The document discusses instructional technology and the use of various teaching aids. It defines instructional technology as the systematic design and use of learning materials and resources. It outlines different types of projected aids like slide projectors and overhead projectors. Non-projected aids include photographs, maps, and charts. Audio-video aids incorporate radio, television, and passive or interactive video. Other teaching aids involve activities, dramatizations, field trips, computers and simulations to encourage student participation. The use of various media and aids is important in elementary education to help students learn, stay engaged, and retain information.

1. INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY

2. Concept of Educational Technology
 "Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating
learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing
appropriate technology processes and resources” (Januszewski & Molenda,
2008)
 IT is the branch of educational theories and tactics/ practices concern timidly
with the design and rules of messages which control the learning process (E.E.
Hadden, 2011).
 Instructional Technology is a systematic way of designing, developing, and
evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific goals
and objectives, based on research in human learning and communication, and
employing a combination of human and non-human resources.

3. PURPOSE OF INSTRUCTIONAL
TECHNOLOGY
 Instructional technology encompasses all the materials and physical means an
instructor might use to implement instruction and facilitate students'
achievement of instructional objectives.
 This may include traditional materials such as chalkboards, handouts, charts,
slides, overheads, real objects, and videotape or film, as well newer
materials and methods such as computers, DVDs, CD-ROMs, the Internet, and
interactive video conferencing

4. PROJECTED AIDS AND ITS KINDS
 Projected visual aids are pictures shown upon a screen by use of a certain
type of machine such as a filmstrip projector, slide projector, overhead
projector or TV/VCR.
 It refers to those aids where a bright light is passed through a transparent
picture by means of a lens and an enlarged picture is thrown or projected on
the screen or the white wall.

5. Values of projected AIDS
 Provides greater enjoyment in learning
 Stimulates more rapid learning
 Increases retention: larger percentages and longer retention
 Makes teaching situation adaptable to wider range
 Compels attention
 Enlarges or reduces actual size of objects
 Brings distant past and the present into the classroom
 Provides an easily reproduced record of an event.
 Influences and changes attitudes

6. NON-PROJECTED AIDS AND ITS KINDS
 Those aids which do not require projector, projection screen or electricity.
Such materials can be simply shown, hung on the wall, touched and handled
by any student.
 Non projected Aids are those aids which are used without any projection. So
they translate abstract ideas into a more realistic format.
 They allow instruction to move from verbal representation to a more concrete
level.
 Photographs, Flashcards, Cartoon, Maps, Posters, Blackboards, Bulletin Board,
Graphs and Charts .

7. AUDIO-VIDEO AIDS
 According to Kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be
used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more
dynamic.
 Audio aids are very important in Pakistan because large percentage of
population is illiterate and do not have access to books and newspapers.
Therefore, communication can be brought about by the sense of hearing.
 Radio the most common form of public education and entertainment is radio
receivers. Radio is a device with which the whole mass can be contacted at a
time, efficiently and economically. Radio is a good source of communication
of idea.

8. Television
 Television is being acknowledged as a powerful medium of mass education.
Using a television as a classroom instructional aids: Procure in advance the
information from the programme manual about the background and
objectives of educational programme.
 Collect other instructional materials that relate to the program and instruct
students to watch in the classroom.
 Discuss about the programme topic and build up a background of the
students to have a meaning of the programme.
 Motivate students to watch the program critically and for specific details.
During the programme, draw attention of students to certain important
aspects with short phrases.

9. Passive Video
 Passive video cassettes provide motion, color, sound, and in many cases,
special effects with advanced graphic and animation techniques.
 High-quality, commercially produced video cassettes are available for almost
every subject pertaining to aviation training.
 Consequently, video has replaced many of the projection-type instructional
aids

10. Interactive Video
 Interactive video refers broadly to software that responds quickly to certain
choices and commands by the user.
 A typical system consists of a combination of a compact disk, computer, and
video technology.
 A compact disk (CD) is a format for storing information digitally.
 A major advantage of a CD is the capability to store enormous amounts of
information. As an example, a single compact disk may contain all pertinent
aviation regulations, plus the complete AIM(AOL Instant Messenger) was an
instant messaging and presence computer program created by AOL, which
used the proprietary OSCAR instant messaging protocol and the TOC protocol
to allow registered users to communicate in real time.

11. ACTIVITY AIDS
 There are certain learning situations in which student participation through
direct experiences can be easily incorporated, these are called activity aids.
The activity teaching aids are really of great value as they put students in a
role of active seekers of knowledge.
 Laptops / Computers
 Computers Assisted Instruction (CAI)
 E-mail
 CD- Rom

12. Dramatization
 Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping the class room instruction
lively and interesting.
 When a teacher dramatizes a lesson, the students become both the spectators
and participants.
 This makes learning easy and permanents.

13. Types of dramatizations
 Role-play
 Play lets
 Pageant
 Pantomime
 Tableau

14. Filed Trips
 According to Hedger ken Field trip may be defined as ―an educational
procedure by which the student studies firsthand objects and materials in
their natural environment.
Types of field trip
 Local school trips
 Community trip
 Educational trips
 The natural hunt

15. ROLE OF MEDIA AND AIDS IN ELEMENTARY
EDUCATION
 The process of teaching - learning depends upon the different type of
equipment available in the classroom. There are many aids available these
days like, audio, visual and audio- visual aids.
 They have very much importance in TLP (Teaching Learning Process). Meaning
of Teaching Aids As we all know that today's age is the age of science and
technology.
 The teaching learning programmes have also been affected by it.
 The process of teaching - learning depends upon the different type of
equipment available in the classroom.

16. Need of Teaching Aids
 Every individual has the tendency to forget. Proper use of teaching aids helps
to retain more concept permanently
 Students can learn better when they are motivated properly through different
teaching aids.
 Teaching aids develop the proper image when the students see, hear taste
and smell properly.
 Teaching aids provide complete example for conceptual thinking.
 The teaching aids create the environment of interest for the students.
 Teaching aids helps to increase the vocabulary of the students

17. SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER