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5th world feb2006_smu_v1.0
Players operate virtual train switches and speeds to prevent collisions. Researchers developed a VR train simulator to study train traffic control. Through mixing realities, embedded training is expanding to provide integrated training anytime, anywhere. Advancements are transferring to other industries like business and education. Integrated research in tracking, rendering, and scenario delivery are expanding VR simulation possibilities and command/control visualizations.
5th world feb2006_smu_v1.0
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- 9. Vienna University ofTechnology Players operate track switches and adjusting the speed of virtual trains to prevent virtual trains from colliding. Researchers Daniel Wagner, Thomas Pintaric and Dieter Schmalstieg
- 11. Equivalent to 17-inch SVGA displayat arm’s length
- 12. Through mixing realities, researchis expanding the potential of embedded training in the field and in battle labs to provide integrated training anytime, anywhere. Advancements are being transferred across industries from business prototypes to hospitality training. Integrated research in tracking, registration, rendering, display, and scenario delivery are expanding the possibilities of CONSTRUCTIVE simulation as well as after action review, and command and control visualizations.
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- 15. Improved Target AcquisitionSystem Trainer
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- 18. • Economic Development •Workforce • Education • Video Games • The 5th World • Closing the Gaps
- 19. What innovations are flowingfrom gamers and the game industry?
- 20. Self Organized InnovationNetworks – Cross appropriation of game technology to other human endeavors.
- 21. How are consumer-producers impactingthe game industry? Example: CounterStrike™ Modder: An individual who modifies the content and context of games to create new innovation.
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- 23. • In 2002there were over 30,000 Counter- Strike servers • Second place was Unreal Tournament with about 9,800 • In 2004, GameSpy over 85,000 players playing Counter-Strike at any point in time • In 2004 accounted for almost 70 percent of the online FPS audience. • Over 4.5 billion minutes of playing time each month, making it the most popular online FPS in history.
- 24. Games for… Games for Health Serious Games Gamesfor Change Learning Games
- 25. Case study: EmergencyResponse Training, Pjotr van Schothorst VSTEP BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- 26. Created by AndréDirk Knuckles in China Land
- 27. KICL.info Contains all the charactersfrom the Hiragana and Katakana syllabries, over 6000 Kanji characters, and hundreds of Japanese, Indonesian, & German words. Includes Vocabulary Editor with input for non- Latin characters. Created by André Dirk Knuckles in China Land
- 28. USC ISI andTactical Language Training (ITSEC 2005)
- 29. NETC – 24Blue (ITSEC 2005)
- 30. Case 4: DisasterConfigurator for the Rotterdam Port Authority Case study: Emergency Response Training, Pjotr van Schothorst VSTEP BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- 31. Player is IncidentCommander or subordinate crisis responder. Responds to events with choices that should mirror Department of Justice NICS doctrine. • Tactical Map set in player’s home county • ICS “hints” throughout gameplay • Coordination and communication required for success • Full-scale training is unaffordable for small jurisdictions* • Permits widespread distribution to many users* *88% of all jurisdictions are considered to be small. Incident Commander Recommendation: Emphasize human-to- human computer mediated communication, interaction and learning.
- 32. Virtual U modelsthe attitudes and behaviors of the academic community in five major areas of higher education anagement: • Spending and income decisions such as operating budget, new hires, incoming donations, and management of the endowment; • Faculty, course, and student scheduling issues; • Admissions standards, university prestige, and student enrollment; • Student housing, classrooms, and all other facilities; and • Performance indicators. Enlight Software, the Jackson Hole Higher Education Group, and the Institute for Research on Higher Education at the University of Pennsylvania (data), with support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Spencer Foundation. www.virtual-u.org
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- 34. food-force.com Produced by the UnitedNations' World Food Programme, Kids join a team of emergency aid workers to save the fictitious island of Sheylan from starvation caused by drought and civil war. The team goes on six missions to help save the island. The additional missions cleverly use games to demonstrate how emergency aid teams acquire food, make food packs, deliver food and establish long-term food supplies.
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- 40. GlucoboyThe video gamethat runs on blood.
- 41. Games for… Games for Health Serious Games Gamesfor Change Learning Games
- 42. • Economic Development •Workforce • Education • Video Games • The 5th World • Closing the Gaps
- 43. What is the5th World?
- 44. The other side ofthe digital divide.
- 45. The Other Sideof the Digital Divide Not Low Socio-Economic Status Ninja’s Crew, GameCamp, 2005
- 46. Creation of new knowledge, processes & systems. GameBuilding is Transdisciplinary
- 48. Female, 4, 8% Male, 46, 92% AverageAge Respondent 15 Avg. Age Start Playing Games 5 Avg. Hours of Play Per Week 24 % Mod’ers 34% Average Hours Mod'ing Per Wk. 5 Average Age Start Mod'ing 12 50 Game Camp Respondents to Date
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- 50. Why do youmodify games? 9 8 14 3 9 8 8 9 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Playing Yes Playing No Learning Yes Learning No Show Yes Show No Better Yes Better No
- 51. Math Engineering TechScience What arethey learning? ?
- 52. Math Engineering TechScience ARTS What arethey learning?
- 53. Math Engineering TechScience TEAMS What arethey learning?
- 54. 22 48 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Graduate HS GraduateCC or TC Graduate University Plans for education Computer Science 20 Video Game Design 9 Design/Art 8 Write in to survey
- 55. Player Incr. hand-eye coord reactiontime spatial visualization neuro-psych. tests visual attentiveness and mental rotation http://www.wehealnewyork.org/BI%20Surgeon%20teams%20up%20with%20Hollywood.htm James “Butch” Rosser, M.D., Chief of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Director of the Advanced Medical Technology Institute (AMTI) Beth Israel Medical Center in Manhattan According to Rosser’s study, surgeons who currently play or previously played video games had a 37% reduction in errors and accomplish laparoscopic surgical tasks 27% quicker.
- 56. What is theimpact of gaming on human behavior, thinking and learning? • Benefits similar to bilingualism in exercising the mind (Ryerson University, Canada, Global Mail, 2006) • Increased situational awareness (University of Rochester Study in Clark 2005) • Improved pattern recognition and spatial processing abilities (UCLA Prof. Patricia Marks Greenfield in Clark 2005) • Improved inductive reasoning, users “learn by doing” (Prof. Sherry Turkle, MIT in in Clark 2005)
- 57. Burgeoning realm ofacademic study? • Transformation of media space and culture • Impact to human communication, organization, learning, behavior… • Mathematics, modeling and systems architecture. • Modeling human-human, human-machine and machine-machine interactions and behavior in large distributed systems. • Application of simulation and gaming techniques, technologies, systems and processes to non-entertainment fields.
- 58. US Nano Soldier FCS 2020 defenselink.mil/news/Jul2004/n07272004_2004072705.html GameBuilder – Nano Soldier
- 59. Neuro Evolved RoboticOperatives Agents cope with changing environments and situations, optimize resource management, and form adaptive tactical solutions in real time. Stanley, Bryant, Perry, Patterson, Gold, Thibault, Miikkulainen IC2 Institute: NERO Game Builder – AI for Sensors
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- 62. REMIXING – Constructive media remixing TEAMS– Transdisciplinary communities of practice. SWARMING – Network socialization and learning (communal). GROUP – Global Generation? 1980 Emergence of the 5th World 198219641946 Boomers Generation X Millennials 46-64 65-79 82-Present 5th World 4th World = Digital Divide
- 63. 5th World Millennials Not LowSocio-Economic Status Ninja’s Crew, GameCamp, 2005
- 64. 4th World Millennials Low Socio-EconomicStatus Goldberg’s Crew, Houston Community College
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- 66. This study wasfunded by the State Farm Companies Foundation and by Dr. George Kozmetsky (1917-2003), founder of the IC² Institute. The study was designed and analyzed, and the report was written by a team at The University of Texas at Austin: Aliza Gold, Senior Producer and Researcher at the Digital Media Collaboratory, part of the IC² Institute Emily Durden, PhD candidate in Sociology Marjorie L. Kase, M.A. in Communication Shane Alluah, PhD candidate in Educational Psychology Ana Boa-Ventura, PhD candidate in Communication The research team would like to thank the participating schools and their administrators: Elgin Middle School Goodnight Middle school Miller Junior High Fleming Middle School
- 67. Low SES: MoreTV and More Video Games TV Games A. Gold, IC2 Institute, UT Austin, Forthcoming
- 68. Females Males Designer/Decorator Professionalathlete Doctor Video Game Designer Cosmetologist Business Owner Lawyer Engineer Teacher Lawyer Business Owner Military Service Musician/Singer Auto Mechanic Cook/Chef Computer Programmer A. Gold, IC2 Institute, UT Austin, Forthcoming
- 69. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 High school or less Community college/technical College degreeor beyond How Much Education do You Want? White African American Latino Other How much education? A. Gold, IC2 Institute, UT Austin, Forthcoming
- 70. 22 48 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Graduate HS GraduateCC or TC Graduate University Plans for education Computer Science 20 Video Game Design 9 Design/Art 8 Write in to survey
- 71. • Economic Development •Workforce • Education • Video Games • The 5th World • Closing the Gaps
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- 73. Charles Ostman Senior Fellow Institutefor Global Futures NEURO NANO BIOINFO What is the impact of S&T Convergence to education?
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- 75.
- 76. Transdisciplinarity • Creating newknowledge, processes and systems. • Structurally converging knowledge, processes and systems. • Integrating learning, working and problem solving. • Engaging real world needs and problems.
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- 78.
- 79. Source: Brazell, IC2 Institute,2004 Yang Cai, Ingo Snel, Betty Chenga, Suman Bharathi, Clementine Klein d, Judith Klein- Seetharaman; Carnegie Mellon University, University of Frankfurt, Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. www.andrew.cmu.edu/~ycai/biogame.pdf BIOSIM 1.0
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- 84. GAME TEAMS Games havecaptured millennials imagination and time. Leverage the attention economy of games to develop next generation workforce. We need to pierce the veil of play and support game-based constructivist learning. Transdisciplinarity is the common denominator. Games NANO BIO INFO NEURO Game Builder = System Builder TEAMS Educational Pull
- 85. Project #1: FirstFlight Workforce Attrition & Minority Aviators
- 86. First Flight 3of 6 Dave Kenny
- 89. Project #2: OTRONICON OrlandoScience and Technology Museum. Executive Producer: Jud French Sponsor: Local DoD, entertainment and defense contractor base.
- 97. Project #3: TEAMSWorkforce Initiative Workforce Attrition. Emerging Technology. ID Educational Solutions. Sponsor: None. Informal Collaboration.
- 99. Population: 1.4MM Growth:1200/day Educational Sites 3 - 5 minutes EA online games 9 minutes AOL Entertainment 10 minutes Whyville.net 59 minutes Yahoo! Games 78 minutes MEAN TIME PER USER LOGIN Discovery.com: 96 million Whyville.net: 58.4 million BigChalk: 11 million Time for Kids: 8 million New York Times Learning Net: 1.2 million Cosmogirl: 425,000 PAGE VIEWS ©numedeon,inc.2003 The average time per log in July was 3.8 hours making it second to Neopets.
- 101. 4 Education -Use extracurricular competitions to engage students and teachers in transdisciplinary learning and action.
- 102. Elementary spaceTEAMS San Antonio,TX Robot competition pluscareer and academic exploration and history of science and technology.
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- 104. FREE if you havea team of 8 middle or high school girls…
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- 107. spaceTEAMS San Antonio,TX Middle School Likefootball or volleyball but academic.
- 108. Education 5 - Connecthistory, career exploration and academic planning
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- 110. Education 6 - Focuson Hispanic and African American STEM legacy.
- 111. Technicians Technologists PhDs Rise of theHispanic Middle Class ”Mayor” -- Nelson
- 112. Education 7 - Completethe K-PhD Pipeline and focus on stratified education and careers.
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- 114. ITSA Greg White, UTSA: ”K-PhD” PipelineStartyounger! TEAMS NorthwestVista College, San Antonio
- 116. April 9-13, 2006 30thACM International Collegiate Programming Contest World Championship The 2005 ACM-ICPC World Champions: Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Editor's Notes
- #5 Need source
- #6 Need source
- #8 Need source
- #9 The Invisible Train The Invisible Train is the first real multi-user Augmented Reality application for handheld devices (PDAs). Unlike other projects, in which wearable devices were merely used as thin-clients, while powerful (PC-based) servers performed a majority of the computations (such as graphics rendering), our software runs independently on off-the-shelf PDAs - eliminating the need for an expensive infractructure. The Invisible Train is a mobile, collaborative multi-user Augmented Reality (AR) game, in which players control virtual trains on a real wooden miniature railroad track. These virtual trains are only visible to players through their PDA's video see-through display as they don't exist in the physical world. This type of user interface is commonly called the "magic lens metaphor". Players can interact with the game environment by operating track switches and adjusting the speed of their virtual trains. The current state of the game is synchronized between all participants via wireless networking. The common goal of the game is to prevent the virtual trains from colliding. The success of the Invisible Train installation illustrates the advantages of our Studierstube software framework, a component-based system architecture that has been designed to accelerate the task of developing and deploying collaborative Augmented Reality applications on handheld devices. Why Handheld Augmented Reality? Augmented Reality (AR) can naturally complement mobile computing on wearable devices by providing an intuitive interface to a three-dimensional information space embedded within physical reality. However, prior work on mobile Augmented Reality has almost exclusively been undertaken with traditional "backpack"-systems that consist of a notebook computer, an HMD, cameras and additional supporting hardware. Although these systems work well within a constrained laboratory environment, they fail to fulfill several usability criteria to be rapidly deployed to inexperienced users, as they are expensive, cumbersome and require high level of expertise. Since the early experiments in Mobile Augmented Reality, a variety of highly portable consumer devices with versatile computing capabilities has emerged. We believe that handheld computers, mobile phones and personal digital assistants have the potential to introduce Augmented Reality to large audiences outside of a constrained laboratory environment. The relative affordability of devices that are capable of running our software framework opens up new possibilities for experimenting with massively multi-user application scenarios - thereby bringing us closer to the goal of "AR anytime, anywhere".
- #10 The Invisible Train The Invisible Train is the first real multi-user Augmented Reality application for handheld devices (PDAs). Unlike other projects, in which wearable devices were merely used as thin-clients, while powerful (PC-based) servers performed a majority of the computations (such as graphics rendering), our software runs independently on off-the-shelf PDAs - eliminating the need for an expensive infractructure. The Invisible Train is a mobile, collaborative multi-user Augmented Reality (AR) game, in which players control virtual trains on a real wooden miniature railroad track. These virtual trains are only visible to players through their PDA's video see-through display as they don't exist in the physical world. This type of user interface is commonly called the "magic lens metaphor". Players can interact with the game environment by operating track switches and adjusting the speed of their virtual trains. The current state of the game is synchronized between all participants via wireless networking. The common goal of the game is to prevent the virtual trains from colliding. The success of the Invisible Train installation illustrates the advantages of our Studierstube software framework, a component-based system architecture that has been designed to accelerate the task of developing and deploying collaborative Augmented Reality applications on handheld devices. Why Handheld Augmented Reality? Augmented Reality (AR) can naturally complement mobile computing on wearable devices by providing an intuitive interface to a three-dimensional information space embedded within physical reality. However, prior work on mobile Augmented Reality has almost exclusively been undertaken with traditional "backpack"-systems that consist of a notebook computer, an HMD, cameras and additional supporting hardware. Although these systems work well within a constrained laboratory environment, they fail to fulfill several usability criteria to be rapidly deployed to inexperienced users, as they are expensive, cumbersome and require high level of expertise. Since the early experiments in Mobile Augmented Reality, a variety of highly portable consumer devices with versatile computing capabilities has emerged. We believe that handheld computers, mobile phones and personal digital assistants have the potential to introduce Augmented Reality to large audiences outside of a constrained laboratory environment. The relative affordability of devices that are capable of running our software framework opens up new possibilities for experimenting with massively multi-user application scenarios - thereby bringing us closer to the goal of "AR anytime, anywhere".
- #22 We have an innovation gap. We have become a society of consumers. The lack of access to the knowledge and assets necessary build simulations, scenarios, and games is a technological divide that we must address today. We must create a generation of people capable of creating innovation!
- #23 We have an innovation gap. We have become a society of consumers. The lack of access to the knowledge and assets necessary build simulations, scenarios, and games is a technological divide that we must address today. We must create a generation of people capable of creating innovation!
- #24 We have an innovation gap. We have become a society of consumers. The lack of access to the knowledge and assets necessary build simulations, scenarios, and games is a technological divide that we must address today. We must create a generation of people capable of creating innovation!
- #32 Provide small communities Novel way to use learning games Special – business relationship between Breakaway and DOJ Distribute to 30,000 agencies in Feb National Incident Command Sys NICS Training
- #35 Free video game teaches kids about world hungerBY JINNY GUDMUNDSEN GANNETT NEWS SERVICE Live 8, the global concerts earlier this month to fight poverty in Africa, greatly increased awareness of world hunger. But most kids don't understand how international aid organizations work to help starving people. That's where a video game can help. "Food Force" gives kids between the ages of 8 and 13 a better understanding of how relief organizations operate. Produced by the United Nations' World Food Programme, "Food Force" is a free Internet download at www.food-force.com. Kids join a team of emergency aid workers to save the fictitious island of Sheylan from starvation caused by drought and civil war. The team goes on six missions to help save the island. Each mission starts with a briefing by one of the emergency aid characters. Kids then play a hands-on game to score enough points to complete the mission. For example, in the first mission, kids pilot a helicopter by using the computer mouse. Time is limited, and youngsters earn points by locating refugees. After piloting, the Food Force character returns to evaluate the kids' performance and uses an accompanying video that shows the program in action to make the whole process seem realistic. The additional missions cleverly use games to demonstrate how emergency aid teams acquire food, make food packs, deliver food and establish long-term food supplies. When kids complete all six missions, they can upload their cumulative score to an international database found on the Food Force Web site. The Web site also provides information about how kids can help fight hunger, and it allows them to explore more about the World Food Programme. Teachers also will find lesson plans that incorporate the game. The program effectively reaches 'tweens and teens with 3-D graphics and characters that resemble those in popular commercial titles, helping bring closer to home the problems of world hunger, which are most often thousands of miles away. The game is best for ages 8 to 13. It scores a perfect five stars. For more information, see www.food-force.com, United Nations' World Food Programme, offering free downloadable program for Windows and Macintosh.
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- #56 “Although we often hear about the reasons kids should not play video games, there is, indeed, a positive correlation between video gaming and increased hand-eye coordination, reaction time, spatial visualization, neuro-psychological tests, visual attentiveness and mental rotation,” says Dr. Rosser. “Those are all skills that are required to be a successful surgeon.”A study conducted at Beth Israel Medical Center by Dr. Rosser, found a significant correlation between video game experience and proficiency at laparoscopic surgery. According to the study, surgeons who currently play or previously played video games had a 37 percent reduction in errors and accomplish laparoscopic surgical tasks 27 percent quicker. “The studies confirm what some physicians have long suspected – video games can be natural teachers,” says Dr. Mogel. “However, this probably has been unintended by the game designers.”
- #57 Better living through video games? From Thursday's Globe and Mail Thursday, February 09, 2006 When he snags downtime from his schoolwork, Ryerson University student Brad Evans gabs with friends, grooves to Kanye West on his MP3 player and races virtual hotrods on his Sony PlayStation. All at the same time. Before you assume gadgets and video games fry the minds of the future, consider this: Canadian researchers are finding evidence that the high-speed, multitasking of the young and wireless can help protect their brains from aging. The full text of this article has 1173 words. Patricia Marks Greenfield Mind (Mind and media: The effects of television, video games and computers) Hand eye Brain Coordination Mark Prensky How What Where Emergent behaviors and strategy
- #58 Better living through video games? From Thursday's Globe and Mail Thursday, February 09, 2006 When he snags downtime from his schoolwork, Ryerson University student Brad Evans gabs with friends, grooves to Kanye West on his MP3 player and races virtual hotrods on his Sony PlayStation. All at the same time. Before you assume gadgets and video games fry the minds of the future, consider this: Canadian researchers are finding evidence that the high-speed, multitasking of the young and wireless can help protect their brains from aging. The full text of this article has 1173 words. Patricia Marks Greenfield Mind (Mind and media: The effects of television, video games and computers) Hand eye Brain Coordination Mark Prensky How What Where Emergent behaviors and strategy
- #69 The careers are ordered by priority. Design-related fields are at the top fo the chart for both females and males. Males in middle school are described in the literature as being more likely to have interests that could be labeled “fantasy careers’ or “glamour careers.”
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- #100 <number> The most important thing to understand about Whyville really, is that it’s a place full of kids. It’s a virtual city that belongs to the kids who come from all over the world to have fun. The kids consider this their own town, and they call themselves Whyvillians. To become a Whyvillian, you create a Whyville persona. In this screen, and every other screen you’ve already seen, for example, each face is a Whyville citizen. To become a Whyville citizen, you create a persona, the most important aspect of which is your face. You can see here that the faces are varied and very creative. Here’s an amoeba. Here’s someone driving a car. Here is someone wearing a style known as ‘Goth’. The ungliest citizens you see around are in fact us, the city workers.
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- #112 <number> Kelly AFB http://proft.50megs.com/kelly.html#jet http://proft.50megs.com/kelly.html#jet THE JET AGE</font> </b> <p>As the Air Force moved through its first decade of independence, its aircraft, engines, accessories, and support equipment became increasingly sophisticated and complex, requiring use of new technologies and innovative programs to meet the challenges of the future. <p>By 1951, the <a href="javascript:imageWindow('B-36','b-36-kh.jpg',693,444)">Convair B-36</a> began arriving in ever-increasing numbers at Kelly.  With its powerful R4360 engines, the B-36 rapidly took the place of the B-29.  Nicknamed the "Peacekeeper," the B-36 was radical in its design; its six pusher engines gave it a top speed of over 400 miles per hour, and it was the first American bomber capable of reaching any target on the globe. <p>R4360 engines also powered the <a href="javascript:imageWindow('XC-99','xc-99-kh.jpg',619,180)">XC-99</a>.  Convair built this one-and-only transport in 1947 to use the technology of the B-36 more effectively.  As the large cargo plane to date, the XC-99 set many world records between 1953 and 1955, before the Air Force decided it did not need large transport planes.  The longest flight - 12,000 miles to Rhein Main Air Base in Germany - began on August 13 1953.  Carrying the 61,000 pounds of vital cargo, it flew to Germany via Bermuda and the Azores and returned a week later carrying another 62,000 pounds.  Every place the <a href="http://www.40th-bomb-wing.com/gallery6.html" target="_blank">XC-99</a> landed, newspaper, radio, and television reporters were there to convey to the public the excitement of the spectacular flight. <p>Another record-breaking flight took place during May 1955.  The XC-99 was put to the test in support of PROJECT DEWLINE.  In conjunction with the Military Transport Service, the XC-99 airlifted 380,000 pounds of cargo to Iceland from Delaware, a distance of 2,500 miles. The plane was airborne 210 hours and 41 minutes.  Some trouble was experienced, but the 31 civilian technicians from the San Antonio depot successfully repaired the <a href="http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA112804.3B.xc99.9c384019.html" target="_blank">XC-99</a> at Dover AFB. <p>Jet engines had become extremely important to the Air Force by 1955. The <a href="javascript:imageWindow('B-47','b-47-kh.jpg',500,278)">Boeing B-47</a> Stratojet bomber was the first full weapons system bomber.  Designed in 1945, the B-47 was powered by six General Electric J47 turbojet engines and featured swept-back wings and tail surfaces.  Its mission was to deliver conventional or nuclear ordnance to enemy targets.  On November 30, 1959, a B-47 bomber set a world endurance record, remaining airborne for three days, eight hours, and eight minutes, and covering a distance of 32,900 miles.  After relegating the bomber to reconnaissance and training missions, the latest Stratojets were taken out of the active United States Air Force inventory in 1966. <p>The <a href="javascript:imageWindow('B-58','b-58-kh.jpg',440,312)">B-58 "Hustler"</a> was yet another important addition to the Air Force inventory.  As America's first supersonic bomber, it could range higher and faster than any other bomber aircraft in the world, flying at twice the speed of sound.  Its four J79 engines produced over 41,000 pounds of thrust that could push the sleek bomber at more than 1,300 mph.  The first B-58 arrived at Kelly on March 15, 1960 to be used for training maintenance personnel for the new overhaul workload.  On May 26, 1958, SAAMA opened the B-58 Logistics Support Management Office.  It became the forerunner of a major area organizational realignment whereby worldwide weapons management functions would be separated organizationally from the internal depot operations. Responsibilities outlined for the weapon system manager included budgeting, funding, computing requirements, and arranging for maintenance. <p>Kelly repaired and overhauled <a href="javascript:imageWindow('B-52','b-52-kh.jpg',600,353)">B-52</a>s for over 30 years.  In the early 1960s, the B-52 was the major depot-level maintenance workload for SAAMA. Modifications to the B-52s performed at Kelly increased the load capability of each plane and increased the aircraft's range.  In addition, the San Antonio shops camouflage-painted the B-52s for Southeast Asia operations. This era in Kelly's history ended when the Air Force shifted the B-52 workload to Oklahoma City in the spring of 1993.  The 36-year old relationship between Kelly and the big bomber was the longest association between any Air Force weapons system and a single ALC to that point. <br> <a name="vietnam"></a> <br><b><font size=+1>VIETNAM </font></b> <p>Kelly's workload remained relatively stable until the mid-1960s, when American efforts to prevent the fall of the South Vietnamese government led to direct American involvement. Following the Gulf of Tonkin incident in August 1964, all air materiel areas began supporting Southeast Asia on a 24-hour basis.  For the next 11 years, Kelly employees were deeply involved in supplying parts and expertise for the conflict in Southeast Asia, working both within the United States and overseas. <p>In May 1965, during the build-up of American forces in Vietnam, the Logistics Command started sending teams of supply personnel to the Pacific Air Forces.  Kelly had a lot of volunteers.  By December 31, 1965, SAAMA had sent 11 supply teams, totaling 89 personnel, on temporary duty to Southeast Asia to establish supply centers throughout the western Pacific, including Vietnam. <p>Kelly also sent maintenance teams to Southeast Asia.  The first team consisted of six jet engine mechanics that worked in the Philippines on J57 engines for <a href="javascript:imageWindow('F-100','f-100-kh.jpg',500,359)">F-100</a>s.  Other Kelly workers served in Vietnam on special <a href="javascript:imageWindow('F-5','f-5-kh.jpg',671,262)">F-5</a> modification teams, helped reassemble newly shipped F-5 aircraft at Bien Hoa Air Base, and assisted in the creation of an engine repair facility at Bien Hoa.  Some workers served on rapid area maintenance supply support or area transportation teams while others served as weapon system logistic officers.  Those who remained in San Antonio also strove to meet the demands for materiel and aircraft maintenance. <p>On July 1, 1965, Kelly opened as an aerial port of embarkation to provide though-plane cargo service to Southeast Asia.  Kelly Air Force Base personnel processed and routed vital war material earmarked for Vietnam to the Southeast Asian Theater.  By 1967, the pace of the United States build-up intensified. The <a href="javascript:imageWindow('C-141','c-141-kh.jpg',600,332)">C-141 Starlifter</a> cargo aircraft began to enter the Air Force inventory in sufficient numbers to replace the aging <a href="javascript:imageWindow('C-124','c-124-kh.jpg',366,246)">C-124 Globemaster</a>.  With air terminal modernization and the increased use of C-141 aircraft, Military Airlift Command aircrews seldom experienced any delays at Kelly's aerial port. <p>On November 1, 1965, SAAMA assumed responsibility for the Air Force's entire watercraft program.  This included all landing-type vessels, spares, engines, and combat ships.  Other items included cargo tanks, special service vessels, barges, small craft, dredges, rigging, and marine hardware.  Earlier that year, on August 3, Kelly became responsible for assembly and shipment of the necessary airfield lighting equipment to establish four semi-fixed installations in Southeast Asia.   <p>In August 1996, the Air Force Logistics Command established PROJECT LOGGY SORT (LOGGY-Specialize Overseas Repair Test) to study the requirements for repair and maintenance of United States Air Force tactical aircraft in a combat environment in Southeast Asia.  The goal was to provide tactical fighter units with greater mobility and flexibility.  The <br><a href="javascript:imageWindow('F-4','f-4-kh.jpg',696,400)">F-4C</a> aircraft was selected as the test vehicle because it was the most modern system in existence and best represented planned future weapon systems.  SAAMA, as manager for the F-4s aerospace ground equipment, accumulated, analyzed and established base level repair restrictions on the items. <p>Weapon systems used in Southeast Asia managed by SAAMA included <a href="javascript:imageWindow('F-102','f-102-kh.jpg',458,262)">F-102</a>, <a href="javascript:imageWindow('F-106','f-106-kh.jpg',472,212)">F-106</a>, <a href="javascript:imageWindow('A-37','a-37-kh.jpg',734,244)">A-37</a>, <a href="javascript:imageWindow('O-2','o-2-kh.jpg',465,246)">O-2</a>, and F-5 aircraft, while the major maintenance workloads centered around aircraft engines, airfield lighting equipment, life support system items, aerospace ground equipment, and fuels.  Specific maintenance workloads were B-52 aircraft modifications such as the T34, T-56 and J79 engine overhaul and recoverable-aerospace item repair. <p>The early 1970s witnessed the establishment of the Vietnamization Program, also known as the Nixon Doctrine.  This new policy was the key to planned reductions in the Untied States military forces in South Vietnam.  As part of this effort, SAAMA personnel were deeply involved in the planning and construction of an engine facility at Bien Hoa Air Base.  This assignment began in February 1971 when the Air Force Logistics Command gave the SAAMA the responsibility for developing complete plans and specifications for converting an existing building at Bien Hoa Air Base into an engine overhaul facility. <p>One month later, the San Antonio Air Materiel Area became involved with yet another project to provide logistics support.  On October 20,1972, SAAMA initiated PROJECT ENHANCE PLUS, to transfer A-37, F-5, and <a href="javascript:imageWindow('T-38','t-38cap.jpg',534,482)">T-38</a> aircraft, engines, and support spares to the Republic of Vietnam to carry on the war after American withdrawal.  Nearly every directorate at Kelly contributed to this effort. <p>The San Antonio Air Materiel Area set several records during this period. In addition to the transfer of A-37s, F-5s, and T-38s, over 18.3 million pounds of cargo were sent on 232 missions using C-141, <a href="javascript:imageWindow('C-5','c-5-kh.jpg',1096,396)">C-5</a>, <a href="javascript:imageWindow('Boeing_707','boeing-707-kh.jpg',600,480)">Boeing 707</a> and <a href="javascript:imageWindow('DC-8','dc-8-kh.jpg',450,300)">DC-8</a> aircraft.  United States Air Force Headquarters congratulated all concerned for their support in this project.  They said it was proud of the ability shown by all air logistics centers and other activities to get the job done in spite of the critical time, worldwide scope of the operation, and the many actions which had to be completed. <p>A year before the United States ended its involvement in Southeast Asian hostilities; the military services began to prepare for the return of North Vietnam-held Prisoners of War.  With the signing of the Paris Peace Accords on January 27, 1972, "Operation Homecoming" was on. The prisoners were flown from North Vietnam to the Joint Homecoming Reception Center at Clark Air Base, the Philippines.  Once at Clark, the POWs were given medical checkups, issued uniforms and personal items, and made those very important phone calls home.  After a minimum time at Clark, the POWs flew to the United States to be reunited with their families and to receive complete medical and psychological evaluation and treatment.  Lackland Air Force Base and Fort Sam Houston were designated as reception areas in San Antonio because each had hospital facilities to handle the needs of the returning prisoners of war.  Kelly became the reception area.  Flights bringing the former POWs to Kelly began on February 15 1973.  Although crowds were deliberately kept small, the occasion was full of joy.  The 11 flights that arrived at Kelly carried 20 Air Force and 12 Army men.  Kelly Air Force Base took great pride in welcoming home the brave men who had spent years in captivity. <p> <a name="changes"></a> <br> <font size=+1><b>CHANGES</b></font><p> In 1974, San Antonio Air Materiel Area changed its name to the San Antonio Air Logistics Center, but the dedication and support to the Air Force mission remained the same. <p>The <a href="javascript:imageWindow('C-5A','c-5a-kh.jpg',850,620)">C-5A Galaxy</a>, the world's largest aircraft, entered the Air Force inventory on October 8, 1965.  San Antonio Air Materiel Area had both management and repair responsibility for the giant transport and its <a href="javascript:imageWindow('TF-39_Engine','tf-39-kh.jpg',470,388)">TF39 engine</a>.  Weighing about 350 tons, the aircraft can transport 98 percent of equipment issued to an Army division, including the 100,000 pound M-1 tank, self-propelled artillery equipment, missiles, and helicopters.  On its initial visit to Kelly on January 31, 1970, prominent figures as well as public spectators greeted the C-5A.  Since then, the C-5A has undergone engine and aircraft repairs and modifications.  The largest modification program ever managed by an Air Logistics Center was the program to strengthen the wings on the C-5A.  The project was a result of a fatigue testing which indicated that the C-5A wing had an operational life of only 8,000 mission hours.  The goal, therefore, was to reach a 30,000-hour service-life by replacing the center, outer, and inner wing boxes.  On May 14, 1980, a prototype-modified aircraft was ready for flight test.  Two months later, a scientific advisory board met to review the results and recommended a continuation of the wing modification program. <p>As good as the C-5A was, Lockheed and the Air Force began plans to incorporate reliability and maintainability factors into the large cargo plane, producing the <a href="javascript:imageWindow('C-5B','c-5b-kh.jpg',792,524)">C-5B</a>.  The Galaxy "B" fleet added 7.5 million cargo tons per day to the United States military strategic airlift capability. <p>With the transfer of B-52 repair and overhaul to Oklahoma City in 1993, Kelly's workers shifted their attention to keeping the T-38 jet trainers of Air Education and Training Command ready to fly.  This workload moved to Kelly in the spring of 1993. <p>The F100 engine became a major engine workload for Kelly in the late 1970s as <a href="javascript:imageWindow('F-16','f-16-kh.jpg',550,311)">F-16</a>s and <br><a href="javascript:imageWindow('F-15','f-15-kh.jpg',600,364)">F-15</a>s entered the Air Force inventory in increasing numbers.  Air Force officials predicted the F100 to be Kelly's largest overhaul workload since the Pratt and Whitney R4360 engine, which dominated overhaul activities at the base for more than a decade.  The San Antonio Air Materiel Area was designated as the Specialized Repair Activity for the F100 in 1969. <p>The first <a href="javascript:imageWindow('F-100_Engine','f100.jpg',753,600)">F100 engine</a> arrived at the SA-ALC on August 9, 1974.  Primarily used as a trainer, this first engine was also used as a prototype repair engine to determine the adequacy of planning documents, technical data, tools and equipment.  Management and maintenance of the F100 is complicated by the unique design of the engine.  The engine is divided into five modules. Defective modules could be removed and replaced with spares to return the engine to service more rapidly.  Another unique aspect of the F100 engine is the "on-condition" maintenance feature.  This occurs if an inspection team determines that the rest of the modules are in good working order. Only the affected part would be overhauled and the rest of the engine would be left alone.  In addition, time between overhauls is measured in terms of cycles, or throttling up and down action, rather than flight hours. <p>The San Antonio Air Logistics Center also managed the new <a href="javascript:imageWindow('C-17','c-17-kh.jpg',576,431)">C-17</a>, developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company.  This advanced aircraft is a rugged, reliable, modern airlifter designed to meet requirements established jointly by the Army, Marines, and the Air Force.  The C-17 provides the United States combat commanders with the increased mobility to get to the battle sooner-and to win.  Kelly's involvement in the C-17 program was further strengthened when Air Force Logistics Command named it the source of repair for the airframe.  Logistics support responsibility for the aircraft was made virtually complete in March 1985 when AFLC gave SA-ALC management and repair responsibility for the C-17 engines, the F117. <p>Americans have always looked to the future, but the future of Kelly's involvement in space have been a "now" responsibility for more than 25 years.  In August of 1962, SAAMA “loaned” the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) six aircraft - two F-102s, two TF102s and two <a href="javascript:imageWindow('T-33','t-33-kh.jpg',461,219)">T33</a>s - so the astronauts at the Houston Manned Spaceflight Center could maintain their flying proficiency.  Two years later, Directorate of Maintenance workers built three Apollo capsule trainers for NASA.  And Kelly's Directorate of Aerospace Fuels has supplied NASA with the required liquid propellants from the very beginning of the Space Administration's push into space.   <p>On November 16, 1973, the Directorate of Aerospace Fuels provided propellants support to the last of the Skylab space program launches.  In March 1979, the <a href="javascript:imageWindow('747+Shuttle','747-shuttle-kh.jpg',623,500)">space shuttle "Columbia" perched atop a Boeing 747</a> arrived at Kelly Air Force Base for the first time for a refueling stop on its way to Kennedy Space Center in Florida.  This was Kelly's most dramatic and visible participation in support of the space program. <p>Kelly is home to many other unique organizations.  On June 16, 1958, prime maintenance responsibility for all items within the Air Force's Nuclear Weapons Program were assigned to SAAMA.  The <a href="javascript:imageWindow('Bldg_1420','bldg1420.jpg',500,333)">Directorate of Special Weapons</a> remains the only logistical nuclear ordnance manager in the Air Force. It managed all United States Air Force nuclear weapon equipment such as missile re-entry systems, warheads, bomb arming and fusing devices, tools, and tests handling and training equipment.
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