6/29/2016 library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA
http://library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA 1/20
Data Standards, Data Quality, and Interoperability (2013
update)
Remove from myBoK
Editor's note: This update replaces the 2007 practice brief "Data Standards, Data Quality, and Interoperability."
Data quality and consistency are critical to ensuring patient safety, communicating delivery of health services, coordinating
care, and healthcare reporting. Assessing the quality and consistency of data requires data standards. This practice brief
provides health information management (HIM) professionals with a clear understanding of data standards as a tool to
enable interoperability and promote data quality.
The online version of this practice brief [...] is accompanied by an appendix that provides HIM professionals with a list of
standards to reference in data dictionary development, electronic health records, the exchange of health information, and
general data management processes to ensure information integrity and reliability. Evaluation of data validity, reliability,
completeness, and timeliness are accomplished through a combination of human and machine processes in healthcare, and
the list of data standard sources is a helpful reference guide when more detailed information is required.
Data Standards and Regulatory Framework
Data standards are "documented agreements on representations, formats, and definitions of common data. Data standards
provide a method to codify invalid, meaningful, comprehensive, and actionable ways, information captured in the course of
doing business." Rules to describe how the data is recorded to ensure consistency across multiple sources is another way to
think of data standards. Without data standards and data quality, the future of interoperability is bleak. Data fields and the
content of those fields need to be standardized.
Standards development organizations (SDOs) address a variety of aspects of health information and informatics. For
example, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Health Level Seven (HL7) target clinical data
standards. Insurance and remittance standards are a focus of the Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) X12. Standards to
transmit diagnostic images are developed through Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM). The
National Council for Prescription Drug Programs (NCPDP) represents pharmacy messages.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), HL7, ASTM, and others develop data models and
frameworks. See the table on page 65 for a breakdown of regulatory agencies responsible for working with the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) to drive data standards to achieve interoperability.
The AHIMA Leadership Model states that HIM professionals should serve as the leaders in healthcare organizations and in
their professional community for ensuring that data content standards are identified, understood, implemented, a.
A presentation about the role of informatics standards in facilitating electronic data interchange, and a framework for service-oriented semantic interoperability among data systems.
According to HIMSS Board, semantic interoperability is the ability of two or more systems exchange information and use the information that has been exchanged. Semantic interoperability allows caregivers to electronically exchange the patient summary and use that information adequately to improve quality, safety, and efficiency. The Office of National Coordinator for Health Information Technology released “Connecting Health and Care for the Nation: A Shared Nationwide Interoperability Roadmap Draft Version 1.0” that proposes critical actions that the public and private sector need to take to move toward an interoperable health information technology ecosystem over the next 10 years. Health information technologies are creating a lot of opportunities to improve health outcomes including patient quality and safety while lowering the associated costs to health care. True interoperability and the exchange of health information can support benefits for payers, patients and providers. This can be achieved through well defined standards and semantic interoperability. If the systems that will be exchanging the information are not using available standards, semantic interoperability is more difficult to reach.
Electronic health records | Data collection systems | Data collection and ana...Pubrica
Implementing precise data management systems ensures the secure and effective movement of sensitive healthcare data. However, medical practitioners neglected their critical role in medical data processing. As a result, implementing high-quality electronic health record (EHR) software in health care is critical for reducing medical mistakes. As a result, the purpose of this study is to highlight the roles of EHR in promoting quality healthcare service provision.
Application Sexual BehaviorGender and sexuality are intertwined.docxjustine1simpson78276
Application: Sexual Behavior
Gender and sexuality are intertwined in many cultures. (Gardiner & Kosmitzki, 2011) Socialization agents teach the appropriate behaviors for gender and the acceptable sexual attitudes and behaviors within a culture. Cultural differences exist around the world and across countries. For example, cultural differences may exist through the number of partners allowed in a marriage, expectations for males and females, and knowledge and application of safe sex practices. Differences may also arise in what is permitted and acceptable, such as premarital sex, same-sex relationships, and extramarital relationships. The consequences for an individual deviating from these cultural expectations also vary from culture to culture.
For this Assignment,choose one sexual attitude (e.g., abstinence, monogamy, etc.) and one sexual behavior (e.g., chastity, infidelity, etc.).
The Assignment (4–5 pages)
· Use your Final Project culture of interest and select another culture of interest to you.
· Compare the similarities and differences of sexual attitudes and behaviors in each culture.
· Describe the cultural factors that influence sexual attitudes and behaviors.
· Explain how sexual attitudes and behaviors are perceived and displayed within each culture.
· Be specific and provide examples.
· Support your responses using the Learning Resources and the current literature.
Reference:
Gardiner, H., & Kosmitzki, C. (2011). Lives across cultures: Cross-cultural human development (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall.
Running head: MODERNIZING HEALTH INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE 1
MODERNIZING HEALTH INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE 6
Modernizing Health Information Infrastructure
Karese Holmes
HIMS 655 Health Data Management
Modernising Health Information Infrastructure
According to Davoudi et al., (2015) healthcare leaders experience challenges such as payment reform, exchange of health information, among others. Ideally, the nexus in the challenges is to ensure that data remains a trusted source that can be exchanged, shared, and accessed with ease. The American Health Information Management Association offers the basis of information and data governance through some fundamental principles. This principle includes accountability, transparency, integrity, protection, compliance, availability, retention, and disposition. The principles are critical for the data quality management model. Data quality management refers to the business process that guarantees the integrity of organisation information during the analysis, warehousing, application, and collection processes. The healthcare industry has some task to ensure a robust objective of the healthcare standards.
Significant limitation of the models
Data should apply security controls to offer data protection to guarantee data quality management in the American Health Information Management Association. Ideally, data needs to be protected in backup environments and stora.
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS DATA HYGIENE: IMPORTANT STEP IN DECISIONMAKING WITH IMPL...hiij
Medical and health data that have been entered into an electronic data system in real-time cannot be
assumed to be accurate and of high quality without verification. The adoption of the electronic health
record (EHR) by many countries to the support care and treatment of patients illustrates the importance of
high quality data that can be shared for efficient patient care and the operation of healthcare systems.
This brief communication provides a high-level overview of an EHR system and practices related to high
data quality and data hygiene that could contribute to the analysis and interpretation of EHR data for use
in patient care and healthcare system administration.
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS DATA HYGIENE: IMPORTANT STEP IN DECISIONMAKING WITH IMPL...hiij
Medical and health data that have been entered into an electronic data system in real-time cannot be
assumed to be accurate and of high quality without verification. The adoption of the electronic health
record (EHR) by many countries to the support care and treatment of patients illustrates the importance of
high quality data that can be shared for efficient patient care and the operation of healthcare systems.
This brief communication provides a high-level overview of an EHR system and practices related to high
data quality and data hygiene that could contribute to the analysis and interpretation of EHR data for use
in patient care and healthcare system administration.
A presentation about the role of informatics standards in facilitating electronic data interchange, and a framework for service-oriented semantic interoperability among data systems.
According to HIMSS Board, semantic interoperability is the ability of two or more systems exchange information and use the information that has been exchanged. Semantic interoperability allows caregivers to electronically exchange the patient summary and use that information adequately to improve quality, safety, and efficiency. The Office of National Coordinator for Health Information Technology released “Connecting Health and Care for the Nation: A Shared Nationwide Interoperability Roadmap Draft Version 1.0” that proposes critical actions that the public and private sector need to take to move toward an interoperable health information technology ecosystem over the next 10 years. Health information technologies are creating a lot of opportunities to improve health outcomes including patient quality and safety while lowering the associated costs to health care. True interoperability and the exchange of health information can support benefits for payers, patients and providers. This can be achieved through well defined standards and semantic interoperability. If the systems that will be exchanging the information are not using available standards, semantic interoperability is more difficult to reach.
Electronic health records | Data collection systems | Data collection and ana...Pubrica
Implementing precise data management systems ensures the secure and effective movement of sensitive healthcare data. However, medical practitioners neglected their critical role in medical data processing. As a result, implementing high-quality electronic health record (EHR) software in health care is critical for reducing medical mistakes. As a result, the purpose of this study is to highlight the roles of EHR in promoting quality healthcare service provision.
Application Sexual BehaviorGender and sexuality are intertwined.docxjustine1simpson78276
Application: Sexual Behavior
Gender and sexuality are intertwined in many cultures. (Gardiner & Kosmitzki, 2011) Socialization agents teach the appropriate behaviors for gender and the acceptable sexual attitudes and behaviors within a culture. Cultural differences exist around the world and across countries. For example, cultural differences may exist through the number of partners allowed in a marriage, expectations for males and females, and knowledge and application of safe sex practices. Differences may also arise in what is permitted and acceptable, such as premarital sex, same-sex relationships, and extramarital relationships. The consequences for an individual deviating from these cultural expectations also vary from culture to culture.
For this Assignment,choose one sexual attitude (e.g., abstinence, monogamy, etc.) and one sexual behavior (e.g., chastity, infidelity, etc.).
The Assignment (4–5 pages)
· Use your Final Project culture of interest and select another culture of interest to you.
· Compare the similarities and differences of sexual attitudes and behaviors in each culture.
· Describe the cultural factors that influence sexual attitudes and behaviors.
· Explain how sexual attitudes and behaviors are perceived and displayed within each culture.
· Be specific and provide examples.
· Support your responses using the Learning Resources and the current literature.
Reference:
Gardiner, H., & Kosmitzki, C. (2011). Lives across cultures: Cross-cultural human development (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall.
Running head: MODERNIZING HEALTH INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE 1
MODERNIZING HEALTH INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE 6
Modernizing Health Information Infrastructure
Karese Holmes
HIMS 655 Health Data Management
Modernising Health Information Infrastructure
According to Davoudi et al., (2015) healthcare leaders experience challenges such as payment reform, exchange of health information, among others. Ideally, the nexus in the challenges is to ensure that data remains a trusted source that can be exchanged, shared, and accessed with ease. The American Health Information Management Association offers the basis of information and data governance through some fundamental principles. This principle includes accountability, transparency, integrity, protection, compliance, availability, retention, and disposition. The principles are critical for the data quality management model. Data quality management refers to the business process that guarantees the integrity of organisation information during the analysis, warehousing, application, and collection processes. The healthcare industry has some task to ensure a robust objective of the healthcare standards.
Significant limitation of the models
Data should apply security controls to offer data protection to guarantee data quality management in the American Health Information Management Association. Ideally, data needs to be protected in backup environments and stora.
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS DATA HYGIENE: IMPORTANT STEP IN DECISIONMAKING WITH IMPL...hiij
Medical and health data that have been entered into an electronic data system in real-time cannot be
assumed to be accurate and of high quality without verification. The adoption of the electronic health
record (EHR) by many countries to the support care and treatment of patients illustrates the importance of
high quality data that can be shared for efficient patient care and the operation of healthcare systems.
This brief communication provides a high-level overview of an EHR system and practices related to high
data quality and data hygiene that could contribute to the analysis and interpretation of EHR data for use
in patient care and healthcare system administration.
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS DATA HYGIENE: IMPORTANT STEP IN DECISIONMAKING WITH IMPL...hiij
Medical and health data that have been entered into an electronic data system in real-time cannot be
assumed to be accurate and of high quality without verification. The adoption of the electronic health
record (EHR) by many countries to the support care and treatment of patients illustrates the importance of
high quality data that can be shared for efficient patient care and the operation of healthcare systems.
This brief communication provides a high-level overview of an EHR system and practices related to high
data quality and data hygiene that could contribute to the analysis and interpretation of EHR data for use
in patient care and healthcare system administration.
HI300 Unit 5 Standards for Electronic Data and Data Interchange -.docxAbramMartino96
HI300 Unit 5: Standards for Electronic Data and Data Interchange - Discussion
Standard Development Organizations
Identify and research standard development organizations listed in the text on pp. 165–166
.
Select one of the organization’s websites and identify at least 3-4 facts about this organization and explain what it does.
Do not duplicate your classmates’ information. Note: You may explore the internet for recent articles about the organization and include this information as well.
When responding to your classmates describe similarities and differences between the organizations you researched.
Discussion responses should be strictly on topic, original with scholar references, and contribute to the quality of the discussion by making frequent informed references to lesson material.
NO PHARGIARISM!!
Below is the Chapter 4 reading for this assignment.
Standards for Electronic Data and Electronic Data Interchange
The original uniform data sets such as the UHDDS and the UACDS were created for use in paper-based (manual) health record systems. They were not designed to accommodate the data needs of the current healthcare delivery system or the demands of EHRs and clinical information systems.
Standards are needed in order for data to be easily, accurately, and securely communicated and exchanged electronically among various computer systems. This is referred to as interoperability. Without standards for interoperability, EHRs and the NHIN will not realize their full benefits (Thompson and Brailer 2004).
Many types of standards are being developed to support the EHR and health information exchange. Some involve defining record structure and content, others specify technical approaches for transmitting data, and still others provide rules for protecting the privacy and security of data.
Public and private organizations have been actively engaged in the process of developing healthcare informatics standards to support EHR development, interoperability, and information exchange. The federal government supports this work in a variety of ways. One example is the S&I Framework. According to Fridsma (2010 slide 4), the Framework “is the mechanism by which ONC will manage the implementation of specifications and the harmonization of existing health IT standards to promote interoperability nationwide.”
Definition of Data Standard for Electronic Data Exchange
Data standards provide the ability to record a certain data item in accordance with the agreed upon standard (Giannangelo 2007). Data content standards are “clear guidelines for the acceptable values for specified data fields” (Fenton et al. 2007). Data exchange standards are protocols that help ensure that data transmitted from one system to another remain comparable.
One of the purposes of HIPAA’s Administrative Simplification rules was to standardize information exchange and in August 2000, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) published regulations for electronic trans.
Electronic health record (EHR) is a computerized patient-centric history of an individual’s health
care record that includes data from the multiple sources of care that the patient has used.
Healthcare software development has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, and one key area that has gained attention is healthcare information exchange (HIE). The exchange of patient data and health information between different healthcare systems and providers plays a crucial role in improving care coordination, patient outcomes, and overall healthcare delivery. In this blog, we will explore the benefits and challenges of healthcare information exchange in the context of healthcare software development.
This presentation talks about the context of developing the Electronic Health records for India. the guidelines as mentioned in the GOI site is described vividly with examples, for better understanding.
N.B: Please download the ppt first, for the animations to work better.
eHealth Practice in Europe: where do we stand?chronaki
eHealth as the use of Information and communication technologies in the practice of health care comprises Electronic health records, Healthcare information exchange cross-jurisdictions, Personal health records, Telehealth, telemedicine and remote monitoring.
There are several efforts to reflect and measure the practice of eHealth including efforts by the OECD and WHO, but in general there is little reported sharing of health data particularly with patients. Specific barriers frequently mentioned are supporting policies and coherent widely implemented standards.
The presentation discusses relevant efforts and programs supported by the European Commission such as the eHealth DSI, eStandards, ASSESS CT, and openMedicine aiming at large scale eHealth adoption It calls for engagement of European Society, its national societies, and its members.
CHALLENGES IN CAPTURING RICH PATIENT HISTORY IN COMPUTABLE FORM/GLOBAL & INDI...Dolisha Warbi
reasons for having a challenges of capturing rich patient histories in computable form, latest global development and standards to enable lifelong electronic health records to be integrated from diverse system, latest India developments and standards to enable lifelong EHR,
76 CHAPTER 4 Assessing Health and Health Behaviors Objecti.docxpriestmanmable
76
CHAPTER 4
Assessing Health and Health Behaviors
Objectives
this chapter will enable the reader to:
1. Describe the expected outcomes of a nursing health assessment.
2. Identify the components of a nursing health assessment conducted for an individual client.
3. Examine life span, language, and culturally appropriate nursing health assessment tools for children, adults, and older adults.
4. Compare the similarities and differences among the various approaches to assessing the family, mindful of cultural influences.
5. Evaluate the criteria for conducting a screening in the community.
6. Compare the similarities and differences among the various approaches to assessing
the community.
Athorough assessment of health and health behaviors is the foundation for tailoring a health promotion-prevention plan. Assessment provides the database for making clinical judgments about the client’s health strengths, health problems, nursing diagnoses, desired health or behavioral outcomes, as well as the interventions likely to be effective. This information also forms the nature of the client–nurse partnership such as the frequency of con- tact and the need for coordination with other health professionals. The portfolio of assessment measures depends on the characteristics of the client, including developmental stage and cul- tural orientation. The nurse assesses age, language, and cultural appropriateness of the various measures selected.
Cultural competence is the ability to communicate effectively with people of different cultures. Providing culturally competent care is the cornerstone of the nursing assessment. The nurse’s aware- ness of her own attitude toward cultural differences and her cultural worldview and characteristics
Chapter4 • AssessingHealthandHealthBehaviors 77
are critical to her understanding and knowledge of various cultures. Recognizing that diversity exists in all cultures based on educational level, socioeconomic status, religion, rural/urban residence, and individual and family characteristics will ensure a more successful encounter (The Office of Minority Health, 2013). An online cultural educational program, designed specifically for nurses and featur- ing videotaped case studies and interactive tools, is available.
The Enhanced National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services, based on a definition of culture expanded to include geography, spirituality, language, race and ethnicity, and biology, provides a practical guide to culturally and linguistically sensitive care (The Office of Minority Health, 2013).
Technology is having a significant impact on health care. The Electronic Health Record (EHR) promotes involvement of the client in developing a dynamic, tailored database. The EHR offers great promise to improve health and increase the client’s satisfaction with his care. Data aggregation, cross-continuum coordination, and clinical care plan management are critical com- ponents of the.
ORIGINAL ARTICLEAn informatics framework for public health.docxgerardkortney
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
An informatics framework for public health
information systems: a case study
on how an informatics structure for integrated
information systems provides benefit in supporting
a statewide response to a public health emergency
Ivan J. Gotham • Linh H. Le • Debra L. Sottolano •
Kathryn J. Schmit
Received: 17 April 2013 / Revised: 8 October 2013 / Accepted: 23 January 2014 /
Published online: 8 February 2014
� Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Abstract This chapter illustrates how a well-established public health informatics
framework provides an integrated information system infrastructure that assures and
enhances the efficacy of public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) actions
throughout the phases of the health emergency event life cycle. Key PHEP activities
involved in supporting this cycle include planning; surveillance; alerting; resource
assessment and management; data-driven decision support; and intervention for
prevention and control of disease or injury in populations. Information systems
supporting these activities are most effective in assuring optimal response to an
emergent health event when they are integrated within an informatics framework
that supports routine (day to day) information exchange within the health infor-
mation exchange community. In late April 2009, New York State (NYS) initiated a
statewide PHEP response to the emergence of Novel Influenza A (H1N1), culmi-
nating in a statewide vaccination campaign during the last quarter of 2009. The
I. J. Gotham (&)
School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy Management University at Albany,
State University of New York , 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
L. H. Le � K. J. Schmit
New York State Department of Health, Office of Information Technology Service,
Empire State Plaza, Room 148, Albany, NY 12237, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
K. J. Schmit
e-mail: [email protected]
L. H. Le
Department of Nursing, Sage College, Albany, NY 12180, USA
D. L. Sottolano
Center for Health Care Quality & Surveillance, New York State Department of Health,
875 Central Avenue, Albany, NY 12206, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
123
Inf Syst E-Bus Manage (2015) 13:713–749
DOI 10.1007/s10257-014-0240-9
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10257-014-0240-9&domain=pdf
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10257-014-0240-9&domain=pdf
established informatics framework of integrated information systems within NYS
conveyed significant advantages and flexibility in supporting the range of PHEP
activities required for an effective response to this health event. This chapter
describes, and provides, performance metrics to illustrate how a public health
informatics framework can enhance the efficacy of all phases of a public health
emergency response. It also provides informatics lessons learned from the event.
Keywords Public health informatics � Information systems �
.
a 12 page paper on how individuals of color would be a more dominant.docxpriestmanmable
a 12 page paper on how individuals of color would be a more dominant number if they had more resources and discrimination of color was ceased. Must include those who discriminate against skin color and must include facts from sources that help individuals gain insight on the possibility of colored individuals thriving in society if same resourcesAnd equal opportunity was provided.
.
More Related Content
Similar to 6292016 library.ahima.orgPBDataStandards#appxAhttpl.docx
HI300 Unit 5 Standards for Electronic Data and Data Interchange -.docxAbramMartino96
HI300 Unit 5: Standards for Electronic Data and Data Interchange - Discussion
Standard Development Organizations
Identify and research standard development organizations listed in the text on pp. 165–166
.
Select one of the organization’s websites and identify at least 3-4 facts about this organization and explain what it does.
Do not duplicate your classmates’ information. Note: You may explore the internet for recent articles about the organization and include this information as well.
When responding to your classmates describe similarities and differences between the organizations you researched.
Discussion responses should be strictly on topic, original with scholar references, and contribute to the quality of the discussion by making frequent informed references to lesson material.
NO PHARGIARISM!!
Below is the Chapter 4 reading for this assignment.
Standards for Electronic Data and Electronic Data Interchange
The original uniform data sets such as the UHDDS and the UACDS were created for use in paper-based (manual) health record systems. They were not designed to accommodate the data needs of the current healthcare delivery system or the demands of EHRs and clinical information systems.
Standards are needed in order for data to be easily, accurately, and securely communicated and exchanged electronically among various computer systems. This is referred to as interoperability. Without standards for interoperability, EHRs and the NHIN will not realize their full benefits (Thompson and Brailer 2004).
Many types of standards are being developed to support the EHR and health information exchange. Some involve defining record structure and content, others specify technical approaches for transmitting data, and still others provide rules for protecting the privacy and security of data.
Public and private organizations have been actively engaged in the process of developing healthcare informatics standards to support EHR development, interoperability, and information exchange. The federal government supports this work in a variety of ways. One example is the S&I Framework. According to Fridsma (2010 slide 4), the Framework “is the mechanism by which ONC will manage the implementation of specifications and the harmonization of existing health IT standards to promote interoperability nationwide.”
Definition of Data Standard for Electronic Data Exchange
Data standards provide the ability to record a certain data item in accordance with the agreed upon standard (Giannangelo 2007). Data content standards are “clear guidelines for the acceptable values for specified data fields” (Fenton et al. 2007). Data exchange standards are protocols that help ensure that data transmitted from one system to another remain comparable.
One of the purposes of HIPAA’s Administrative Simplification rules was to standardize information exchange and in August 2000, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) published regulations for electronic trans.
Electronic health record (EHR) is a computerized patient-centric history of an individual’s health
care record that includes data from the multiple sources of care that the patient has used.
Healthcare software development has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, and one key area that has gained attention is healthcare information exchange (HIE). The exchange of patient data and health information between different healthcare systems and providers plays a crucial role in improving care coordination, patient outcomes, and overall healthcare delivery. In this blog, we will explore the benefits and challenges of healthcare information exchange in the context of healthcare software development.
This presentation talks about the context of developing the Electronic Health records for India. the guidelines as mentioned in the GOI site is described vividly with examples, for better understanding.
N.B: Please download the ppt first, for the animations to work better.
eHealth Practice in Europe: where do we stand?chronaki
eHealth as the use of Information and communication technologies in the practice of health care comprises Electronic health records, Healthcare information exchange cross-jurisdictions, Personal health records, Telehealth, telemedicine and remote monitoring.
There are several efforts to reflect and measure the practice of eHealth including efforts by the OECD and WHO, but in general there is little reported sharing of health data particularly with patients. Specific barriers frequently mentioned are supporting policies and coherent widely implemented standards.
The presentation discusses relevant efforts and programs supported by the European Commission such as the eHealth DSI, eStandards, ASSESS CT, and openMedicine aiming at large scale eHealth adoption It calls for engagement of European Society, its national societies, and its members.
CHALLENGES IN CAPTURING RICH PATIENT HISTORY IN COMPUTABLE FORM/GLOBAL & INDI...Dolisha Warbi
reasons for having a challenges of capturing rich patient histories in computable form, latest global development and standards to enable lifelong electronic health records to be integrated from diverse system, latest India developments and standards to enable lifelong EHR,
76 CHAPTER 4 Assessing Health and Health Behaviors Objecti.docxpriestmanmable
76
CHAPTER 4
Assessing Health and Health Behaviors
Objectives
this chapter will enable the reader to:
1. Describe the expected outcomes of a nursing health assessment.
2. Identify the components of a nursing health assessment conducted for an individual client.
3. Examine life span, language, and culturally appropriate nursing health assessment tools for children, adults, and older adults.
4. Compare the similarities and differences among the various approaches to assessing the family, mindful of cultural influences.
5. Evaluate the criteria for conducting a screening in the community.
6. Compare the similarities and differences among the various approaches to assessing
the community.
Athorough assessment of health and health behaviors is the foundation for tailoring a health promotion-prevention plan. Assessment provides the database for making clinical judgments about the client’s health strengths, health problems, nursing diagnoses, desired health or behavioral outcomes, as well as the interventions likely to be effective. This information also forms the nature of the client–nurse partnership such as the frequency of con- tact and the need for coordination with other health professionals. The portfolio of assessment measures depends on the characteristics of the client, including developmental stage and cul- tural orientation. The nurse assesses age, language, and cultural appropriateness of the various measures selected.
Cultural competence is the ability to communicate effectively with people of different cultures. Providing culturally competent care is the cornerstone of the nursing assessment. The nurse’s aware- ness of her own attitude toward cultural differences and her cultural worldview and characteristics
Chapter4 • AssessingHealthandHealthBehaviors 77
are critical to her understanding and knowledge of various cultures. Recognizing that diversity exists in all cultures based on educational level, socioeconomic status, religion, rural/urban residence, and individual and family characteristics will ensure a more successful encounter (The Office of Minority Health, 2013). An online cultural educational program, designed specifically for nurses and featur- ing videotaped case studies and interactive tools, is available.
The Enhanced National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services, based on a definition of culture expanded to include geography, spirituality, language, race and ethnicity, and biology, provides a practical guide to culturally and linguistically sensitive care (The Office of Minority Health, 2013).
Technology is having a significant impact on health care. The Electronic Health Record (EHR) promotes involvement of the client in developing a dynamic, tailored database. The EHR offers great promise to improve health and increase the client’s satisfaction with his care. Data aggregation, cross-continuum coordination, and clinical care plan management are critical com- ponents of the.
ORIGINAL ARTICLEAn informatics framework for public health.docxgerardkortney
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
An informatics framework for public health
information systems: a case study
on how an informatics structure for integrated
information systems provides benefit in supporting
a statewide response to a public health emergency
Ivan J. Gotham • Linh H. Le • Debra L. Sottolano •
Kathryn J. Schmit
Received: 17 April 2013 / Revised: 8 October 2013 / Accepted: 23 January 2014 /
Published online: 8 February 2014
� Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Abstract This chapter illustrates how a well-established public health informatics
framework provides an integrated information system infrastructure that assures and
enhances the efficacy of public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) actions
throughout the phases of the health emergency event life cycle. Key PHEP activities
involved in supporting this cycle include planning; surveillance; alerting; resource
assessment and management; data-driven decision support; and intervention for
prevention and control of disease or injury in populations. Information systems
supporting these activities are most effective in assuring optimal response to an
emergent health event when they are integrated within an informatics framework
that supports routine (day to day) information exchange within the health infor-
mation exchange community. In late April 2009, New York State (NYS) initiated a
statewide PHEP response to the emergence of Novel Influenza A (H1N1), culmi-
nating in a statewide vaccination campaign during the last quarter of 2009. The
I. J. Gotham (&)
School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy Management University at Albany,
State University of New York , 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
L. H. Le � K. J. Schmit
New York State Department of Health, Office of Information Technology Service,
Empire State Plaza, Room 148, Albany, NY 12237, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
K. J. Schmit
e-mail: [email protected]
L. H. Le
Department of Nursing, Sage College, Albany, NY 12180, USA
D. L. Sottolano
Center for Health Care Quality & Surveillance, New York State Department of Health,
875 Central Avenue, Albany, NY 12206, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
123
Inf Syst E-Bus Manage (2015) 13:713–749
DOI 10.1007/s10257-014-0240-9
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10257-014-0240-9&domain=pdf
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10257-014-0240-9&domain=pdf
established informatics framework of integrated information systems within NYS
conveyed significant advantages and flexibility in supporting the range of PHEP
activities required for an effective response to this health event. This chapter
describes, and provides, performance metrics to illustrate how a public health
informatics framework can enhance the efficacy of all phases of a public health
emergency response. It also provides informatics lessons learned from the event.
Keywords Public health informatics � Information systems �
.
Similar to 6292016 library.ahima.orgPBDataStandards#appxAhttpl.docx (20)
a 12 page paper on how individuals of color would be a more dominant.docxpriestmanmable
a 12 page paper on how individuals of color would be a more dominant number if they had more resources and discrimination of color was ceased. Must include those who discriminate against skin color and must include facts from sources that help individuals gain insight on the possibility of colored individuals thriving in society if same resourcesAnd equal opportunity was provided.
.
92 Academic Journal Article Critique Help with Journal Ar.docxpriestmanmable
92 Academic Journal Article Critique
Help with Journal Article Critique Assignment
Ensure the structure of the assignment will include the following:
Title Page
Introduction
Description of the Problem or Issue
Analysis
Discussion
Critique
Conclusion
References
.
A ) Society perspective90 year old female, Mrs. Ruth, from h.docxpriestmanmable
A ) Society perspective
90 year old female, Mrs. Ruth, from home with her daughter, is admitted to hospital after sustaining a hip fracture. She has a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on home oxygen and moderate to severe aortic stenosis. (Obstruction of blood flow through part of the heart) She undergoes urgent hemiarthroplasty (hip surgery) with an uneventful operative course.
The patient and her family are of Jewish background. The patient’s daughter is her primary caregiver and has financial power-of-attorney, but it is not known whether she has formal power of attorney for personal care. Concerns have been raised to the ICU team about the possibility of elder abuse in the home by the patient’s daughter.
Unfortunately, on postoperative day 4, the patient develops delirium with respiratory failure secondary to hospital acquired pneumonia and pulmonary edema. (Fluid in the lungs) Her goals of care were not assessed pre-operatively. She is admitted to the ICU for non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for 48 hours, and then deteriorates and is intubated. After 48 hours of ventilation, it was determined that due to the severity of her underlying cardio-pulmonary status (COPD and aortic stenosis), ventilator weaning would be difficult and further ventilation would be futile.
The patient’s daughter is insistent on continuing all forms of life support, including mechanical ventilation and even extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (does the work of the lungs) if indicated. However, the Mrs Ruth’s delirium clears within the next 24 hours of intubation, and she is now competent, although still mechanically ventilated. She communicated to the ICU team that she preferred 1-way extubation (removal of the ventilator) and comfort care. This was communicated in writing to the ICU team, and was consistent over time with other care providers. The patient went as far to demand the extubation over the next hour, which was felt to be reasonable by the ICU team.
The patient’s daughter was informed of this decision, and stated that she could not come to the hospital for 2 hours, and in the meantime, that the patient must remain intubated.
At this point, the ICU team concurred with the patient’s wishes, and extubated her before her daughter was able to come to the hospital.
The daughter was angry at the team’s decision, and requested that the patient be re-intubated if she deteriorated. When the daughter arrived at the hospital, the patient and daughter were able to converse, and the patient then agreed to re-intubation if she deteriorated.
(1) What are the ethical issues emerging in this case? State why? (
KRISTINA)
(2) What decision model(s) would be ideal for application in this case? State your justification.
(Lacey Powell
)
(3) Who should make decisions in this situation? Should the ICU team have extubated the patient?
State if additional information was necessary for you to arrive at a better decision(s) in your case.
9 dissuasion question Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2017)..docxpriestmanmable
9 dissuasion question
Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2017). Criminal behavior: A psychological approach (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Chapter 12, “Sexual Assault” (pp. 348–375)
Chapter 13, “Sexual Abuse of Children and Youth” (pp. 376–402)
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the Learning Resources.
Think about the following two statements:
Rape is seen as a pseudosexual act.
Rape is always and foremost an aggressive act.
Consider the two statements above regarding motivation of sexual assault. Is rape classified as a pseudosexual act to you, or is it more or less than that? Explain your stance. Do you see rape as an aggressive act by nature, or can it be considered otherwise in certain situations? Explain your reasoning for this.
Excellent - above expectations
Main Discussion Posting Content
Points Range:
21.6 (54%) - 24 (60%)
Discussion posting demonstrates an
excellent
understanding of
all
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other scholarly sources, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
19.2 (48%) - 21.57 (53.92%)
Discussion posting demonstrates a
good
understanding of
most
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting provides moderate detail (including at least one pertinent example), evidence from the readings and other scholarly sources, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
16.8 (42%) - 19.17 (47.93%)
Discussion posting demonstrates a
fair
understanding of the concepts and key points as presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting may be
lacking
or incorrect in some area, or in detail and specificity, and/or may not include sufficient pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Points Range:
0 (0%) - 16.77 (41.93%)
Discussion posting demonstrates
poor or no
understanding of the concepts and key points of the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting is incorrect and/or shallow and/or does not include any pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Reply Post & Peer Interaction
Points Range:
7.2 (18%) - 8 (20%)
Student interacts
frequently
with peers. The feedback postings and responses to questions are excellent and fully contribute to the quality of interaction by offering constructive critique, suggestions, in-depth questions, use of scholarly, empirical resources, and stimulating thoughts and/or probes.
Points Range:
6.4 (16%) - 7.16 (17.9%)
Student interacts
moderately
with peers. The feedback postings and responses to questions are good, but may not fully contribute to the quality of interaction by offering constructive critique, suggestions, in-depth questions, use of scholarly, empirical resources, and stimulating thoughts and/or probes.
Points Range:
5.6 (14%) - 6.36 (15.9%)
Student interacts
minimally
with peers .
9 AssignmentAssignment Typologies of Sexual AssaultsT.docxpriestmanmable
9 Assignment
Assignment: Typologies of Sexual Assaults
There are many different types of sexual assaults and many different types of offenders. Although they are different, they can be classified in order to create a common language between the criminal justice field and the mental health field. This in turn will enable more accurate research, predict future offenses, and assist in the prosecution and rehabilitation of the offenders.
In this Assignment, you compare different typologies of sexual offenders to determine the differences in motivation, expression of aggression, and underlining personality structure. You also determine the best way to interview each typology of sexual offenders.
To prepare for this Assignment:
Review the Learning Resources.
Select two typologies of sexual offenders listed in the resources.
By Day 7
In a 3- to 5- page paper:
Compare the two typologies of sexual offenders you selected by explaining the following:
The motivational differences between the two typologies
The expression of aggression in the two typologies
The differences in the underlining personality structure of the two typologies
Excellent - above expectations
Points Range:
47.25 (63%) - 52.5 (70%)
Paper demonstrates an
excellent
understanding of
all
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
42 (56%) - 47.2 (62.93%)
Paper demonstrates a
good
understanding of
most
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper includes moderate detail, evidence from the readings, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
36.75 (49%) - 41.95 (55.93%)
Paper demonstrates a
fair
understanding of the concepts and key points as presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper may be
lacking
in detail and specificity and/or may not include sufficient pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Points Range:
0 (0%) - 36.7 (48.93%)
Paper demonstrates poor understanding of the concepts and key points of the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper is missing detail and specificity and/or does not include any pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Writing
Points Range:
20.25 (27%) - 22.5 (30%)
Paper is
well
organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is
fully
consistent with graduate level writing style. Paper contains
multiple
, appropriate and exemplary sources expected/required for the assignment.
.
9 Augustine Confessions (selections) Augustine of Hi.docxpriestmanmable
9 Augustine
Confessions
(selections)
Augustine of Hippo wrote his Confessions between 397 -400 CE. In it he gives an
autobiographical account of his whole life up through his conversion to Christianity.
In Book 2, excerpted here, he thinks over the passions and temptations of his youth,
especially during a period where he had to come home from where he was studying
and return to living with his parents. His mother Monica was already Christian and
his father was considering it. They want him to be academically successful and
become a great orator.
From Augustine, Confessions. Translated by Caroline J-B Hammond. Loeb Classical
Library Harvard University Press 2014
(Links to an external site.)
.
1. (1) I wish to put on record the disgusting deeds in which I engaged, and
the corrupting effect of sensual experience on my soul, not because I love
them, but so that I may love you, my God. I do this because of my love for
your love, to the end that—as I recall my wicked, wicked ways in the
bitterness of recollection—you may grow even sweeter to me. For you are
a sweetness which does not deceive, a sweetness which brings happiness
and peace, pulling me back together from the disintegration in which I was
being shattered and torn apart, when I turned away from you who are unity
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
and dispersed into the multiplicity that is oblivion. For there was a time
during my adolescence when I burned to have my fill of hell. I ran wild and
reckless in all manner of shady liaisons, and my outward appearance
deteriorated, and I degenerated before your eyes as I went on pleasing
myself and desiring to appear pleasing in human sight.
2. (2) What was it that used to delight me, if not loving and being loved? But
there was no boundary maintained between one mind and another, and
reaching only as far as the clear confines of friendship. Instead the slime
of fleshly desire and the spurts of adolescence belched out their fumes,
and these clouded and obscured my heart, so that it was impossible to
distinguish the purity of love from the darkness of lust. Both of them
together seethed in me, dragging my immaturity over the heights of bodily
desire, and plunging me down into a whirlpool of sin. Your anger grew
strong against me, but I was unaware of it. I had been deafened by the
loud grinding of the chain of my mortality, the punishment for the pride of
my soul, and I went even further away from yo.
8.3 Intercultural Communication
Learning Objectives
1. Define intercultural communication.
2. List and summarize the six dialectics of intercultural communication.
3. Discuss how intercultural communication affects interpersonal relationships.
It is through intercultural communication that we come to create, understand, and transform culture and identity. Intercultural communication is communication between people with differing cultural identities. One reason we should study intercultural communication is to foster greater self-awareness (Martin & Nakayama, 2010). Our thought process regarding culture is often “other focused,” meaning that the culture of the other person or group is what stands out in our perception. However, the old adage “know thyself” is appropriate, as we become more aware of our own culture by better understanding other cultures and perspectives. Intercultural communication can allow us to step outside of our comfortable, usual frame of reference and see our culture through a different lens. Additionally, as we become more self-aware, we may also become more ethical communicators as we challenge our ethnocentrism, or our tendency to view our own culture as superior to other cultures.
As was noted earlier, difference matters, and studying intercultural communication can help us better negotiate our changing world. Changing economies and technologies intersect with culture in meaningful ways (Martin & Nakayama). As was noted earlier, technology has created for some a global village where vast distances are now much shorter due to new technology that make travel and communication more accessible and convenient (McLuhan, 1967). However, as the following “Getting Plugged In” box indicates, there is also a digital divide, which refers to the unequal access to technology and related skills that exists in much of the world. People in most fields will be more successful if they are prepared to work in a globalized world. Obviously, the global market sets up the need to have intercultural competence for employees who travel between locations of a multinational corporation. Perhaps less obvious may be the need for teachers to work with students who do not speak English as their first language and for police officers, lawyers, managers, and medical personnel to be able to work with people who have various cultural identities.
“Getting Plugged In”
The Digital Divide
Many people who are now college age struggle to imagine a time without cell phones and the Internet. As “digital natives” it is probably also surprising to realize the number of people who do not have access to certain technologies. The digital divide was a term that initially referred to gaps in access to computers. The term expanded to include access to the Internet since it exploded onto the technology scene and is now connected to virtually all computing (van Deursen & van Dijk, 2010). Approximately two billion people around the world now access the Internet regularl.
8413 906 AMLife in a Toxic Country - NYTimes.comPage 1 .docxpriestmanmable
8/4/13 9:06 AMLife in a Toxic Country - NYTimes.com
Page 1 of 4http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/04/sunday-review/life-in-a-toxic-country.html?ref=world&pagewanted=all&pagewanted=print
August 3, 2013
Life in a Toxic Country
By EDWARD WONG
BEIJING — I RECENTLY found myself hauling a bag filled with 12 boxes of milk powder and a
cardboard container with two sets of air filters through San Francisco International Airport. I was
heading to my home in Beijing at the end of a work trip, bringing back what have become two of
the most sought-after items among parents here, and which were desperately needed in my own
household.
China is the world’s second largest economy, but the enormous costs of its growth are becoming
apparent. Residents of its boom cities and a growing number of rural regions question the safety of
the air they breathe, the water they drink and the food they eat. It is as if they were living in the
Chinese equivalent of the Chernobyl or Fukushima nuclear disaster areas.
Before this assignment, I spent three and a half years reporting in Iraq, where foreign
correspondents talked endlessly of the variety of ways in which one could die — car bombs,
firefights, being abducted and then beheaded. I survived those threats, only now to find myself
wondering: Is China doing irreparable harm to me and my family?
The environmental hazards here are legion, and the consequences might not manifest themselves
for years or even decades. The risks are magnified for young children. Expatriate workers
confronted with the decision of whether to live in Beijing weigh these factors, perhaps more than at
any time in recent decades. But for now, a correspondent’s job in China is still rewarding, and so I
am toughing it out a while longer. So is my wife, Tini, who has worked for more than a dozen years
as a journalist in Asia and has studied Chinese. That means we are subjecting our 9-month-old
daughter to the same risks that are striking fear into residents of cities across northern China, and
grappling with the guilt of doing so.
Like them, we take precautions. Here in Beijing, high-tech air purifiers are as coveted as luxury
sedans. Soon after I was posted to Beijing, in 2008, I set up a couple of European-made air
purifiers used by previous correspondents. In early April, I took out one of the filters for the first
time to check it: the layer of dust was as thick as moss on a forest floor. It nauseated me. I ordered
two new sets of filters to be picked up in San Francisco; those products are much cheaper in the
United States. My colleague Amy told me that during the Lunar New Year in February, a family
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/w/edward_wong/index.html
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/china/index.html?inline=nyt-geo
8/4/13 9:06 AMLife in a Toxic Country - NYTimes.com
Page 2 of 4http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/04/sunday-review/life-in-a-toxic-country..
8. A 2 x 2 Experimental Design - Quality and Economy (x1 and x2.docxpriestmanmable
8. A 2 x 2 Experimental Design: - Quality and Economy (x1 and x2 as independent variables)
Dr. Boonghee Yoo
[email protected]
RMI Distinguished Professor in Business and
Professor of Marketing & International Business
Make changes on the names, labels, and measure on the variable view.
Check the measure.
Have the same keys between “Name” and “Label.”
Run factor analysis for ys (dependent variables).
Select “Principal axis factoring” from “Extraction.”
The two-factor solution seems the best as (1) they are over one eigenvalue each and (2) the variance explained for is over 60%.
The new eigenvalues after the rotation.
The rotated factor matrix is clear.
But note that y3 and y1 are collapsed into one factor.
If not you should rerun factor analysis after removing the most problematic item one at a time.
Repeat this procedure until the rotated factor pattern has
(1) no cross-loading,
(2) no weak factor loading (< 0.5), and
(3) an adequate number of items (not more than 5 items per factor).
If a clear factor pattern is obtained, name the factors.
Attitude and purchase intention (y3 and y1)
Boycotting intention (y2)
Compute the reliability of the items of each factor
Make sure all responses were used.
Cronbach’s a (= Reliability a) must be greater than 0.70. Then, you can create the composite variable out of the member items.
Means and STDs must be similar among the items.
No a here should be greater than Cronbach’s a. If not, you should delete such item(s) to increase a.
Create the composite variable for each factor.
BI = mean (y2_1,y2_2,y2_3)
“PI” will be added to the data.
Go to the Variable View and change its “Name” and “Label.”
8. A 2 x 2 Experimental Design: - Quality and Economy (x1 and x2 as independent variables)
Dr. Boonghee Yoo
[email protected]
RMI Distinguished Professor in Business and
Professor of Marketing & International Business
BLOCK 1. Title and introductory paragraph.
Title and introductory paragraph
Plus, background questions
BLOCK 2 to 5. Show one of four treatments randomly.
x1(hi), x2 (hi)
x1 (hi), x2 (low)
x1 (low), x2 (hi)
x1 (low), x2 (low)
BLOCK 6. Questions.
Manipulation check questions (multi-item scales)
y1, y2, and y3 (multi-item scales)
Socio-demographic questions
Write “Thank you for participation.”
The questionnaire (6 blocks)
A 2x2 between-sample design: SQ (Service quality and ECON (Contribution to local economy)
Each of the four BLOCKs consist of:
The instruction: e.g., “Please read the following description of company ABC carefully.”
The scenario: An image file or written statement
(No questions inside the scenario blocks)
Qualtrics Survey Flow (6 blocks)
Manipulation check questions y1, y2, …, yn
Questions to verify that subjects were manipulated as intended. For example, if the stimulus is dollar-amount price, the manipulation check.
800 Words 42-year-old man presents to ED with 2-day history .docxpriestmanmable
800 Words
42-year-old man presents to ED with 2-day history of dysuria, low back pain, inability to fully empty his bladder, severe perineal pain along with fevers and chills. He says the pain is worse when he stands up and is somewhat relieved when he lies down. Vital signs T 104.0 F, pulse 138, respirations 24. PaO2 96% on room air. Digital rectal exam (DRE) reveals the prostate to be enlarged, extremely tender, swollen, and warm to touch.
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:
The factors that affect fertility (STDs).
Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.
Why prostatitis and infection happen. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.
Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.
Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro, and macrocytic).
.
8.1 What Is Corporate StrategyLO 8-1Define corporate strategy.docxpriestmanmable
8.1 What Is Corporate Strategy?
LO 8-1
Define corporate strategy and describe the three dimensions along which it is assessed.
Strategy formulation centers around the key questions of where and how to compete. Business strategy concerns the question of how to compete in a single product market. As discussed in Chapter 6, the two generic business strategies that firms can follow to pursue their quest for competitive advantage are to increase differentiation (while containing cost) or lower costs (while maintaining differentiation). If trade-offs can be reconciled, some firms might be able to pursue a blue ocean strategy by increasing differentiation and lowering costs. As firms grow, they are frequently expanding their business activities through seeking new markets both by offering new products and services and by competing in different geographies. Strategic leaders must formulate a corporate strategy to guide continued growth. To gain and sustain competitive advantage, therefore, any corporate strategy must align with and strengthen a firm’s business strategy, whether it is a differentiation, cost-leadership, or blue ocean strategy.
Corporate strategy comprises the decisions that leaders make and the goal-directed actions they take in the quest for competitive advantage in several industries and markets simultaneously.3 It provides answers to the key question of where to compete. Corporate strategy determines the boundaries of the firm along three dimensions: vertical integration along the industry value chain, diversification of products and services, and geographic scope (regional, national, or global markets). Strategic leaders must determine corporate strategy along the three dimensions:
1. Vertical integration: In what stages of the industry value chain should the company participate? The industry value chain describes the transformation of raw materials into finished goods and services along distinct vertical stages.
2. Diversification: What range of products and services should the company offer?
3. Geographic scope: Where should the company compete geographically in terms of regional, national, or international markets?
In most cases, underlying these three questions is an implicit desire for growth. The need for growth is sometimes taken so much for granted that not every manager understands all the reasons behind it. A clear understanding will help strategic leaders to pursue growth for the right reasons and make better decisions for the firm and its stakeholders.
WHY FIRMS NEED TO GROW
LO 8-2
Explain why firms need to grow, and evaluate different growth motives.
Several reasons explain why firms need to grow. These can be summarized as follows:
1. Increase profits.
2. Lower costs.
3. Increase market power.
4. Reduce risk.
5. Motivate management.
Let’s look at each reason in turn.
INCREASE PROFITS
Profitable growth allows businesses to provide a higher return for their shareholders, or owners, if privately held. For publicly trade.
8.0 RESEARCH METHODS These guidelines address postgr.docxpriestmanmable
8.0 RESEARCH METHODS
These guidelines address postgraduate students who have completed course
requirements and assumed to have sufficient background experience of high-level
engagement activities like recognizing, relating, applying, generating, reflecting and
theorizing issues. It is an ultimate period in our academic life when we feel confident
at embarking on independent research.
It cannot be overemphasized that we must enjoy the experience of research process
and not look at it as an academic chore.
To enable such a desired behaviour, these guidelines consider the research process
in terms of the skills and knowledge needed to develop independent and critical
styles of thinking in order to evaluate and use research as well as to conduct fresh
research.
The guidelines should be viewed as briefs which the Research Supervisors are expected
to exemplify based on their own experience as well as expertise.
8.1 Chapter 1 - Introduction
INTRODUCE the subject or problem to be studied. This might require the
identification of key managerial concerns, theories, laws and governmental rulings,
critical incidents or social changes, and current environmental issues, that make the
subject critical, relevant and worthy of managerial or research attention.
• To inform the Reader (stylistically - forthright, direct, and brief / concise),
• The first sentence should begin with `This Study was intended
to’….’ And immediately tell the Reader the nature of the study for the
reader's interest and desire to read on.
8.1.1 The Research Problem
What is the statement of the problem? The statement of the problem or problem
statement should follow logically from what has been set forth in the background of
the problem by defining the specific research need providing impetus for the
study, a need not met through previous research. Present a clear and precise
statement of the central question of research, formulated to address the need.
8.1.2 The Purpose of the Study
What is the purpose of the study? What are the RESEARCH QUESTION (S) of
the study? What are the specific objective (s) of the study? Define the specific
research objective (s) that would answer the research Question (s) of the study.
8.1.3 The Rationale of the Study:
1. Why in a general sense?
2. One or two brief references to previous research or theories critical in structuring
this study to support and understand the rationale.
3. The importance of the study for the reader to know, to fully appreciate the need
for the study - and its significance.
4. Own professional experience that stimulated the study or aroused interest in the
area of research.
5. The Need for the Study - will deal with valid questions or professional concerns
to provide data leading to an answer - reference to literature helpful and
appropriate.
8.1.4 The Significance of the Study:
1. Clearly .
95People of AppalachianHeritageChapter 5KATHLEEN.docxpriestmanmable
95
People of Appalachian
Heritage
Chapter 5
KATHLEEN W. HUTTLINGER and LARRY D. PURNELL
Overview, Inhabited Localities,
and Topography
OVERVIEW
Appalachia consists of that large geographic expanse in
the eastern United States that is associated with the
Appalachian mountain system, a 200,000-square-mile
region that extends from the northeastern United States
in southern New York to northern Mississippi. It includes
all of West Virginia and parts of Alabama, Georgia,
Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North
Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee,
and Virginia. This very rural area is characterized by a
rolling topography with very rugged ridges and hilltops,
some extending over 4000 feet high, with remote valleys
between them. The surrounding valleys are often 2000
feet or more in elevation and give one a sense of isolation,
peacefulness, and separateness from the lower and more
heavily traveled urban areas. This isolation and rough
topography have contributed to the development of
secluded communities in the hills and natural hollows or
narrow valleys where people, over time, have developed a
strong sense of independence and family cohesiveness.
These same isolated valleys and rugged mountains pre-
sent many transportation problems for those who do not
have access to cars or trucks. Very limited public trans-
portation is available only in the larger urbanized areas.
Even though the Appalachian region includes several
large cities, many people live in small settlements and in
inaccessible hollows or “hollers” (Huttlinger, Schaller-
Ayers, & Lawson, 2004a). The rugged location of many
communities in Appalachia results in a population that is
often isolated from the mainstream of health-care ser-
vices. In some areas of Appalachia, substandard secondary
and tertiary roads, as well as limited public bus, rail, and
airport facilities, prevent easy access to the area (Fig. 5–1).
Difficulty in accessing the area is partially responsible for
continued geographic and sociocultural isolation. The
rugged terrain can significantly delay ambulance response
time and is a deterrent to people who need health care
when their health condition is severe. This is one area in
which telehealth innovations can and often do provide
needed services.
Many of the approximately 24 million people who live
in Appalachia can trace their family roots back 150 or
more years, and it is common to find whole communities
comprising extended, related families. The cultural her-
itage of the region is rich and reflected in their distinctive
music, art, and literature. Even though family roots are
strong, many of the region’s younger residents have left
the area to pursue job opportunities in the larger urban
cities of the north. The remaining, older population
reflects a group that often has less than a high-school edu-
cation, is frequently unemployed, may be on welfare
and/or disability, and is regularly uninsured (20.4 per-
cent) (Virginia He.
8-10 slide Powerpoint The example company is Tesla.Instructions.docxpriestmanmable
8-10 slide Powerpoint The example company is Tesla.
Instructions
As the organization’s top leader, you are responsible for communicating the organization’s strategies in a way that makes the employees understand the role that they play in helping to achieve the organization’s strategies. Design a presentation that explains the following:
The company is Tesla
1. Your Organization's Mission and Vision
2. Your organization’s overall strategies and how they align with the Mission and Vision
3. At least five of your organization’ strategic SMART goals that align with the overall organizational strategy
4. At least three different departments’ specific roles in helping to achieve those strategic SMART goals
5. This can be a PowerPoint presentation with a voice-over or it can be a video presentation.
Length: 8 – 10 slides, not including title and reference slide.
Notes Length: 200-250 words for each slide.
References: Include a minimum of five scholarly resources.
I will do the voice over. I do not need a separate document of speaker notes as long as the PowerPoint has the requested 200-250 words for each slide
.
8Network Security April 2020FEATUREAre your IT staf.docxpriestmanmable
8
Network Security April 2020
FEATURE
Are your IT staff ready
for the pandemic-driven
insider threat? Phil Chapman
Obviously the threat to human life is
the top concern for everyone at this
moment. But businesses are also starting
to suffer as productivity slips globally
and the workforce itself is squeezed.
The UK Government’s March budget
did announce some measures, especially
for small and medium-size enterprises
(SMEs), that will make this period
slightly less painful for organisations.
However, as is apparent from the tank-
ing stock market (the FTSE 100 has
hit levels not seen since June 2012) the
economy and pretty much all businesses
in the country (unless you produce hand
sanitiser) are going to suffer. There is no
time like now for the UK to embrace
its mantra of ‘keep calm and carry on’
because that is what we must do if we’re
going to keep business flowing.
For the IT department at large there is
lots of urgent work to do to ensure that
the business is prepared to keep running
smoothly even if people are having to
work remotely. The task at hand for cyber
security professionals is arguably even
larger as Covid-19 is seeing cyber criminals
capitalising on the fact that the insider
threat is worse than ever, with more people
working remotely from personal devices
than many IT and cyber security teams
have likely ever prepared for.
This article will argue that the cyber
security workforce, which is already suf-
fering a digital skills crisis, may also be
lacking the adequate soft skills required
to effectively tackle the insider threat
that has been exacerbated by the pan-
demic. It will first examine the insider
threat, and why this has become so
much more insidious because of Covid-
19. It will then look into the essential
soft skills required to tackle this threat,
before examining how organisations can
effectively implement an apprentice-
ship strategy that generates professionals
with both hard and soft skills, includ-
ing advice from the CISO of globally
respected law firm Pinsent Masons, who
will provide insight into how he is mak-
ing his strategy work. It will conclude
that many of these issues could be solved
if the industry didn’t rely so heavily on
recruiting graduates and rather looked
towards hiring apprentices.
The insider threat
In the best of times, every cyber-pro-
fessional knows that the biggest threat
to an organisation’s IT infrastructure
is people, both malicious actors and
– much more often – employees and
partners making mistakes. The problem
is that people lack cyber knowledge and
so commit careless actions – for exam-
ple, forwarding sensitive information to
the wrong recipient over email or plug-
ging rogue USBs into their device (yes,
that still happens). Cyber criminals
capitalise on this ignorance by utilising
social engineering tactics ranging from
the painfully simple, like fake emails
from Amazon, to the very sophisticated,
such as.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
1. 6/29/2016 library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA
http://library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA 1/20
Data Standards, Data Quality, and Interoperability (2013
update)
Remove from myBoK
Editor's note: This update replaces the 2007 practice brief "Data
Standards, Data Quality, and Interoperability."
Data quality and consistency are critical to ensuring patient safe
ty, communicating delivery of health services, coordinating
care, and healthcare reporting. Assessing the quality and consist
ency of data requires data standards. This practice brief
provides health information management (HIM) professionals w
ith a clear understanding of data standards as a tool to
enable interoperability and promote data quality.
The online version of this practice brief [...] is accompanied by
an appendix that provides HIM professionals with a list of
standards to reference in data dictionary development, electroni
c health records, the exchange of health information, and
general data management processes to ensure information integr
ity and reliability. Evaluation of data validity, reliability,
completeness, and timeliness are accomplished through a combi
nation of human and machine processes in healthcare, and
the list of data standard sources is a helpful reference guide whe
n more detailed information is required.
Data Standards and Regulatory Framework
2. Data standards are "documented agreements on representations,
formats, and definitions of common data. Data standards
provide a method to codify invalid, meaningful, comprehensive,
and actionable ways, information captured in the course of
doing business."
Rules to describe how the data is recorded to ensure consistenc
y across multiple sources is another way to
think of data standards. Without data standards and data quality,
the future of interoperability is bleak. Data fields and the
content of those fields need to be standardized.
Standards development organizations (SDOs) address a variety
of aspects of health information and informatics. For
example, the American Society for Testing and Materials (AST
M) and Health Level Seven (HL7) target clinical data
standards. Insurance and remittance standards are a focus of the
Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) X12. Standards to
transmit diagnostic images are developed through Digital Imagi
ng and Communications in Medicine (DICOM). The
National Council for Prescription Drug Programs (NCPDP) repr
esents pharmacy messages.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), H
L7, ASTM, and others develop data models and
frameworks. See the table on page 65 for a breakdown of regula
tory agencies responsible for working with the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) to drive data standards to a
chieve interoperability.
The AHIMA Leadership Model states that HIM professionals sh
ould serve as the leaders in healthcare organizations and in
their professional community for ensuring that data content stan
dards are identified, understood, implemented, and managed.
As leaders, HIM professionals will need to collaborate with inte
rnal and external partners to meet interoperability and
3. health information exchange agreements, influence the develop
ment of standards to meet organizational needs, and
participate in the development of standards to address local and
national industry needs.
Leadership actions for HIM professionals include but are not li
mited to:
Increase knowledge and understanding of data content standards
Assess organizational readiness
Conduct a data content standards requirements analysis
Develop a local data dictionary to support enterprise-wide inter
operability
Advance the development of data content standards
Select integrated electronic systems that support data content re
quirements
Contribute to domain knowledge by participating in relevant pro
fessional association work and mentoring others
Contribute to the development and harmonization of industry an
d professional standards
1
3
http://library.ahima.org/Doc/1/9/0/69827
6/29/2016 library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA
http://library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA 2/20
Interoperability Ensures EHR Compatibility
The Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC) def
ines interoperability as ensuring that health-related
4. information flows seamlessly. Information needs to follow the p
atient regardless of geographic, organizational, or vendor
boundaries. Interoperability refers to the architecture or standar
ds that make it possible for diverse EHR systems to work
compatibly. The importance of interoperability goes far beyond
the confines of the EHR. Information must flow into and out
of health information exchanges—
available to the patient at the right time, at the right place, and
containing data that is
accurate and complete.
ONC provides "building blocks" to bring awareness to maintaini
ng and sustaining standard interoperability. These current
initiatives are working to standardize:
Meaning through the use of standardized healthcare vocabularie
s
Structure by leveraging standards in HL7
Transport using secure e-mail protocols
Security through National Institute of Standards and Technolog
y (NIST)-adopted encryption standards
Services through open and accessible application programming i
nterfaces (APIs)
There are many SDOs who are involved in the development and
publishing of healthcare informatics standards at national
and international levels. These standards are crucial to the captu
ring and sharing of clinical information in our electronic
health information systems.
Regulatory Agencies in Standard Development
Multiple regulatory agencies are currently responsible for worki
ng with the ANSI standard development
organization to drive data standards that help achieve interopera
bility, including those listed in the table below.
5. Regulatory Agency Data, Mapping, and Messaging Standards
The Centers for Medicare and
Medicaid Services (CMS)
provides a list of data resources
including standard terms and
abbreviations that promotes
naming and semantic consistency.
The "meaningful use" EHR Incentive Program was developed
to allow care providers to implement EHR technology in three
stages. Stage 1 focuses on data capture and sharing of data,
stage 2 focuses on clinical processes such as information
exchange and patient-controlled data, and stage 3 aims to focus
on improving patient outcomes. The incremental phases allow
care providers to adopt standards into their daily workflow.
The Office of the National
Coordinator for Health
Information Technology (ONC)
promotes flexible implementation
standards that are able to change
incrementally, emphasizing
usability and workflow design to
facilitate data exchange.
Meaningful use stage 2 EHR certification criteria delineates
data standards.
The Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality (AHRQ)
promotes the development of IT
systems which identify specific
criteria.
6. The National Strategy for Quality Improvement in Health Care
(National Quality Strategy) is a nationwide effort to align
public and private interests to improve the quality of health and
healthcare for all Americans. Part of the Affordable Care Act,
the National Quality Strategy is guided by three aims that
6/29/2016 library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA
http://library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA 3/20
provide better, more affordable care for an individual and the
community.
The National Quality Strategy (NQS) promotes "national
standards while supporting local, community, and state-level
activities that respond to local circumstances."2 The NQS also
works to align quality efforts among commercial and
government activities, and across federal agencies.
Standards Development
In order to drive interoperability, the adoption of messaging sta
ndards is primarily driven by regulation. There are also
stakeholder groups hard at work on harmonization efforts to ma
nage information in standardized processes to enable data
sharing. A consensus process gathers interested individuals fro
m industry and consumer groups, specialty domains,
agencies, professional organizations, and vendors to develop a c
oncept and express it in a recommended course of action or
standard. Then, a document is drafted to further refine the conce
pt and work through details by an interactive voting process
to assure that the completed standard has been accorded fair rev
iew prior to publishing.
7. ASTM publishes standard test methods, specifications practices,
guides, terminologies, and classifications. ASTM E1384
and E31.25 (2013) Standard Practice for Content and Structure
of the Electronic Health Record (EHR) describes a logical
data organization and content (common data model) of an EHR.
The model is used by an organization according to the
major informational structures and content of the EHR. A patien
t's health record plays five unique roles:
1. It represents the patient's health history.
2. It provides a method for clinical communication and care pla
nning among the individual healthcare practitioners
serving the patient.
3. It serves as the legal document describing the healthcare serv
ices provided.
4. It is a source of data for clinical, health services, and outcom
es research.
5. It serves as a major resource for healthcare practitioner educa
tion.
HL7 is one organization that is developing international standar
ds for interoperability and messaging including the
Consolidated Clinical Document Architecture (C-CDA) and EH
R functional model. HL7 develops international standards,
which sometimes must be modified to meet the "meaningful use
" EHR Incentive Program or reimbursement systems criteria
unique to the United States. HL7 collaborates with the Internati
onal Organization for Standardization (ISO) for international
balloting.
ISO, the world's largest developer of voluntary standards, has m
any technical committees (TCs) that span a variety of
products and services. ISO/TC 215 Health Informatics primarily
develops voluntary standards in the field of information for
health and health information and communication technology to
8. promote interoperability. ISO/TC 215 includes standards for
areas such as healthcare delivery, disease prevention and wellne
ss promotion, public health and surveillance, and clinical
research related to health services.
Health informatics standards will play significant roles as electr
onic data management increases. It is important that HIM
professionals learn about informatics in order to serve as a prof
essional resource to healthcare organizations. HIM
professionals can participate in the standards development proce
ss by evaluating proposed standards and recommending
new ones. There has never been a greater need for input from th
e HIM perspective in the domain of data standards.
Areas for standardization in healthcare include health informati
on exchanges (HIE), clinical data harmonization, and
documentation.
Data Standards for Health Information Exchange
Health information exchange organizations are an important par
t of improving efficiency and reducing cost for healthcare
delivery, and global standards will make a difference in the way
healthcare professionals capture and use health information
worldwide.
4
6/29/2016 library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA
http://library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA 4/20
To foster adoption of standardized language to meet the mandat
es of the meaningful use program, HL7 is offering free
9. access to their standards. HL7's C-CDA is a library of templates
that help facilitate exchange. While multiple record types
fall under the C-CDA, they all provide a common format to assi
st in health information exchange. This library contains the
following nine templates:
Continuity of Care Document (CCD)
Consultation Note
Diagnostic Imaging Report (DIR)
Discharge Summary
History and Physical (H&P)
Operative Note
Procedure Note
Progress Note
Unstructured Document
Each template has defined sections to harmonize the data across
systems. This standard ensures the information integrity
and reliability when sharing data across HIEs or between other
health IT systems.
The Role of Metadata in Standardization
Metadata is identified as a method to manage health information
by indexing and applying attributes to a patient's record at
the "granular" or data-element level. An emerging use of metada
ta is the processing of large amounts of data for data
analytics. Being able to distill large amounts of data for specific
data points will allow the metadata to be used to develop
and improve quality care. Metadata will be critical for leveragin
g the volumes, velocity, and variety of healthcare data now
available due to the increasing use of clinical information syste
ms such as EHRs.
Though metadata will be critical for maintaining and preserving
the healthcare record, there are currently no standards for
10. the metadata schema. The proposed HL7 EHR-S RM-ES Functio
nal profile will require the capture and retention of
authors, data creation time stamps, modification, view, and dele
tion. HL7 standards are also not mandated at this time, but
using the conformance criteria will benefit health information m
anagement professionals who are involved with the RFP
process or are assessing an EHR system.
The schema varies by organization and within jurisdictions acco
rding to business needs. HIM professionals need to direct
their organizations to consider specific business needs and the r
egulatory environment when making decisions about the
maintenance and management of metadata. Understanding and
managing metadata is not the sole responsibility of
information technology (IT) professionals. HIM professionals s
hould collaborate with IT to develop processes and
procedures to ensure that metadata is managed effectively withi
n their organizations.
Metadata captures information such as the date and time that an
entry was made in the health record, who accessed the
record and when, what changes have been made to the record an
d by whom, and the identity of staff who document sections
of the record when this information is not collected by an authe
ntication or signature, such as portions of a template that are
completed by nursing or other allied healthcare staff. Metadata i
s an important tool that can be used to follow up on
documentation or compliance issues, facilitate response to reque
sts for an accounting of accesses of the medical record, or
to meet internal or external reporting or analytics requirements.
Clinical Data Standards Harmonization
Semantic interoperability is the ability of computer systems to i
nterchange data and to interpret and use the data according
to its meaning, rather than just its surface form. Problems arise
11. when one term has multiple meanings or when two or more
terms refer to the same concept but are not easily recognized as
synonyms. Many multi-stakeholder workgroups are in
existence today to address semantic interoperability. Examples i
nclude HL7, ISO, and the International Health Terminology
Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO)—
the organization that maintains SNOMED CT.
Harmonizing disparate information systems requires data transla
tion and mapping, as well as document and messaging
standards with a regulatory framework that promotes their use.
HIM professionals understand where data is created and
distributed; this knowledge can be utilized to ensure harmonizat
ion between systems. There are multiple data models as
they relate to health information exchange such as centralized, d
ecentralized, and federated models. The type of model
6/29/2016 library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA
http://library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA 5/20
selected will determine how and where information will be colle
cted and stored.
A centralized model collects data from local sources and stores
the data in a central repository. A decentralized data model,
also called a federated model, gives an organization control of t
he healthcare record, providing a quick and easy way to
distribute data-sharing across regions. The hybrid model is a co
mbination of the previous two models.
Along with developing standards for meaningful use interoperab
ility, it is important to exchange information with standalone
registry systems. When developing these standards, these syste
12. ms should be considered in the forefront to eliminate manual
data collection into disparate systems. Without standards there
will be unstable and inconsistent data collection resulting in
the inability to compare and improve outcomes.
When developing standards one also needs to consider the abilit
y to connect clinical outcomes with billing data to help
determine the value of healthcare provided. The value of health
care is the quality over the cost. Every system has its own
way of representing data. For example, relational databases hav
e their own schema for defining tables and fields.
Ontologies are one method of managing data and providing a me
chanism for disparate systems to communicate. Although
this is not a new term, it will be one that HIM professionals will
hear in discussions related to interoperability and data
standards. An ontology viewed with a data standards lens is a m
odel of knowledge that serves as a semantic translator that
is able to reconcile metadata standards, XML dialects, and datab
ase access methods.
Data Standards and Documentation of Health Services
Employing data standards in health services documentation furt
her entails consistent, accurate, and reproducible capture of
clinical concepts using standardized terminology to describe dis
eases and procedures. This supports an environment
conducive to the assessment of patient management, outcomes
measures for quality and performance improvement, and
clinical research. Current initiatives to measure quality and perf
ormance through data include the Joint Commission Core
Measures, CMS' Present on Admission Indicator Reporting, CM
S' Clinical Quality Measures, and the National Committee
for Quality Assurance Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Inform
ation Set (HEDIS).
Documentation describes the methods and activities of collectin
13. g, coding, ordering, storing, and retrieving information to
fulfill future tasks. …
BUSI 604 100 Integrated Discussion Boards 1-4 Rubric
Criteria
Levels of Achievement
Content 70%
Advanced 92-100%
Proficient 84-91%
Developing 1-83%
Not present
Part 1-- Key Term/Concept Reservation
Part 2 -- Main Thread
37 to 40 points
Major Points are supported by all of the following:
Your thread must be placed in the Discussion Board Forum text
box and adhere precisely to the following headings:
· KEY TERM and WHY YOU ARE INTERESTED IN IT
· EXPLANATION OF THE KEY TERM
· MAJOR ARTICLE SUMMARY
· DISCUSSION
· REFERENCES
34 to 36 points
Major Points are supported by most of the following:
Your thread must be placed in the Discussion Board Forum text
box and adhere precisely to the following headings and format:
· KEY TERM and WHY YOU ARE INTERESTED IN IT
14. · EXPLANATION OF THE KEY TERM
· MAJOR ARTICLE SUMMARY
· DISCUSSION
· REFERENCES
1-33 points
Major Points are supported by some of the following:
Your thread must be placed in the Discussion Board Forum text
box and adhere precisely to the following headings and format:
· KEY TERM and WHY YOU ARE INTERESTED IN IT
· EXPLANATION OF THE KEY TERM
· MAJOR ARTICLE SUMMARY
· DISCUSSION
· REFERENCES
0 points
No work submitted.
Or
Duplicate concept reservations will not earn credit under any
circumstance—this includes work submitted in a previous
course
Part 3 – Replies
28 to 30 points
A minimum of 3 substantive and comprehensive replies to other
student postings are submitted, in at least one of the following
ways:
· compare/contrast the findings of others with your research;
· compare how the findings of others relates/adds to the
concepts learned in the required readings; and/or
· share additional empirical knowledge regarding global
business -- or international experiences you may have had --
relative to the postings of others.
25 to 27 points
A minimum of 2 substantive and comprehensive replies to other
15. student postings are submitted, in at least one of the following
ways:
· compare/contrast the findings of others with your research;
· compare how the findings of others relates/adds to the
concepts learned in the required readings; and/or
· share additional empirical knowledge regarding global
business -- or international experiences you may have had --
relative to the postings of others.
1-24 points
A minimum of 1 substantive and comprehensive reply to other
student postings are submitted, in at least one of the following
ways:
· compare/contrast the findings of others with your research;
· compare how the findings of others relates/adds to the
concepts learned in the required readings; and/or
· share additional empirical knowledge regarding global
business -- or international experiences you may have had --
relative to the postings of others.
0 points
No work submitted.
Or
Duplicate concept reservations will not earn credit under any
circumstance—this includes work submitted in a previous
course
Structure 30%
Advanced 92-100%
Proficient 84-91%
Developing 1-83%
Not present
Posted in Text Box
5 points
All 3 parts of the Forum are posted in the text box.
4 points
2 parts of the Forum are posted in the text box.
16. 1 to 3 points
1 part of the Forum is posted in the text box.
0 points
No parts of the Forum are posted in the text box.
Or
Duplicate concept reservations will not earn credit under any
circumstance—this includes work submitted in a previous
course
Grammar/Spelling
5 points
Proper spelling and grammar are used.
4 points
Between 1–2 spelling and grammar errors are present.
1 to 3 points
Between 3–4 spelling and grammar errors are present.
0 points
More than 4 spelling and grammar errors are present.
Word Count
9 to 10 points
At least 800 words are submitted for Part 2; 450 words are
submitted for Part 3.
8 points
799 to 750 words are submitted for Part 2; 449 to 400 words are
submitted for Part 3.
1 to 7 points
749 to 100 words are submitted for Part 2; 399 to 100 words
are submitted for Part 3.
0 points
Less than 100 words are submitted for Part 2; less than 100
words are submitted for Part 3.
Part 2 References are in APA format
9 to 10 points
All references are in APA format.
8 points
Most references are in APA format.
1 to 7 points
17. Some references are in APA format.
0 points
No references are in APA format.
Important Notes:
All parts of the DB are posted in the text box -- not as an
attachment -- before or on the due date. In the event formatting
is lost in the text box, you may also attach your Word file to the
text box as evidence of proper formatting.
BUSI 604 Discussion Board Forum 1–4 Instructions
Important Assignment Deadlines:
· Part 1 due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the first of the
assigned modules/weeks.
· Part 2 due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of the second of the
assigned modules/weeks.
· Part 3 due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the second of the
assigned modules/weeks.
· Note: For Module Week 8, Part 3 is due by Friday, 11:59pm
EST, since that is the last day of class. No work is accepted
after the course ends.
Part 1 (no word count)
As you read the chapters assigned to each module/week, you
will find some concepts more interesting and applicable to your
personal or work situation than others. Review the key terms
listed in the assigned chapters; then, submit a preliminary
thread indicating the key term that you wish to reserve for your
thread for that module/week.
Check the discussion board area prior to submitting your
reservation to ensure no one else has chosen that key term. In
the event the key term you wish to explore is already reserved
by someone else, simply move on to another key term in your
readings. Duplicate key terms will not earn credit under any
circumstance—this includes work submitted in a previous
18. course. Do not ask the instructor to accept a duplicate key term,
as this is not fair to those who followed these explicit
directions.
Include the exact key term you selected in your thread’s subject
line.
Submit Part 1 to the Discussion Board Forum by 11:59 p.m.
(ET) on Thursday of the first of the assigned modules/weeks.
Part 2 (800 words minimum)
After you have successfully reserved the key term that interests
you the most, research a minimum of 5 recent scholarly articles
that relate to the concept on which you wish to focus your
research. Articles must be found in reputable professional
and/or scholarly journals and/or informational venues that deal
with the content of the course (i.e., not blogs, Wikipedia,
newspapers, etc.). After reading the articles, select the 1 article
that you wish to discuss.
It is highly recommended that you use Liberty University’s
Jerry Falwell Library online resources. A librarian is available
to assist you in all matters pertaining to conducting your
research, including what constitutes a scholarly article. For
more details on what constitutes a scholarly journal (and what
does not), visit Jerry Falwell Library’s "Scholarly Journals –
What Are They?" page.
Your thread must be placed in the Discussion Board Forum
textbox (not as an attachment) and adhere precisely to the
following headings and format:
1. Key Termand Why You Are Interested in It (100 words
minimum)
After reading the textbook, specifically state why you are
interested in conducting further research on this key term (e.g.,
19. academic curiosity, application to a current issue related to
employment, or any other professional rationale). Include a
substantive reason, not simply a phrase.
2. Explanation of the Key Term(100 words minimum)
Provide a clear and concise overview of the essentials relevant
to understanding this key term.
3. Major Article Summary(300 words minimum)
Using your own words, provide a clear and concise summary of
the article, including the major points and conclusions.
4. Discussion
In your own words, discuss each of the following points:
a. How the cited work relates to your above explanation AND
how it relates specifically to the content of the assigned
module/week. This part of your thread provides evidence that
you have extended your understanding of this key term beyond
the textbook readings. (150 words minimum)
b. How the cited work relates to the other 4 works you
researched. This part of your thread provides evidence that you
have refined your research key term to a coherent and
specialized aspect of the key term, rather than a random
selection of works on the key term. The idea here is to prove
that you have focused your research and that all works cited are
related in some manner to each other rather than simply a
collection of the first 5 results from your Internet search. (150
words minimum)
5. References
A minimum of 5 recent scholarly articles (not textbooks,
Wikipedia, or other popular reading magazines), in current APA
format, must be included and must contain persistent links so
others may have instant access. In the event that formatting is
lost or corrupted when submitting the thread, attach the
20. Microsoft Word document to your thread as evidence that your
work was completed in the proper format. Access the following
URL from the Jerry Falwell Library for instructions on creating
persistent links: How to Create a Persistent Link.
Submit Part 2 to the Discussion Board Forum by 11:59 p.m.
(ET) on Monday of the second of the assigned modules/weeks.
Part 3 (150 words minimum, per reply)
Additionally, you will reply to a minimum of 3 other
classmates’ threads. Thus, you will have submit substantive
written responses to a minimum of 3 other classmates’ threads.
Submit Part 3 to the Discussion Board Forum by 11:59 p.m.
(ET) on Sunday of the second of the assigned modules/weeks.
· Note: For Module Week 8, Part 3 is due by Friday, 11:59pm
EST, since that is the last day of class. No work is accepted
after the course ends.
Performance Task: Write a Narrative
Now that you've read both points of view on nature—that of the
Transcendentalists, and that of Oates — which perspective do
you agree with?
· Create a narrative using one of the perspectives you read
about: supporting nature or going against it.
· Tell a story about an experience you had in nature that either
affected you positively or negatively.
· Compose a narrative of 500–1,000 words that discusses your
experience in nature.
· Be clear on the stance you are choosing, and what you have
learned from this experience.
· Has reading the poems and stories of the Transcendentalists
changed your perspective on nature for the better or worse?
21. Performance Task: Argument with Research
One of the goals of this unit is to conduct research. Now that
you have finished reading The Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn, you will be conducting and writing your own research
paper of 1,000–1,500 words on one of the topics listed below.
In addition to specific quotes and evidence from the text, you
will use outside research to support your claims. You may use
articles and information found online, in books, or
magazines, but do not use Wikipedia. All research must be
properly cited in MLA format on a final "Works Cited" page
listing all sources used. (Refer to the MLA Formatting and Style
Guide for support.)
· Examine the novel's portrayal of racism. Is the novel racist or
is it merely holding a mirror to a racist society?
Essay could examine: Huck's relationship with Jim, Pap's views
of African Americans, Twain's portrayal of Jim, Use of the "n"
word. Is Twain taking a stance against, and shining a light on,
society, showing them the absurdity of their ways? Or, is this
providing the author's own perspective on the time? Choose one
side and defend.
· Is Huck a transcendentalist, reflecting the new philosophy of
the time? Use quotes from the book, as well as research on the
transcendental philosophy, to argue for or against this claim.
· The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was censored
immediately upon its release, and is still censored in many
schools today. Argue or support that this book deserves to be
censored, comparing it with modern censorship of books or
media. Research the reasons behind the book's censorship both
then and now, as well as other media that has been censored in
modern times, and the reasons for that censorship. Is it
justified, or does it infringe upon the First Amendment?