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(6) 3.4 compounding.pptx types off compounds
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- 2. Compounding • Compounds arewords that are composed of two (or more) bases, roots, or stems. •In English we generally use free bases to compose compounds •compounds of two nouns: windmill, dog bed, book store •compounds of two adjectives: icy cold, blue-green, red hot •compounds of an adjective and a noun: greenhouse, blackboard, hard hat •compounds of a noun and an adjective: sky blue, cherry red, rock hard
- 3. 3.4.1 When DoWe Have a Compound?
- 4. cont • How dowe know that a sequence of words is a compound? •In German compounds are always written as one word, •in English there is no fixed way to spell a compound word. •Some, like greenhouse, are written as one word, others like dog bed, as two words, and still others, like producer-director are written with a hyphen between the two bases.
- 5. cont… • A bettercriterion is stress; •compounds in English are often stressed on their first or left-hand base, whereas phrases typically receive stress on the right. •greenhouse, which is the place where plants are grown, a house that’s painted green. But it’s not always the case that compounds are stressed on the left. •For example, most people pronounce apple pıe with stress on the second base, but apple cake with stress on the left one.
- 6. cont… • There is,however, one test for identifying compounds that is fairly reliable: •we can test for whether a sequence of bases is a compound by seeing if a modifying word can be inserted between the two bases and still have the sequence make sense. •If a modifying word cannot sensibly be inserted, the sequence of two words is a compound. •For example: • *apple delicious pie and *apple delicious cake
- 7. 3.4.2 Compound Structure •We can look at compounds as having internal structure as derived words do, and we can represent that structure in the form of word trees. • The compounds windmill and hard hat would have the structures in (24):
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- 9. cont… • recursive processin compounding •a compound of two bases can be compounded with another base, and this compounded with still another base, so that we can eventually obtain very complex compounds • like paper towel dispenser factory building committee report.
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- 11. cont… • Some compoundscan be ambiguous, and therefore can be represented by more than one structure. • For example, the compound paper cat container, might have this structure:
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- 13. cont… • the compoundpaper cat has been compounded with the noun container to make a complex compound. •The compound as a whole then must mean ‘a container for paper cats’. •But if the compound paper cat container were intended to mean ‘a paper container for cats’, the structure of the tree would be different. • where cat container is first compounded, and then paper added
- 14. cont… • Challenge •The compound“paper towel dispenser factory building committee report” could in fact have more than one meaning. See how many different meanings you can come up with, and draw a tree that corresponds to each of those meanings.
- 15. cont… • Languages otherthan English frequently construct compounds on free bases just as English does, •although French and Vietnamese examples in (28) that the order of elements in the compound is sometimes different from that in English
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- 17. cont… • English hasbound bases as well as free bases, and when we put two of them together, we might call these forms compounds as well. •Some linguists call them s, as the bound bases usually derive from Greek and Latin: •For example: English compounds on bound bases: psychopath, pathology, endoderm, dermatitis
- 18. cont… • In languageslike Latin word formation often operates on roots or stems, rather than on free forms, •all compounds are formed from bound bases. •the first parts of the compounds in (30) are formed from the roots of the nouns •ala ‘wing’ and capra ‘goat’ (respectively al- and capr-) plus a vowel -i- linking the two parts of the compound together: •(30) Latin compounds: •ali-pes ‘wing-footed’ •capri-ficus ‘goat fig = wild fig’