Chapter 2 discusses solar energy, focusing on solar radiation, its measurement, and the various methods to convert it into heat and electricity. It outlines the components and functioning of solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic systems, emphasizing their applications in heating and electricity generation. The document also addresses the technological advances in solar energy systems and their potential for various uses, including greenhouse heating and desalination.

1. CHAPTER-2
SoLAR ENERGY
SoLAR
Date
he Artensiy o olast Haditans decaeaje, a
they seach he duskace al the Eastb, the Qse
Page to
ation and diiane
back a lage amunt o delaH Enoeg< These is
alio a sp¯ce laetoeen AUH atmosbheHe and the
Aface af the nin cohich thesie ii nathing.
Lohen ala adiation bos heough dcs a
Hele ct
Thus olae gacliatioDd ae Heceiued an the
atest Callising
dise sadlictien
O Diect Rodiaton Thia sAadiattian Canel disekly
do the easth OM the us. Thii
Hadiation has he nmaxiMum heLIMal Etect. t îx
Heceived om the un uohat change at
(2Ditu¶Q Radition Thts Hadiatan fa sadiatian
Caming em ditfesent disecioni
rd aal dutt paeticles and
dueinghe day in a claslle
dotaladiotean iocedent on he Gasth
MEASUREMENTS Os SotLAR RADIATION
adiafian me0 AUHeNNent+
Date
Ostheliometey This instsumert meaicBLO) Hhe ditsect
golast sodiation BlacKdkace metal
4suctusHQ ohele a tsanshastent hale fs madle
at he chox kndo Solase sadiation kom Hhie
sansbasHont hole ea incidet an Hne duakae a the
Alack mtale
Campeniafion
hemoble cohile the hesemolauble
Ao the galwanonmctet, The Ma) a cuent in the
Steih ADduce heat. Tn additan, t ha a black
manganin, hich is 2Ox0.R0.4 mm in dize.
44e heated loey the baiese dupply
QDAbbat yshelometey An CuÇtns kaunent daat iles a
blockened &ilu0s -oic elleckos
eoidh a dhtos to CsHeae dompeatuue kctuatYam
ReDTATION
disectian. 4t has neigtey abia þian ng &att

2. Bagt aHe
Date. Page 2
iadiattoo inctdent uhon ttcsing de gcading
Nauyingux a iocident olast stadiattoo Can be
dctiuincd ky olkesDatoly 2xhcaheg and hzttesirg
hat hodustace seecoilee iunitaht dod he
blackenod and othes ioheongda Connectedo a
thesaahilee
&olast HadiatieDA anddike ala
Lshich la paintod black This blate fi losie the
CiClast qla
oben ola adlation Ra inclAont on Hhe plate
then hi þlate Atati healing uba The back Lde
a he plote Fa Cronected to lhe hat Runction ak
dhe thesMDlouble. Salas adiatian ii not incient
he tompeaatusue af the black pate ia pAohes4i
ae emy qeneunted in the thesenma(auple.
>at Pladte
Date
LaT RATE PND CaNCENTRATING CouECTOSE.
AT
Page (2
SA Aat blate Collecto ia a heat Bxchangex Haat
Conwect the stadiat dolat EneAqy am he din
Lnto heat Eneqy ceing he iel Knauon gseenhase
elact.H Colecto CaßdtaHcs, dalast encsg and
atting, Üaabirg and hoating,and can euen be ubed
t0 heat aLttdons doimnaing Eool and het dubi
foy nmott Hosrdenfal andMall Commoceal hot
atest appliatfoni, he olae lat plate Colectast
deaigns las Cakt ,and elatively fasieg inddallation
GasabaMed to athet {omi af hat ateu heating dystsa
Q = AaU,(T -Ta
hat cootoM at he iequiesl tomhesotute.

3. HelI(Te-
ER= T (Tode t (Th-Ta)
Ir(Tde- U(Ti-Ta)1
IyAc
LIr(Twe- ulT-Ta)T
T- Ta)l
Ac
Date.
wheste, T=Iotal sadiation kallinq
and tme.
feITEoeeulTi-Ta)
Ir Ac
Page (
I Ac.
ER= Heat RoMalable factasta
It
on FPC þe cuntt auea
Tole =Cectiue tsanimittance abiastotance faeocud
Ta = Admal phesie lompeattYe.
LoncentaingCallectases
>The Concertated dybe Collect Pa aLs0 called he
Colectost.Ihese CalleHo asHe iedhen
Aomboattuses abaJe 400c aMe steqied. Theakosue,
fo these CollectosConcentrccte and high intenity
dnlase ay" thaughct he day
Consisti afa Contenbctexand an abiaocd
Date
Concenotian Ratio =h
Page 1S
Coltectast li mentod on a toacklng dysteMa So Hhot
hesy CaD kollao the dun.
These asHe heee tybes ak Cencentiating Callecaa
Cylincdsilal Pasabalic Cnllectot
(cSu-Tacketa
Poirt kausinq Callectas O þaalaulaid Callecio
(aPasaonlord pik.
(3 egnel len Callecto.

4. kolAR DIRECT HERMAL HeRLTCATTONIS
) Solo iotos Haatest.
Date_
6Salast Funaces
Sola Geeenhouse.
Solas TDAyel
Salas þau?ue abace Heating and Csoling ytema.
Solaa Tndnssta hetfng diademi
Salast Relaigeaton and ofil- CendiLaning &yskng
9Solas Disotfon (oA Desalination o
$olAR HERMAL PJER (GENERATLON
Page G
Combsfon method), etce, tmay
cOato)
mechanial Eneugg thaugh heat enaeatnel cing
Rankine Cycle,"islinh Cycle aa Bay~on Cycle.
The mechanical eosqy
do mechanical eneqy ii ailociated toth nant
a allecto iyitem aleCrealea
icíeny al a bect &ngine incHeaie as he
LdAKiaguld tenahesutiee inteases.
he ConNeSion
han éngincs.
sanshatatfan o he uKing utd fsm he
Calecto do the heat &ngine.
aSalas (alleciassaHe qondaliy
&olas'-
&alaccaiteiasy Ayideni.
Date Paye 1-7
eonentonal baies dgitoMA
*EUNDAMENTALS (OF SoLAR RoTp VoLTATC CONNERSTON
IOHe 2xeniive
Slectical inesqy diectly fusm dolast Snesau.
Sala cella aHe Uiod in thi Ayste m. hen adio
ajailaole.
diuectl into leceítal
)SalaH PV yAtems asie steliable, nmodulat,oable
asd naintenance
G) Adolax Py skom Can be acated at thebace

5. Daaking thena elon.anicaMy unlomhcliue oHS
otaesCarjentíonal baroe douc
Seadiotan deniky fa alie Lon, a age
Makei dhe hale item
*0LABR CEL^
Date.
dunlightdo make
Page 1g
dloLon Hhsogh the celle
genesate
moe Eyþeniive.
dilicon and
Qcohen unlight hines an the cells phetanl Cligat
baticle)Bambad he tibbag duahace.
The phstont lyellato blob)'Cay
The bhetens aive ap heiu ereqy to electuand
he bassei cu into he aphes,n-ybe laycy
escabe Qt to he (ialui
Imake the lamh liaht uh.
Tac.Eg
cohen and Ioil be at nnaxiMID) alug hern
Isc Vac
Pauthtt- I Vac KEF
Date
SoLAR RonER GENERATTON
Page19
Isc Voc

6. Page
20
Date
Sun
into
lecsicity
elinq
iala
faneli.
Solae
paneli,
alio
Called
'Pv
PaselA,094e
Combined
QssAyA
in
a
PV
itom
PV
ytema
Can
alio
be
inddaled
in
gacCannectea
alane)
Canfiquatiant.
The
basc
ambarnent
af
thele
too
ConqLs«actianl
s
PV
pde
ioclude
&alas
Panei
Combincst
boxese
inuestes,
aplini
Zes,andea
Conne
oLAR
PV
APPLICATTON
>0
Salat
Fencing
(a)
Palice
iolee
ystem
in
Remote
ea
SotheH
dola
Rauibent
ke
Hadi,
mobile
ct
OTeleCommLLniCatioo
To00A
ydem
gng,
delas
agstcuikeiai
þunmbi,
EtC.