تاريخ العماره المصري القديم

1. ١
4,5 ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة‬
‫اﻟراﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧـﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨـﺎخ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜـﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺷﻣﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﺳرات‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ - ‫واﻟراﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟظل‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬

2. ٢
‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧـﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨـﺎخ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜـﻢ‬
: ‫ھـﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨـــﺎخ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺎﺻـــﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﻌﺎع‬ n
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ n
‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎح‬ n
‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ n

3. ٣
‫ﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺫﻜﺭ‬
‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬
:
.١
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﯿﮫ‬
Building orientation
.٢
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
Building site
.٣
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫وﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬
Form of the building
.٤
‫اﻷﺧﻀﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬
Plants
.٥
‫اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﯾﺔ‬
Openings

4. ٤
.١
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﯿﮫ‬
Building orientation
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ‬
:
١
.
‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬
.
٢
.
‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ‬
.
‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﻏﺮب‬ ‫ﺷﺮق‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎردة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺷﺘﺎءا‬
‫ﺻﯿﻔﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﺷﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
.
‫اﻟﻐﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎح‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎدة‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫إﻣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
.

5. ٥
‫ا‬
‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﯿﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات‬
:
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎح‬
Prevailing winds
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﯿﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫أ‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺮﯾﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎح‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮه‬ ‫وﺗﻄﻮﯾﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮاري‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أﺛﺮھﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﯿﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎردة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
.
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﻌﺎع‬
Solar radiation
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻘﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬
)
summer & winter
solstices
(
،
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺩﺍل‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ‬
Autumnal of Vernal equinoxes)
(
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺄﺨﺫﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻴﻥ‬
.

6. ٦
٢
.
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬
Building site
‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎري‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫أھﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﺒﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬
:
‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮات‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
:
•
‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﺿﮫ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺟﯿﮫ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺘﻰ‬
.
•
‫ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﺑﻘﺎء‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎل‬ ‫أﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬
‫ﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
.
•
‫اﻟﺴﻔﻮح‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﮭﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬ ‫اﯾﺠﺎد‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﺪرات‬ ‫اﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫أو‬ ،
.

7. ٧
٣
.
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫وﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬
Form of the building
‫ﺑﺎردة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎرة‬
‫رﻃﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻼل‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬

8. ٨
‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻨﻜﺴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﯾﺆدي‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮض‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬
.
‫أ‬
.
‫ﻣﻌﺮض‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎر‬ ‫ﻃﻮال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻌﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺮوب‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮوق‬
.
‫ب‬
.
‫ﻣﻈﻠﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ھﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻃﻮال‬

9. ٩
٤
.
‫ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ‬
Plants
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎﻤ‬ ‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻌﺏ‬
:
•
•
•
•
. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺍﻟﺴﯿطرة‬ ‫•ﺍﻟﺘﺤﮑم‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤس‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺠب‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﯿطﺔ‬‫وﺍﻟﻤﺴطﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫وﺍﻟوﻫﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺠﯿﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﯿطرة‬
micro climate .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‬ ‫ﺘﻠطف‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟظﻼل‬ ‫وﺘوﻓﯿر‬
. ‫ﺒﺎﻷﺘرﺒﺔ‬ ‫وﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸدﯿدة‬ ‫ﺍﻟرﯿﺎح‬ ‫ﺼد‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨر‬ ‫ظﺎﻫرة‬ ‫ﺘزدﺍد‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻲ‬‫وﺒﺎﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺀ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻤروﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴطﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﮑون‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎدة‬ ،‫ﺤرﺍرﯿﺔ‬ ‫رﺍﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘوﻓﯿر‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻁﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
.

10. ١٠
٥
.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬
Openings
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ‬
)
‫اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﮭﺎت‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﻮاﻓﺬ‬ ،‫اﻷﺑﻮاب‬
(
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺰوﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً
‫ﺎ‬‫رﺋﯿﺴﯿ‬ ً
‫ا‬‫دور‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﮭﻮﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻹﺿﺎءة‬
‫ﺑﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫أﺧﺬھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ‫واﻋﺘﺒﺎرات‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫وھﻨﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫وھﺬه‬ ‫واﺧﺘﯿﺎرھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎت‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
:
•
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬
.
•
‫ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬
.
•
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬
.
•
‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬
.
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺘﺸﻤﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻴﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺃﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻻﺒﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬
:
•
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
•
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬
•
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬

11. ١١
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬

12. ١٢
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
)
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
(

13. ١٣
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
)
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
(

14. ١٤
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬
.
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤوﺠودة‬ ‫ﺴﺘظل‬ ‫ﺀ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﻓﺼل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫وﺍﺠﻬﺎت‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫وﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺃي‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤوﺠودة‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃن‬ ‫وﺒﻤﺎ‬
‫ﮑﺎﺴرﺍت‬ ‫ﺍﺒﺘﮑﺎر‬ ‫ﺘم‬ ‫ﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬‫وﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟرﺃﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤس‬ ‫ﺴﻘوط‬ ‫زوﺍﯿﺎ‬ ‫وﺒﻤرﺍﻋﺎة‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺼﯿف‬ ‫ﻓﺼل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟوﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻔس‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‬
Sun breakers
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﺨﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺨﺼﻴﺼ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩ‬
‫ﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
.

15. ١٥

16. ١٦

17. ١٧

18. ١٨
‫واﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬
n
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﺧﺮﯾﻄﺔ‬
Solar Path Diagram
n
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫وھﻲ‬ ،‫واﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﺒﺔ‬
...
‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﻃﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫ﯾﻠﻲ‬
:

19. ١٩
n
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎھﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﯿﻦ‬
:
‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬
.
n
‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬
:
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬
١٠
‫وھﻲ‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ‬
.
n
‫زواﯾﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻤﺖ‬
:
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬
١٠
‫ﺗﺒﺪأ‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬
‫ﻋﻘﺎرب‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬
.
n
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻘﺎط‬
:
‫ھﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت‬
.
‫أﯾﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬
‫اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺮت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻤﯿﺔ‬
.
n
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎت‬
:
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت‬ ‫ھﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺮوب‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮوق‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
.

20. ٢٠
‫ﺧﺮﯾﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬
n
‫ﺑﺈﺗﺒﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﺧﺮﯾﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬
:
n
‫ﻧﺮﯾﺪھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮم‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺘﺎر‬
.
n
‫اﻟﺨﺮﯾﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮم‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻗﻊ‬
.
n
‫اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫وﯾﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬
‫زاوﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻤﺖ‬
.
n
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺎرب‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎھﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰھﺎ‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.

21. ٢١
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
:
n
‫زاوﯾﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬
‫اﻟﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﯾﻮم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫واﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬
٩
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ،‫ﻓﺒﺮاﯾﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻈﮭﺮ‬
.
‫زاوﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻤﺖ‬
=
٢١٦
°
‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬
=
٣٦
°

22. ٢٢
‫واﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬
n
‫أﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪد‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫واﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮوف‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬
.
n
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬
Vertical
Shadow Angle
n
‫رأﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬
‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬
)
‫ر‬
.(
n
‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬
Horizontal
Shadow Angle
n
‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬
‫ا‬
‫ﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‬
)
‫ق‬
.(
n
‫ﺧﺮﯾﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬
Solar Path
Diagram
‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬ ،
Shadow Angle Protractor
.

23. ٢٣
n
‫ﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮط‬ ‫وﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬
:
n
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬
:
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺰواﯾﺎ‬ ‫إﺳﻘﺎط‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط‬
.
n
‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬
:
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺰواﯾﺎ‬ ‫إﺳﻘﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﺒﺔ‬
.
n
‫ﺟﻤ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺮض‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺟﯿﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻘﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫وھﺬه‬
‫ﯿﻊ‬
‫اﻷوﺿﺎع‬
.

24. ٢٤
n
‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬
n
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﺧﺮﯾﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺗﺒﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
:
n
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﺧﺮﯾﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫واﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﯾﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬
)
‫ﻋﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎھﺪ‬
.(
n
‫اﻟﺨﺮﯾﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﯿﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪد‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬
)
‫أ‬
(
n
‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﯾﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰان‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬
.
n
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ‬
)
‫أ‬
(
‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫وﺗﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪرج‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮﯾﻄﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﯿﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬
...
‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬
.
n
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
)
‫أ‬
(
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮط‬ ‫ﻣﻮازي‬ ‫ﯾﺆﺧﺬ‬
‫ﻗﺮاءة‬ ‫وﺗﺆﺧﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪرج‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.
‫أ‬

25. ٢٥
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
:
n
‫ﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬
‫ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎﺗﮫ‬
:
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬
:
‫ﻋﺮض‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
٣٠
‫ﺷﻤﺎل‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮاء‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬
.
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎر‬ ‫واﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ‬
:
٢٢
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﻧﯿﻮ‬
‫اﻟﻈﮭﺮ‬
.
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫واﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﯿﮫ‬
:
‫ﻏﺮب‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮب‬
.
n
‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬
:
‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬
=
٥٣
‫درﺟﺔ‬
.
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬
=
٥٠
‫درﺟﺔ‬
.
n
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫أﻏﺮاض‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬
:
.١
‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻘﻄﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻼل‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎور‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.
.٢
‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻷي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫اﻹﻇﻼل‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
)
‫اﻟﺤﺮج‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫أي‬
(
‫وﺗﻮﻗﯿﻊ‬
‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫واﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺳﺮات‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮض‬
.

26. ٢٦
n
ً
‫ﻻ‬‫أو‬
:
‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻘﻄﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻼل‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎور‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.
n
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
)
١
:(
n
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬
)
‫أ‬
(
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
)
‫ب‬
(
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻼل‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
.
‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬
)
‫أ‬
(
‫ﻏﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﺟﮭﺘﮫ‬
.
¨
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻘﻄﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻼل‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫آﺧﺮ‬
.
¨
‫واﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
.
n
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮات‬
:
n
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زاوﯾﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬
.
n
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﺧﺮﯾﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺪد‬
.
n
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫واﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
)
‫ب‬
(
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﻠﻠﺔ‬
)
‫أ‬
.(
‫واﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬

27. ٢٧
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﺧﺮﯾﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻼل‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬

28. ٢٨
‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺳﺮات‬

29. ٢٩
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺳﺮات‬

30. ٣٠
‫اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺳﺮات‬

31. ٣١
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺳﺮات‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬
n
‫دراﺳﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺳﺮات‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬ ‫وﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫وﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬
:
n
‫وﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻼءم‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬة‬ ‫وﺗﻮﺟﯿﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬
‫ﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬
‫واﻟﺮؤﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﻮﯾﺔ‬
...
‫اﻟﺦ‬
.
n
‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎح‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻔﺎذ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬
.
n
‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
.
n
‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻞ‬ ‫زواﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
.