mothers about sex prior to

9. college and female college students’ perceived risks for STIs.
First, the review of literature will discuss research on mother-
daughter communication surrounding sexual behavior. Second,
the literature review will examine research on perceived risk for
STDs. Following the literature review, the rationale will present
an argument for the research question. Following the rationale,
the research question will be stated.
Literature Review
Mother-Daughter Communication about Sex
Memorable messages are short, specific, verbal messages
that one remembers throughout life (Rubinsky & Cooke-
Jackson, 2017). Past research indicates that mothers have a
significant influence on their daughter’s sexual behavior.
Conversations about sex are marked by discomfort by both
mothers and daughters, however, daughters see mothers as
admirable role models (Dennis & Wood, 2012). Mothers are
influential on their daughter’s views about sex and sexual
behavior (Binkley, Frey, & Violanti, 2007). Comment by
Richards, Sharlene - richarst: This is a conceptual definition
Comment by Richards, Sharlene - richarst: This is a
summary statement
Past research indicates that mothers may engage in more
conversations with their children and discuss more topics, but
this may vary according to their parenting style. A study of
parent-child triads found that, between mothers and fathers,
mothers tend to engage in more conversations about sexuality
with their children and discuss a wider variety of topics
(Heisler, 2005). Askelson, Campo, and Smith (2012) surveyed
mothers of daughters age 9-15 years old, and recorded ten
conversation topics total, covering: menstruation, sexual
intercourse, romantic relationships, sexually-transmitted
infections or diseases, contraception methods, and sexual

10. orientation. In this study, subjects such as menstruation and
alcohol (around 80% of mothers recorded discussing these) were
discussed much more than others like contraceptives and
condoms (both around 30%) (Askelson et al., 2012). Askelson et
al. (2012) questioned how a mother’s parenting style affected
mother-daughter sex communication, and found that more
authoritative mothers (who were demanding of, but responsive
to, their children) discussed a greater number of topics with
their daughters and at an earlier age than less authoritative
mothers.
Past research indicates that conversations about sex with
daughters appear to be limited to certain topics. Dennis and
Wood (2012) interviewed Black daughters’ (ages 19-22)
recollections of conversations with their Black mothers about
sex. Few (20%) daughters recalled having open conversations
with their mothers; instead, most remembered the conversations
being brief and inexplicit (Dennis & Wood, 2012). Binkley et
al. (2007) study found that mothers were more likely to discuss
less controversial sex topics with their daughters (i.e. more
discussed abstinence than safe sex or about birth control rather
than abortion) (Binkley et al., 2007). The researchers proposed
that this was due to participants’ culture as residents within the
Bible Belt region, which has characteristic values of women’s
abstinence and negative views on abortion (Binkley et al.,
2007).
Past research indicates that memorable messages about sexual
health tend to be more negative, rather than positive. The
negative messages tended to be about the physical and
emotional consequences of sex and feelings of discomfort
(Dennis & Wood, 2012). Similarly, a study of women and
gender minorities’ memorable messages about sexual health
(which came from sources such as parents and educators)
discovered a main theme of danger (Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson,
2017). These memorable messages of danger surrounded the
negative physical (STDs, unplanned pregnancies) and emotional
(low self-esteem) outcomes of sex (Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson,

11. 2017). Participants in this survey recorded wishing they had
received memorable messages about the positive aspects of sex
and open dialogue, among others like consent negotiation
(Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). Comment by Richards,
Sharlene - richarst: Note: There should be one more paragraph
here.
There should be 5 paragraphs.
Perceived Risk of STDs Comment by Richards, Sharlene -
richarst: Note: In this section there should be five sources, there
are only four cited currently.
I changed the guidelines for this assignment- thus- this example
paper is missing a source here.
Risk perception is one’s believed susceptibility to
contracting a disease, along with the believed severity of the
disease (Mehrotra, Noar, Zimmerman, & Palmgree, 2008).
Previous research indicates a low risk perception for STDs. In a
study of students at a minority-serving college, almost half of
respondents (48.1% of those ages 20-29 and 57.9% of those
below 20 years old) perceived themselves as having no chance
of being infected with HIV (Adefuye, Abiona, Balogun, &
Lukabo-Durrell, 2009). Similarly, Mehrotra et al. (2008)
surveyed sexually-active 18-26 year olds through random digit
dialing. Respondents of the survey perceived a greater risk of
pregnancy from unprotected sex than of STIs or HIV, especially
in casual sex encounters. Further, Chapin (2001) found that
adolescents have optimistic bias, and believe they are less likely
than others to get pregnant or too cause a pregnancy.
Previous research indicates that those who engage in safe
sex practices tend to have a higher risk perception of STIs. In a
30-month longitudinal study of girls receiving the HPV (human
papillomavirus) vaccine, perceived risk for STDs other than
HPV significantly increased (Mullins et al., 2016). Likewise,
Mehrotra et al. (2008) found that participants who used
condoms reported higher perceived risk of STIs, HIV, and

12. pregnancy than those who did not report condom use.
Comment by Richards, Sharlene - richarst: Three more
paragraphs like these are needed here.
Rationale
Memorable messages from mothers are influential and tend
to focus on the negative aspects of sex. Mothers are influential
on their daughter’s views about sex and sexual behavior
(Binkley, Frey, & Violanti, 2007). Memorable messages of
danger were a focus of the sexual health conversations that
occurred Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). Comment by
Richards, Sharlene - richarst: This paragraph should have a bit
more in terms of citations. Additionally it should be showing
how memorable messages have been linked in the past to risk
perception.
Perceived risk for pregnancy was a predominant worry, as
compared to perceived risk for STDs. Mehrotra et al. (2008)
found that college-aged individuals perceived a greater risk of
pregnancy from unprotected sex than of STIs or HIV, especially
in casual sex encounters. Comment by Richards, Sharlene -
richarst: Likewise this paragraph should show how perceived
risk has been linked back to parent-child communication.
Thus it is likely that contents of memorable messages from
conversations with mothers are related to perceived risk for
STDs. Therefore the following research question is proposed.
RQ: Is there a relationship between memorable messages
received from mothers about sex before college and female
college students’ perceived risk for STIs?
References Comment by Richards, Sharlene - richarst: Note:
there are only nine scholarly sources here. There should be ten.
The other source is a credible source- for the statistic- not a
scholarly source.

13. You need ten scholarly sources (articles/conference papers).
Adefuye, A. S., Abiona, T. C., Balogun, J. A., & Lukobo-
Durrell, M. (2009). HIV sexual risk
behaviors and perception of risk among college students:
Implications for planning
interventions. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 281-292.
doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-281
Askelson, N. M., Campo, S., & Smith, S. (2012). Mother–
daughter communication about
sex: The influence of authoritative parenting style. Health
Communication, 27(5),
439-448. doi:10.1080/10410236.2011.606526
Binkley, L., Frey, R., & Violanti, M. (2007, November). Sex
communication between mothers
and daughters. Paper presented at the National Communication
Association Annual
Convention, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from
http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Sexually
transmitted disease surveillance
2016: STDs in adolescents and young adults. Retrieved March
12, 2018 from
www.cdc.gov/std/stats16/
Chapin, J. (2001). It won't happen to me: The role of optimistic
bias in African American teens'
risky sexual practices. Howard Journal of Communications,
12(1), 49-59.
doi:10.1080/10646170151143370
Dennis, A. C., & Wood, J. T. (2012). “We're not going to have
this conversation, but you get it”:
Black mother–daughter communication about sexual relations.
Women's Studies In
Communication, 35(2), 204-223.
doi:10.1080/07491409.2012.724525
Heisler, J. M. (2005). Family communication about sex: Parents

14. and college-aged offspring
recall discussion topics, satisfaction, and parental involvement.
Journal of Family
Communication, 5(4), 295-312. Retrieved from
http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/
Mehrotra, P., Noar, S., Zimmerman, R., & Palmgreen, P. (2008,
May). Understanding partner
characteristics and personality factors as predictors of HIV:
Implications for message
design. Paper presented at the International Communication
Association Annual Meeting,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Retrieved from
http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/
Mullins, T. K., Zimet, G. D., Rosenthal, S. L., Morrow, C.,
Ding, L., Huang, B., & Kahn, J. A.
(2016). Human papillomavirus vaccine-related risk perceptions
and subsequent sexual
behaviors and sexually transmitted infections among vaccinated
adolescent women.
Vaccine, 34(34), 4040-4045. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.026
Rubinsky, V., & Cooke-Jackson, A. (2017). “Tell me something
other than to use a condom and
sex is scary”: Memorable messages women and gender
minorities wish for and recall
about sexual health. Women's Studies in Communication, 40(4),
379-400. doi:10.1080/07491409.2017.1368761
2
Paper 3 Guidelines & Grading Rubric (100 points)
If you did not get full points for your research question on the

15. previous assignment, then you need to revise your research
question. You must get your research question approved before
you submit this paper. This paper is based off of your proposed
research question, thus, it is essential that it is an acceptable
question.
This paper has three components: 1) Introduction, 2) Literature
Review, and 3) Rationale and Research Question.
Introduction
The introduction should be three paragraphs.
Paragraph one should paraphrase a credible statistic that shows
that this is an important area of study. This statistic does not
have to come from a scholarly journal source. Be sure to be
specific and cite the source.
Paragraph two should summarize the research question you are
going to present at the end of the literature review.
Paragraph three should preview the sections of the literature
review. The first section of the literature review will examine
research related to ______ (independent variable). The second
section of the literature review will examine research related to
___________ (dependent variable). Third, a rationale will be
presented, along with a research question.
Literature Review
You will have two sub-sections here (one for research related to
your independent variable, and one for research related to your
dependent variable).
At the beginning of each section you should state the conceptual
definition for the variable (paraphrase and cite source). The
conceptual definition can be a part of the first paragraph (state
this, then the summary statement, then the specific findings).
Start each paragraph with a summary statement about what we
know about past research, “Past research indicates _____ about
the independent variable.” Then go on to summarize (and cite)
specific findings from past research that support that statement.
Each paragraph should clearly cite findings that are interrelated
from two different sources.
Then you should have five paragraphs in each sub-section (with

16. each paragraph being about a half of a page).
Each section (IV and DV) should summarize findings from five
different sources. The sources you cite in the IV section should
be different sources from the ones cited in the DV section. You
need to cite a total of ten sources overall in the literature review
section.
Rationale and Research Question
In the rationale section you will present an argument (supported
by citation of specific findings) as to why the two variables in
your research question are likely related.
The rationale should incorporate three paragraphs.
In the first paragraph you should discuss how the IV has been
related to similar variable (similar to the DV) in past research,
and/or related to other variables that have been found to be
related to the DV.
In the second paragraph you should discuss how the DV has
been related to similar variables to the IV in past research,
and/or related to other variables that have been found to be
related to the IV.
In the third paragraph you should state that based on the above
evidence, that it is likely that the IV and DV (in your RQ) are
related, and that this should be tested.
The first two paragraphs should be about half a page. The final
paragraph can be relatively short. You do not need to cite new
sources for this section. In this section you are citing findings
that you have already explained in the literature review section.
At the end of your rationale you should state your RQ.
Sources/Page Length/ Formatting
In this paper you need to cite 10 communication research
articles (conference papers or published studies). The paper
should be a minimum of 4 1/2 pages double spaced, Times New
Roman, 12 Point Font (not including your reference list pages).
The introduction should be a half page (minimum), the
literature review should be 2 ½ pages (minimum), and the
rationale should be 1 ½ pages (minimum).
You should use third-person throughout this paper. Do not

17. reference yourself, and/or use I.
You may not use any quotes in this paper.
Grading Rubric- Paper 3 Name:
_____________________________________
Introduction (10 points)
Cites Credible Statistic (4 Pts.)
Previews the RQ (3 Pts)
Previews Paper Sections (3 Pts)
Literature Review (40 points)
Section 1: (20 Pts Total , Each 4 Pts)
Section begins with a paraphrased conceptual definition for
variable (and citation)
Each paragraph begins with a summary statement
Each paragraph clearly discusses research findings
Each paragraph summarizes and relates findings from two
different studies
Section summarizes findings from five different sources and
there are five paragraphs
Section 2: (20 Pts Total , Each 4 Pts)
Section begins with a paraphrased conceptual definition for

18. variable (and citation)
Each paragraph begins with a summary statement
Each paragraph clearly discusses research findings
Each paragraph summarizes and relates findings from two
different studies
Section summarizes findings from five different sources and
there are five paragraphs
Rationale (40 points)
The evidence and warrant for paragraph 1 are clearly stated
(17.5 points)
The evidence and warrant for paragraph 2 are clearly stated
(17.5 points)
Paragraph 3 is clearly written (5 points)
APA Style & References (10 points)
Correctly Cite Sources in-text (5 points)
Correctly Cite Sources on Reference list (5 points)
Total Points
100
*Points will be deducted for not meeting assignment guidelines
including but not limited to, paper length and number/type of
references.